Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1675097
Ana Luísa Cazetta, R. D. Zenni
ABSTRACT Background: Invasive plants can negatively impact native communities, but the majority of the effects of these invasions have been demonstrated only for temperate ecosystems. Tropical ecosystems, including the Cerrado, a biodiversity hotspot, are known to be invaded by numerous non-native species, but studies of their impacts are largely lacking. Aims: Our research aimed at quantifying how Pinus spp. presence and density affected Cerrado plant communities. Methods: We sampled areas invaded and non-invaded by Pinus spp. to determine if pine invasion affected native tree richness, diversity, evenness, and density. We also evaluated if community composition differed between invaded and non-invaded sites. Results: We found invaded plots had lower native tree densities than non-invaded plots and that Pinus spp. invasions changed native tree communities by reducing native species abundances. Conclusion: Invasive pines had negative impacts on the native Cerrado tree community by reducing native plant density and changing species abundances. Reduced density and abundance at early invasion stages can result in reduction in biodiversity in the long term.
{"title":"Pine invasion decreases density and changes native tree communities in woodland Cerrado","authors":"Ana Luísa Cazetta, R. D. Zenni","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1675097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1675097","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Invasive plants can negatively impact native communities, but the majority of the effects of these invasions have been demonstrated only for temperate ecosystems. Tropical ecosystems, including the Cerrado, a biodiversity hotspot, are known to be invaded by numerous non-native species, but studies of their impacts are largely lacking. Aims: Our research aimed at quantifying how Pinus spp. presence and density affected Cerrado plant communities. Methods: We sampled areas invaded and non-invaded by Pinus spp. to determine if pine invasion affected native tree richness, diversity, evenness, and density. We also evaluated if community composition differed between invaded and non-invaded sites. Results: We found invaded plots had lower native tree densities than non-invaded plots and that Pinus spp. invasions changed native tree communities by reducing native species abundances. Conclusion: Invasive pines had negative impacts on the native Cerrado tree community by reducing native plant density and changing species abundances. Reduced density and abundance at early invasion stages can result in reduction in biodiversity in the long term.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"85 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1675097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45405245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1709103
Cibele Cássia‐Silva, M. Cianciaruso, P. A. Dias, C. Freitas, A. Souza-Neto, R. Collevatti
ABSTRACT Background: Cerrado comprises heterogeneous vegetation types. The flora of the vegetation types has distinct biogeographic origins and thus can be hypothesised to have distinct evolutionary imprints. Aims: We hypothesised that the flora of riparian forest was phylogenetically overdispersed, whereas those of more open habitats were phylogenetically clustered. Methods: We built a species-level phylogeny for 1,663 species of trees, shrubs and palms and analysed the pattern of lineage distribution, alpha and beta phylogenetic diversity among Cerrado vegetation types (riparian forest, rocky savana, savana and seasonally dry forest - SDTF). Results: We found a gradient of high phylogenetic diversity and overdispersion from riparian forests towards phylogenetic clustering in vegetation in more open and drier habitats. Habitat shifts were common along the evolutionary history of all families analysed and most families showed a high frequency of shifts from SDTF to riparian forest and savanna. Conclusions: SDTF seems to be a transitional habitat in evolutionary terms, promoting lineage exchanges between stands of riparian forest and savanna. While riparian forest can be seen as a ‘museum’, that harbours ancient lineages, savanna and rocky savanna are a ‘cradle’ of derived lineages. Habitat shifts are an important underlying drive of high present-day Cerrado flora diversity.
