Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2103049
Ya-Li Hu, Zhe Chen, Jian-Jun Zhao, Yang Niu, Gang Xu
ABSTRACT Background Floral colour is a primary signal in plant-pollinator interactions. Presumably because bees lack red receptors, bee-pollinated flowers are rarely red. Hypericum (Hypericaceae) is a genus, with yellow flowers and filaments, mainly pollinated by bees. However, one species, H. ascyron exhibits unique red filaments. Aims We tested whether the red filaments influence pollinator visitation frequency and colour perception. Methods We examined whether H. ascyron require pollinators for seed set and compared insect visitation rates of H. ascyron with those of a sympatric yellow-filamented congener. Colour perception by bees was also estimated. Results Pollinator visitation substantially enhanced seed set under natural conditions and flowers of H. ascyron had similar rates of visitation by bees as their yellow-filamented congener. Red filaments per se absorbed ultraviolet light and therefore should not be perceived as a chromatic colour by bees. The chromatic contrasts between filaments and petals as perceived by pollinators was similar between species, whereas achromatic contrasts were higher in H. ascyron. Conclusions Pure-red staminal filaments work as well in attracting potential pollinators as the yellow filaments of congeners. Based on our findings, we suggest that the evolution of red filament colour may have been driven by factors other than pollinator attraction.
{"title":"Visual function of red staminal filaments in a bee-pollinated plant","authors":"Ya-Li Hu, Zhe Chen, Jian-Jun Zhao, Yang Niu, Gang Xu","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2103049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2103049","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Floral colour is a primary signal in plant-pollinator interactions. Presumably because bees lack red receptors, bee-pollinated flowers are rarely red. Hypericum (Hypericaceae) is a genus, with yellow flowers and filaments, mainly pollinated by bees. However, one species, H. ascyron exhibits unique red filaments. Aims We tested whether the red filaments influence pollinator visitation frequency and colour perception. Methods We examined whether H. ascyron require pollinators for seed set and compared insect visitation rates of H. ascyron with those of a sympatric yellow-filamented congener. Colour perception by bees was also estimated. Results Pollinator visitation substantially enhanced seed set under natural conditions and flowers of H. ascyron had similar rates of visitation by bees as their yellow-filamented congener. Red filaments per se absorbed ultraviolet light and therefore should not be perceived as a chromatic colour by bees. The chromatic contrasts between filaments and petals as perceived by pollinators was similar between species, whereas achromatic contrasts were higher in H. ascyron. Conclusions Pure-red staminal filaments work as well in attracting potential pollinators as the yellow filaments of congeners. Based on our findings, we suggest that the evolution of red filament colour may have been driven by factors other than pollinator attraction.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"111 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46318781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2132543
Nadjarriny Winck, G. Colli, H. A. Mews, D. Silvério, A. C. Abadia, J. R. Pinto, T. Vieira, Keila N. Purificação, E. Lenza
ABSTRACT Background By favouring long-distance dispersal, anemochory is often associated with open and patchy habitats, whereas zoochory enables short-distance dispersal and prevails in closed and extensive habitats. Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) on shallow rocky soils (RS) have open vegetation and are patchily distributed, whereas savanna on deep soils (DS) have dense vegetation and occur in large stands. Thus, we predicted that zoochory would be favoured in DS and anemochory would characterise RS. Aims We tested the hypothesis that vegetation structure and distribution patchiness are related to the characteristic dispersal mechanisms associated with closed and open habitats. Methods We compared the abundance of dispersal mechanisms between DS and RS with generalised linear mixed models and used an indicator species analysis to identify species associated with each vegetation type. Results There was no difference between DS and RS in the number of species associated with one or the other dispersal mechanism. We found fewer-than-expected zoochorous individuals and more-than-expected anemochorous individuals in RS, and more zoochorous indicator species in DS. Conclusion Habitat patchiness and openness are related to the composition of dispersal mechanisms. Open vegetation on shallow rocky soils favours long-distance dispersal relative to zoochory. This implies reduced plant establishment and increased leaflessness, being harsher on animal dispersers. Protected areas are often concentrated in RS, whereas DS are rapidly converted into croplands due to their excellent aptitude for mechanised agriculture. Conserving DS and RS requires a balanced complementary approach, that ensures that all landscape elements are adequately represented in protected areas.