{"title":"Among cradles and museums: seasonally dry forest promotes lineage exchanges between rain forest and savanna","authors":"Cibele Cássia‐Silva, M. Cianciaruso, P. A. Dias, C. Freitas, A. Souza-Neto, R. Collevatti","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1709103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1709103","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Cerrado comprises heterogeneous vegetation types. The flora of the vegetation types has distinct biogeographic origins and thus can be hypothesised to have distinct evolutionary imprints. Aims: We hypothesised that the flora of riparian forest was phylogenetically overdispersed, whereas those of more open habitats were phylogenetically clustered. Methods: We built a species-level phylogeny for 1,663 species of trees, shrubs and palms and analysed the pattern of lineage distribution, alpha and beta phylogenetic diversity among Cerrado vegetation types (riparian forest, rocky savana, savana and seasonally dry forest - SDTF). Results: We found a gradient of high phylogenetic diversity and overdispersion from riparian forests towards phylogenetic clustering in vegetation in more open and drier habitats. Habitat shifts were common along the evolutionary history of all families analysed and most families showed a high frequency of shifts from SDTF to riparian forest and savanna. Conclusions: SDTF seems to be a transitional habitat in evolutionary terms, promoting lineage exchanges between stands of riparian forest and savanna. While riparian forest can be seen as a ‘museum’, that harbours ancient lineages, savanna and rocky savanna are a ‘cradle’ of derived lineages. Habitat shifts are an important underlying drive of high present-day Cerrado flora diversity.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1709103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45070412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1710616
A. S. de Almeida, I. Vieira, Nárgila G. Moura, A. Lees
ABSTRACT Background: Quantitative effects of large-scale oil palm expansion in the Neotropics on biodiversity and carbon stocks are still poorly documented. Aims: We evaluated differences in tree species composition and richness, and above-ground carbon stocks among dominant land cover types in Pará state, Brazil. Methods: We quantified tree species composition and richness and above-ground carbon stock in stands in remnant primary rain forest, young secondary forest, oil palm plantation and pastures. Results: We sampled 5,696 trees with a DBH ≥ 2 cm, of 413 species in 68 families, of which 381 species were recorded in primary forest fragments. We found significant differences in species richness and carbon stock among the four land cover classes. Carbon stocks in remnant primary forest were typically over 190 Mg ha−1, while those in other land cover types were typically less than 60 Mg ha−1. Conclusion: Oil palm plantations have a species-poor tree community given active management; old plantations have a standing carbon stock which is comparable to that of secondary forest and far greater than that of pastures. Private forest reserves within oil palm company holdings play an important role in preserving primary forest tree diversity in human-modified landscapes in Amazonia.
{"title":"Heterogeneity of tree diversity and carbon stocks in Amazonian oil palm landscapes","authors":"A. S. de Almeida, I. Vieira, Nárgila G. Moura, A. Lees","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1710616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1710616","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Quantitative effects of large-scale oil palm expansion in the Neotropics on biodiversity and carbon stocks are still poorly documented. Aims: We evaluated differences in tree species composition and richness, and above-ground carbon stocks among dominant land cover types in Pará state, Brazil. Methods: We quantified tree species composition and richness and above-ground carbon stock in stands in remnant primary rain forest, young secondary forest, oil palm plantation and pastures. Results: We sampled 5,696 trees with a DBH ≥ 2 cm, of 413 species in 68 families, of which 381 species were recorded in primary forest fragments. We found significant differences in species richness and carbon stock among the four land cover classes. Carbon stocks in remnant primary forest were typically over 190 Mg ha−1, while those in other land cover types were typically less than 60 Mg ha−1. Conclusion: Oil palm plantations have a species-poor tree community given active management; old plantations have a standing carbon stock which is comparable to that of secondary forest and far greater than that of pastures. Private forest reserves within oil palm company holdings play an important role in preserving primary forest tree diversity in human-modified landscapes in Amazonia.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"29 4","pages":"105 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1710616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41249340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1709227
J. P. Souza, Mércia P. P. Silva, Kátia C. Pôrto
ABSTRACT Background: Functional trait-based approaches have been used to identify patterns of plant species diversity and composition related to environmental variability/changes. Bryophytes are rapidly affected by perturbations and thus their traits and distribution are expected to show well-defined relationships with environmental variability. Aim: To quantify the impacts of fragmentation on the diversity and structure of epiphytic bryophytes to vertical and horizontal environmental gradients in an Atlantic Forest remnant. Methods: Six functional traits related to water relations and light tolerance were recorded and one of them, the leaf lobule area in liverworts, was selected for morphometric measurements along the gradients analysed. Functional diversity and composition metrics of bryophytes along gradients were compared. Results: Functional diversity changed little along the vertical and horizontal gradients. Conversely, the functional composition of traits changed markedly. Traits related to water storage, such as the presence and area of lobules, and to protection against excess light incidence, such as dark pigments, were more numerous in the canopy and at the fragment edge. Conclusions: Functional composition is more correlated with the vertical and horizontal gradients than functional diversity. The lobule of liverworts stood out as the most relevant trait to explain the adaptive strategies of bryophytes.