{"title":"Differences in plant-dispersal mechanisms between contrasting Brazilian savanna habitats","authors":"Nadjarriny Winck, G. Colli, H. A. Mews, D. Silvério, A. C. Abadia, J. R. Pinto, T. Vieira, Keila N. Purificação, E. Lenza","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2132543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2132543","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background By favouring long-distance dispersal, anemochory is often associated with open and patchy habitats, whereas zoochory enables short-distance dispersal and prevails in closed and extensive habitats. Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) on shallow rocky soils (RS) have open vegetation and are patchily distributed, whereas savanna on deep soils (DS) have dense vegetation and occur in large stands. Thus, we predicted that zoochory would be favoured in DS and anemochory would characterise RS. Aims We tested the hypothesis that vegetation structure and distribution patchiness are related to the characteristic dispersal mechanisms associated with closed and open habitats. Methods We compared the abundance of dispersal mechanisms between DS and RS with generalised linear mixed models and used an indicator species analysis to identify species associated with each vegetation type. Results There was no difference between DS and RS in the number of species associated with one or the other dispersal mechanism. We found fewer-than-expected zoochorous individuals and more-than-expected anemochorous individuals in RS, and more zoochorous indicator species in DS. Conclusion Habitat patchiness and openness are related to the composition of dispersal mechanisms. Open vegetation on shallow rocky soils favours long-distance dispersal relative to zoochory. This implies reduced plant establishment and increased leaflessness, being harsher on animal dispersers. Protected areas are often concentrated in RS, whereas DS are rapidly converted into croplands due to their excellent aptitude for mechanised agriculture. Conserving DS and RS requires a balanced complementary approach, that ensures that all landscape elements are adequately represented in protected areas.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"169 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43545616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2137382
J. M. Almeida, M. A. Alves
ABSTRACT Background Nectar robbing has multiple effects on plants and pollinators, depending on the traits of a plant and its reproductive system, the behaviour of its pollinators, and the identity of the robber. Aims We aimed to evaluate temporal variation in morphological traits of robbed and intact flowers of the ornithophilous Asian basket plant, Aeschynanthus speciosus (Gesneriaceae). Methods We measured the length of the style and corolla, and the width of the stigma of the flowers of potted A. speciosus plants on three different days. We also recorded whether nectar robbing influenced the position of the androecium in relation to the gynoecium between robbed and intact flowers. Results Nectar robbing by the bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, had a negative effect on the development of floral traits of A. speciosus, resulting in flowers with smaller styles and stigmas, and reduced herkogamy. Conclusion We discuss these findings from the perspective of plant-nectar robber interactions, offering insights into the strategies adopted by plants to counteract the negative effects of nectar robbing.
{"title":"Evidence of short-term shifts in floral traits in response to nectar robbing","authors":"J. M. Almeida, M. A. Alves","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2137382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2137382","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Nectar robbing has multiple effects on plants and pollinators, depending on the traits of a plant and its reproductive system, the behaviour of its pollinators, and the identity of the robber. Aims We aimed to evaluate temporal variation in morphological traits of robbed and intact flowers of the ornithophilous Asian basket plant, Aeschynanthus speciosus (Gesneriaceae). Methods We measured the length of the style and corolla, and the width of the stigma of the flowers of potted A. speciosus plants on three different days. We also recorded whether nectar robbing influenced the position of the androecium in relation to the gynoecium between robbed and intact flowers. Results Nectar robbing by the bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, had a negative effect on the development of floral traits of A. speciosus, resulting in flowers with smaller styles and stigmas, and reduced herkogamy. Conclusion We discuss these findings from the perspective of plant-nectar robber interactions, offering insights into the strategies adopted by plants to counteract the negative effects of nectar robbing.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"121 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49592394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2130718
M. Valerio, A. Gazol, Maria Ripolles, R. Ibáñez
ABSTRACT Background Climate and land-use changes, which include the application of various types of organic and inorganic fertilisers, have been reducing the species diversity of Mediterranean grasslands and threatening its conservation. Annual plants are one of the most diverse functional groups of species in these grasslands, despite suffering competitive pressure from perennial herbaceous and woody species, and they are essential for ecosystem functioning and stability. Aims To quantify how fertilisation modulates the impact of plant-to-plant interactions and climate fluctuations on the dynamics of annuals in Mediterranean grasslands. We hypothesised that the application of sewage sludge would increase competition between functional groups, reducing the abundance of annuals in the long-term, but would buffer the negative impacts of drought on the year-to-year fluctuation of the diversity of annuals. Methods In a semi-natural species-rich Mediterranean grassland in northern Spain, we analysed the changes in the taxonomical and functional composition and diversity of annuals over 14 years in response to variations in the abundance of perennial herbaceous and woody species, climate fluctuations and fertilisation with sewage sludge. We quantified separately the patterns of year-to-year fluctuations and long-term trends. Results The frequency and diversity of annuals decreased with higher abundance of perennial herbaceous species, drought in June and cold winters. The addition of sewage sludge decreased the abundance of annuals in the long-term, seemed to promote competition between annuals and other functional groups at an interannual scale, and mitigated the negative effects of drought and cold. Conclusions Fertilisation influences differently the temporal response of annuals to climate fluctuations and plant-to-plant interactions.
{"title":"Fertiliser application modulates the impact of interannual climate fluctuations and plant-to-plant interactions on the dynamics of annual species in a Mediterranean grassland","authors":"M. Valerio, A. Gazol, Maria Ripolles, R. Ibáñez","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2130718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2130718","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Climate and land-use changes, which include the application of various types of organic and inorganic fertilisers, have been reducing the species diversity of Mediterranean grasslands and threatening its conservation. Annual plants are one of the most diverse functional groups of species in these grasslands, despite suffering competitive pressure from perennial herbaceous and woody species, and they are essential for ecosystem functioning and stability. Aims To quantify how fertilisation modulates the impact of plant-to-plant interactions and climate fluctuations on the dynamics of annuals in Mediterranean grasslands. We hypothesised that the application of sewage sludge would increase competition between functional groups, reducing the abundance of annuals in the long-term, but would buffer the negative impacts of drought on the year-to-year fluctuation of the diversity of annuals. Methods In a semi-natural species-rich Mediterranean grassland in northern Spain, we analysed the changes in the taxonomical and functional composition and diversity of annuals over 14 years in response to variations in the abundance of perennial herbaceous and woody species, climate fluctuations and fertilisation with sewage sludge. We quantified separately the patterns of year-to-year fluctuations and long-term trends. Results The frequency and diversity of annuals decreased with higher abundance of perennial herbaceous species, drought in June and cold winters. The addition of sewage sludge decreased the abundance of annuals in the long-term, seemed to promote competition between annuals and other functional groups at an interannual scale, and mitigated the negative effects of drought and cold. Conclusions Fertilisation influences differently the temporal response of annuals to climate fluctuations and plant-to-plant interactions.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"137 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41497734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2101154
Yuehua Wang, Haigang Li, Hailian Sun, Tingting Shen, Xiao-yu Song, Zhanwen Wang, Zhongwu Wang, G. Han
ABSTRACT Background There is a large uncertainty regarding the direction and magnitude of projected changes in the pattern and quantity of precipitation in future climate change scenarios. As changes in precipitation are likely to greatly impact plant diversity and biomass in desert ecosystems, we undertook a water addition/exclusion experiment to quantify the responses of plant diversity and biomass. Aims To quantify the short-term impacts of changing the quantity of precipitation on plant species diversity and productivity in a desert steppe ecosystem. Methods A simulated precipitation manipulation (addition and exclusion) experiment was made with four treatments: precipitation decreased by 50% (P-50%), precipitation increased by 50% (P+50%), precipitation increased by 100% (P+100%) and natural precipitation (Control). Results The richness of annual and biennial species was related to treatment; above-ground biomass increased in dry years in the P+100% treatment. Water addition had no statistically significant impacts on below-ground biomass. Conclusion Increase in above-ground biomass with added precipitation in a drought year was mainly contributed by perennial grasses, suggesting that, from a management point of view, perennial grasses should be the focus of mitigation of projected future precipitation changes.