{"title":"Spatial distribution of functional traits of bryophytes along environmental gradients in an Atlantic Forest remnant in north-eastern Brazil","authors":"J. P. Souza, Mércia P. P. Silva, Kátia C. Pôrto","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1709227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1709227","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Functional trait-based approaches have been used to identify patterns of plant species diversity and composition related to environmental variability/changes. Bryophytes are rapidly affected by perturbations and thus their traits and distribution are expected to show well-defined relationships with environmental variability. Aim: To quantify the impacts of fragmentation on the diversity and structure of epiphytic bryophytes to vertical and horizontal environmental gradients in an Atlantic Forest remnant. Methods: Six functional traits related to water relations and light tolerance were recorded and one of them, the leaf lobule area in liverworts, was selected for morphometric measurements along the gradients analysed. Functional diversity and composition metrics of bryophytes along gradients were compared. Results: Functional diversity changed little along the vertical and horizontal gradients. Conversely, the functional composition of traits changed markedly. Traits related to water storage, such as the presence and area of lobules, and to protection against excess light incidence, such as dark pigments, were more numerous in the canopy and at the fragment edge. Conclusions: Functional composition is more correlated with the vertical and horizontal gradients than functional diversity. The lobule of liverworts stood out as the most relevant trait to explain the adaptive strategies of bryophytes.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"104 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1709227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46757175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1673496
W. A. Chiba de Castro, R. V. Almeida, R. Xavier, I. Bianchini, H. Moya, D. S. Silva Matos
ABSTRACT Background: Promoting changes in abiotic conditions and ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, is a mechanism by which some exotic plant species displace native plants and become invasive. Aims: We monitored ramets of Hedychium coronarium over 30 months to estimate the litter decay rate, biomass dynamics and litter accumulation over time in riparian sites invaded by the species in southeastern Brazil. Methods: We measured the number, height, emergence and mortality of ramets in three environments invaded by H. coronarium (natural, rural and urban). We also measured litter decay in situ and in in vitro experiments. We used sinusoidal models to describe height fluctuation and exponential models to simulate litter decay and litter accumulation. Results: Ramets of H. coronarium showed high seasonal variation in terms of height and emergence, as well as low litter decay. Accordingly, our models predicted high litter production and a seasonal pattern of litter accumulation in invaded sites. Conclusions: H. coronarium produces a great amount of litter, which shows slow decay and hence seems to affect decomposition processes. Investigating seasonal variation on the effects of invasive species on ecosystem functioning shed light on the factors driving the success and impact of invasive plants.
{"title":"Litter accumulation and biomass dynamics in riparian zones in tropical South America of the Asian invasive plant Hedychium coronarium J. König (Zingiberaceae)","authors":"W. A. Chiba de Castro, R. V. Almeida, R. Xavier, I. Bianchini, H. Moya, D. S. Silva Matos","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1673496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673496","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Promoting changes in abiotic conditions and ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, is a mechanism by which some exotic plant species displace native plants and become invasive. Aims: We monitored ramets of Hedychium coronarium over 30 months to estimate the litter decay rate, biomass dynamics and litter accumulation over time in riparian sites invaded by the species in southeastern Brazil. Methods: We measured the number, height, emergence and mortality of ramets in three environments invaded by H. coronarium (natural, rural and urban). We also measured litter decay in situ and in in vitro experiments. We used sinusoidal models to describe height fluctuation and exponential models to simulate litter decay and litter accumulation. Results: Ramets of H. coronarium showed high seasonal variation in terms of height and emergence, as well as low litter decay. Accordingly, our models predicted high litter production and a seasonal pattern of litter accumulation in invaded sites. Conclusions: H. coronarium produces a great amount of litter, which shows slow decay and hence seems to affect decomposition processes. Investigating seasonal variation on the effects of invasive species on ecosystem functioning shed light on the factors driving the success and impact of invasive plants.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"47 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46871556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2018.1549599