{"title":"Simulated precipitation change drives plant diversity and biomass change in the desert steppe","authors":"Yuehua Wang, Haigang Li, Hailian Sun, Tingting Shen, Xiao-yu Song, Zhanwen Wang, Zhongwu Wang, G. Han","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2101154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2101154","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background There is a large uncertainty regarding the direction and magnitude of projected changes in the pattern and quantity of precipitation in future climate change scenarios. As changes in precipitation are likely to greatly impact plant diversity and biomass in desert ecosystems, we undertook a water addition/exclusion experiment to quantify the responses of plant diversity and biomass. Aims To quantify the short-term impacts of changing the quantity of precipitation on plant species diversity and productivity in a desert steppe ecosystem. Methods A simulated precipitation manipulation (addition and exclusion) experiment was made with four treatments: precipitation decreased by 50% (P-50%), precipitation increased by 50% (P+50%), precipitation increased by 100% (P+100%) and natural precipitation (Control). Results The richness of annual and biennial species was related to treatment; above-ground biomass increased in dry years in the P+100% treatment. Water addition had no statistically significant impacts on below-ground biomass. Conclusion Increase in above-ground biomass with added precipitation in a drought year was mainly contributed by perennial grasses, suggesting that, from a management point of view, perennial grasses should be the focus of mitigation of projected future precipitation changes.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"127 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46559441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2087114
F. M. Gianasi, C. R. de Souza, V. A. Maia, N. C. A. Fagundes, W. B. da Silva, P. F. Santos, R. M. dos Santos
ABSTRACT Background The mass ratio hypothesis (functional dominance) and niche complementarity hypothesis (functional diversity) are two potential approaches for making the link between biodiversity and biomass. It is yet unclear how biodiversity and biomass are related in seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) communities where there is a seasonal water limitation. Aims The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of environmental filtering on ecosystem functioning, especially those related to biodiversity and above-ground biomass. Methods We estimated biomass and functional traits for all species in five plots at five sites in a SDTF. We related functional diversity and community-weighted trait mean (CWM) values to above-ground biomass (AGB) using linear mixed models. Results Functional diversity was not related to AGB, while CWM values of vessel density (VD) were positively and the Carlquist Vulnerability Index (CVI) was negatively related to AGB. Conclusion The CWM values of functional traits related to the trade-off between safety of water transport and the efficiency of water conductivity and conservative strategies (VD and CVI) were good predictors of AGB. The mass ratio hypothesis appears to be a better predictor of AGB than niche complementarity in our study conducted in the SDTF.
{"title":"Functional dominance is a better predictor than functional diversity of above-ground biomass in seasonally dry tropical forests","authors":"F. M. Gianasi, C. R. de Souza, V. A. Maia, N. C. A. Fagundes, W. B. da Silva, P. F. Santos, R. M. dos Santos","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2087114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2087114","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background The mass ratio hypothesis (functional dominance) and niche complementarity hypothesis (functional diversity) are two potential approaches for making the link between biodiversity and biomass. It is yet unclear how biodiversity and biomass are related in seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) communities where there is a seasonal water limitation. Aims The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of environmental filtering on ecosystem functioning, especially those related to biodiversity and above-ground biomass. Methods We estimated biomass and functional traits for all species in five plots at five sites in a SDTF. We related functional diversity and community-weighted trait mean (CWM) values to above-ground biomass (AGB) using linear mixed models. Results Functional diversity was not related to AGB, while CWM values of vessel density (VD) were positively and the Carlquist Vulnerability Index (CVI) was negatively related to AGB. Conclusion The CWM values of functional traits related to the trade-off between safety of water transport and the efficiency of water conductivity and conservative strategies (VD and CVI) were good predictors of AGB. The mass ratio hypothesis appears to be a better predictor of AGB than niche complementarity in our study conducted in the SDTF.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"13 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48761721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2088423
S. Golmohammadzadeh, F. Zaefarian, M. Rezvani, Bhagirath S. Chauhan
ABSTRACT Background Temperature plays a key role in plants distribution. Cardinal temperatures are important parameters for plant population dynamics models. Aims This study was conducted to estimate the cardinal temperatures and other parameters in relation to temperature using three non-linear regression models (segmented, dent-like and beta) to project the germination rate and temperature relation of Papaver dubium and P. rhoeas. Methods An optimisation method was used to fit the models and their statistical parameters. Their efficiency was compared with the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and the Akaike Information Criterion. Results Calculated cardinal temperatures differed for different germination percentiles (10, 30, 50%). The time required to 50% germination of both P. dubium and P. rhoaes was more accurate than the time required to 10% and 30% germination between observed and predicted values. According to the outputs of the segmented model, base, optimum and maximum temperatures of P. rhoeas were 1.9°C, 22.4°C and 39.6°C, respectively. The corresponding values for P. dubium were 2.1°C, 22.1°C and 39.1°C. Conclusions The parameters related to temperature provide the basic information to determine the time needed for germination and to project potentially suitable areas for invasion. The segmented model is appropriate for the estimation of the cardinal temperatures of both Papaver species.
背景温度在植物分布中起着关键作用。基数温度是植物种群动态模型的重要参数。目的利用三种非线性回归模型(分段回归模型、凹痕回归模型和beta回归模型)估算基本温度和其他与温度相关的参数，预测杜鹃和杜鹃的发芽率与温度的关系。方法采用优化方法对模型及其统计参数进行拟合。用决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和赤池信息标准(Akaike Information Criterion)对其有效性进行比较。结果不同发芽百分位数(10%、30%、50%)计算出的基数温度不同。与10%和30%的发芽率相比，杜鹃花和杜鹃花50%发芽率所需的时间在实测值和预测值之间更为准确。根据分割模型的输出，红毛茛的基础温度、最佳温度和最高温度分别为1.9℃、22.4℃和39.6℃。P. duum的对应值分别为2.1°C、22.1°C和39.1°C。结论温度相关参数为确定种子萌发所需时间和规划潜在适宜侵染区域提供了基本信息。该分割模型适用于估计两种Papaver的基本温度。
{"title":"Quantifying cardinal temperatures and thermal time for seed germination of Papaver dubium and P. rhoeas","authors":"S. Golmohammadzadeh, F. Zaefarian, M. Rezvani, Bhagirath S. Chauhan","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2088423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2088423","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Temperature plays a key role in plants distribution. Cardinal temperatures are important parameters for plant population dynamics models. Aims This study was conducted to estimate the cardinal temperatures and other parameters in relation to temperature using three non-linear regression models (segmented, dent-like and beta) to project the germination rate and temperature relation of Papaver dubium and P. rhoeas. Methods An optimisation method was used to fit the models and their statistical parameters. Their efficiency was compared with the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and the Akaike Information Criterion. Results Calculated cardinal temperatures differed for different germination percentiles (10, 30, 50%). The time required to 50% germination of both P. dubium and P. rhoaes was more accurate than the time required to 10% and 30% germination between observed and predicted values. According to the outputs of the segmented model, base, optimum and maximum temperatures of P. rhoeas were 1.9°C, 22.4°C and 39.6°C, respectively. The corresponding values for P. dubium were 2.1°C, 22.1°C and 39.1°C. Conclusions The parameters related to temperature provide the basic information to determine the time needed for germination and to project potentially suitable areas for invasion. The segmented model is appropriate for the estimation of the cardinal temperatures of both Papaver species.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"67 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48956476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2058430
H. Ochieng, Godfrey Magezi, W. P. Gandhi, J. Okot-Okumu, R. Odong
ABSTRACT Background Despite their key ecological functions and application in biomonitoring, little is known about the algal flora in Uganda, especially those of lotic systems. Aim This study related the community composition of the epipelic diatoms to environmental variables to establish the influence of rural and urban activities on water quality and on the biota on spatial and seasonal scales along River Aturukuku in Eastern Uganda. Methods Epipelic diatoms and selected environmental variables were compared among sites: two urban, a reference site upstream, and a site downstream from the urban area, spanning the dry and wet seasons from February to October, 2018. Results Total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations were above the natural threshold in the river. The diatom species such as Gyrosigma attenuatum and Placoneis gastrum, tolerant of pollution, dominated in the river. Total phosphorus, pH, temperature, and bottom substrates were most related to the composition of the diatom communities. The abundances of P. gastrum and Sellaphora nyassensis correlated with increased pH at the urban sewage effluent, suggesting that they are potential indicators of this kind of polluted environment. Conclusions: The study provides baseline information on diatom community, and is relevant for biomonitoring and biodiversity conservation in Uganda and other tropical countries.