J. Mavárez, Sylvain Bézy, T. Goeury, Ángel Fernández, S. Aubert
ABSTRACT Background: Páramos are the high-elevation ecosystems of the humid tropical Andes, characterised by the presence of giant rosettes of the Espeletiinae subtribe (Asteraceae). Forecasted climate change is likely to reduce the extent of the area climatically suitable/occupied currently by Espeletiinae and their elevation distribution patterns. Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the potential impacts of forecasted climate change on the geographic distribution (extent of area and elevation distribution patterns) of 28 species of Espeletiinae that have been recorded in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. Methods: Six bioclimatic variables, downscaled to a 90 m × 90 m cell size, were used to construct species distribution models (SDM) for the 28 species to model their current and likely future distribution (2070) by using two general circulation models and four representative concentration pathways (RCP). Results: Nine species were estimated to have potential distribution over less than 1000 km2 and five over less than 500 km2, in current climatic conditions. Fifteen and eight species had elevation spans narrower than 1000 m and 500 m, respectively. No significant differences in modelled areas or spans were detected between north, central and south sections of the Cordillera de Mérida. Mean ± SE future reduction in the extent of area climatically suitable were estimated between 51.3% ± 6.3% (RCP2.6) and 78.1% ± 5.3% (RCP8.5), coupled with upward range retreat of between 277.8 m ± 27.4 m (RCP2.6) and 762.5 m ± 59.8 m (RCP8.5). Conclusions: Our study predicts large reductions in modelled area and important upward shifts in the distribution of Venezuelan Espeletiinae by 2070 compared to their current distribution.
背景:Páramos是潮湿热带安第斯山脉的高海拔生态系统，其特征是存在着巨莲座星属亚族(菊科)。预测的气候变化可能会减少目前气候适宜/占据的面积及其海拔分布格局。目的:研究预测气候变化对委内瑞拉科迪勒拉德姆萨里达地区28种Espeletiinae物种地理分布(面积范围和海拔分布格局)的潜在影响。方法:利用缩小到90 m × 90 m细胞尺寸的6个生物气候变量，构建了28个物种的物种分布模型(SDM)，利用2个环流模型和4个代表性浓度途径(RCP)来模拟它们当前和未来(2070年)的分布。结果:在当前气候条件下，有9种潜在分布面积小于1000 km2, 5种潜在分布面积小于500 km2。海拔跨度小于1000 m的有15种，小于500 m的有8种。在模拟区域或跨度上，在姆萨里达山脉的北部、中部和南部之间没有发现显著差异。未来气候适宜面积的平均±SE减少幅度在51.3%±6.3% (RCP2.6) ~ 78.1%±5.3% (RCP8.5)之间，向上退缩幅度在277.8 m±27.4 m (RCP2.6) ~ 762.5 m±59.8 m (RCP8.5)之间。结论:我们的研究预测，与目前的分布相比，到2070年，模拟面积将大幅减少，委内瑞拉Espeletiinae的分布将大幅上升。
{"title":"Current and future distributions of Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) in the Venezuelan Andes based on statistical downscaling of climatic variables and niche modelling","authors":"J. Mavárez, Sylvain Bézy, T. Goeury, Ángel Fernández, S. Aubert","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2018.1549599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1549599","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Páramos are the high-elevation ecosystems of the humid tropical Andes, characterised by the presence of giant rosettes of the Espeletiinae subtribe (Asteraceae). Forecasted climate change is likely to reduce the extent of the area climatically suitable/occupied currently by Espeletiinae and their elevation distribution patterns. Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the potential impacts of forecasted climate change on the geographic distribution (extent of area and elevation distribution patterns) of 28 species of Espeletiinae that have been recorded in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. Methods: Six bioclimatic variables, downscaled to a 90 m × 90 m cell size, were used to construct species distribution models (SDM) for the 28 species to model their current and likely future distribution (2070) by using two general circulation models and four representative concentration pathways (RCP). Results: Nine species were estimated to have potential distribution over less than 1000 km2 and five over less than 500 km2, in current climatic conditions. Fifteen and eight species had elevation spans narrower than 1000 m and 500 m, respectively. No significant differences in modelled areas or spans were detected between north, central and south sections of the Cordillera de Mérida. Mean ± SE future reduction in the extent of area climatically suitable were estimated between 51.3% ± 6.3% (RCP2.6) and 78.1% ± 5.3% (RCP8.5), coupled with upward range retreat of between 277.8 m ± 27.4 m (RCP2.6) and 762.5 m ± 59.8 m (RCP8.5). Conclusions: Our study predicts large reductions in modelled area and important upward shifts in the distribution of Venezuelan Espeletiinae by 2070 compared to their current distribution.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"12 1","pages":"633 - 647"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2018.1549599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46746465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1680762