{"title":"Epipelic diatom diversity as a bioindicator in River Aturukuku, Eastern Uganda","authors":"H. Ochieng, Godfrey Magezi, W. P. Gandhi, J. Okot-Okumu, R. Odong","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2058430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2058430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Despite their key ecological functions and application in biomonitoring, little is known about the algal flora in Uganda, especially those of lotic systems. Aim This study related the community composition of the epipelic diatoms to environmental variables to establish the influence of rural and urban activities on water quality and on the biota on spatial and seasonal scales along River Aturukuku in Eastern Uganda. Methods Epipelic diatoms and selected environmental variables were compared among sites: two urban, a reference site upstream, and a site downstream from the urban area, spanning the dry and wet seasons from February to October, 2018. Results Total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations were above the natural threshold in the river. The diatom species such as Gyrosigma attenuatum and Placoneis gastrum, tolerant of pollution, dominated in the river. Total phosphorus, pH, temperature, and bottom substrates were most related to the composition of the diatom communities. The abundances of P. gastrum and Sellaphora nyassensis correlated with increased pH at the urban sewage effluent, suggesting that they are potential indicators of this kind of polluted environment. Conclusions: The study provides baseline information on diatom community, and is relevant for biomonitoring and biodiversity conservation in Uganda and other tropical countries.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"77 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47781883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2078243
F. Nieva, Rocío Gago, M. Infante-Izquierdo, Alejandro Polo, V. Hermoso, A. Muñoz-Rodríguez
ABSTRACT Background Studies have found a close correlation between the dispersal of alien species and anthropogenic disturbance. However, in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems, the importance of human induced vs. naturally occurring habitat heterogeneity in influencing the distribution of native vs. exotic species remains poorly understood. Aims Our aim was to identify plant communities where native and introduced Spergularia species occur, the associated soil conditions, the effect of anthropogenic activities, and how these factors determine their distribution in Odiel Marshes Natural Park. Methods The occurrence of seven Spergularia species was studied in 92 vegetation patches. These patches were analysed for plant species composition, edaphic variables (humidity, pH, salinity, organic matter content and particles >0.2 mm), degree of inundation, degree of alteration and level of protection. Results The distribution of 5 native species was related mainly to edaphic factors, while the distribution of 2 species was related to the degree of anthropic impact. Conclusions Spergularia species show three patterns of distribution: S. heldreichii, S. fimbriata and S. media do not occupy altered zones. S. salina and S. nicaeensis naturally inhabit undisturbed habitats, but human alterations have increased their distribution. The presence of S. bocconi and S. purpurea is due to human transformation of this area.
{"title":"Factors that determine the occurrence of native and introduced Spergularia species in Mediterranean coastal ecosystems","authors":"F. Nieva, Rocío Gago, M. Infante-Izquierdo, Alejandro Polo, V. Hermoso, A. Muñoz-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2078243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2078243","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Studies have found a close correlation between the dispersal of alien species and anthropogenic disturbance. However, in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems, the importance of human induced vs. naturally occurring habitat heterogeneity in influencing the distribution of native vs. exotic species remains poorly understood. Aims Our aim was to identify plant communities where native and introduced Spergularia species occur, the associated soil conditions, the effect of anthropogenic activities, and how these factors determine their distribution in Odiel Marshes Natural Park. Methods The occurrence of seven Spergularia species was studied in 92 vegetation patches. These patches were analysed for plant species composition, edaphic variables (humidity, pH, salinity, organic matter content and particles >0.2 mm), degree of inundation, degree of alteration and level of protection. Results The distribution of 5 native species was related mainly to edaphic factors, while the distribution of 2 species was related to the degree of anthropic impact. Conclusions Spergularia species show three patterns of distribution: S. heldreichii, S. fimbriata and S. media do not occupy altered zones. S. salina and S. nicaeensis naturally inhabit undisturbed habitats, but human alterations have increased their distribution. The presence of S. bocconi and S. purpurea is due to human transformation of this area.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"51 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43882877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2022.2078244
D. Wilkinson, J. Midgley, A. Cunningham
ABSTRACT African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) are significant ecosystem engineers – having profound effects on the vegetation when at high population densities. To provide a context for modern conservation decisions it would be useful to know the ‘natural’ population densities prior to the arrival of firearms in Africa. Here, we use botanical and archaeological arguments to suggest a lower density of elephant populations than in some present protected areas over at least the last few millennia, and arguably much longer. This suggests that elephant population densities seen in some protected areas during the second half of the twentieth century are likely higher than those seen in the past and so have the potential to result in significant negative impacts on associated fauna and flora.
{"title":"Constraints, crashes and conservation: were historical African savanna elephants Loxodonta africana densities relatively high or lower than those seen in protected areas today?","authors":"D. Wilkinson, J. Midgley, A. Cunningham","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2022.2078244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2022.2078244","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) are significant ecosystem engineers – having profound effects on the vegetation when at high population densities. To provide a context for modern conservation decisions it would be useful to know the ‘natural’ population densities prior to the arrival of firearms in Africa. Here, we use botanical and archaeological arguments to suggest a lower density of elephant populations than in some present protected areas over at least the last few millennia, and arguably much longer. This suggests that elephant population densities seen in some protected areas during the second half of the twentieth century are likely higher than those seen in the past and so have the potential to result in significant negative impacts on associated fauna and flora.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"15 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47075936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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