L. Llambí, F. Rada
ABSTRACT Background: Tropical mountain ecosystems of the Northern Andes have long fascinated researchers because of the unique conditions associated with cold climates in equatorial latitudes. More than six decades have elapsed since the beginning of systematic ecological research in the Venezuelan páramos, making them one of the best-studied tropical alpine regions in the world. Aims: We review the conceptual development and state of the art of ecological research in the Venezuelan páramos, with emphasis on environmental and plant ecology research, presenting a general framework for the studies included in this special issue. Methods: We provide a historical sketch of the periods that have marked ecological studies in the Venezuelan páramos. Then, we synthesise research on environmental drivers, plant population and community ecology, ecosystem functioning, the response of the páramo to climate change and human disturbance; we finally consider agroecology and conservation. Results and conclusions: This review demonstrates the significant contributions made to alpine ecology in key areas such as biodiversity/ecosystem function changes during succession, nutrient cycling, species interactions and socio-ecological research. We indicate the need to develop a more integrated view of the links between evolutionary processes, functional diversity, community dynamics and ecosystem services both in natural and human-impacted areas.
{"title":"Ecological research in the tropical alpine ecosystems of the Venezuelan páramo: past, present and future","authors":"L. Llambí, F. Rada","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1680762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1680762","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Tropical mountain ecosystems of the Northern Andes have long fascinated researchers because of the unique conditions associated with cold climates in equatorial latitudes. More than six decades have elapsed since the beginning of systematic ecological research in the Venezuelan páramos, making them one of the best-studied tropical alpine regions in the world. Aims: We review the conceptual development and state of the art of ecological research in the Venezuelan páramos, with emphasis on environmental and plant ecology research, presenting a general framework for the studies included in this special issue. Methods: We provide a historical sketch of the periods that have marked ecological studies in the Venezuelan páramos. Then, we synthesise research on environmental drivers, plant population and community ecology, ecosystem functioning, the response of the páramo to climate change and human disturbance; we finally consider agroecology and conservation. Results and conclusions: This review demonstrates the significant contributions made to alpine ecology in key areas such as biodiversity/ecosystem function changes during succession, nutrient cycling, species interactions and socio-ecological research. We indicate the need to develop a more integrated view of the links between evolutionary processes, functional diversity, community dynamics and ecosystem services both in natural and human-impacted areas.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"12 1","pages":"519 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1680762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45387185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1683094
David Sandoval, F. Rada, L. Sarmiento
ABSTRACT Background: Stomatal response functions of dominant plant species can provide insights into the behaviour of ecosystems under environmental stress, and provide tools for modelling their response to climate change. However, they remain little studied in tropical Alpine ecosystems. Aims: Our objective was to formulate and compare stomatal response functions for two dominant páramo species with different adaptive strategies to drought, the stress-tolerant shrub Hypericum laricifolium, and the stress avoiding giant rosette Espeletia schultzii and thus enable making projections as to their future fitness in a changing climate. Methods: A reanalysis of data found in the literature and new ecophysiological and micrometeorological measurements were used to fit and test new stomatal response functions to environmental variables for these two species. Results: The response functions of vapour pressure differences between leaf and air showed an exponential decrease for both species, while for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), peak-form response functions provided the best fit. The response function for leaf water potential was linear for the drought-tolerant shrub and decreased exponentially for the stress avoiding giant rosette. Several thresholds prior to stomatal closure were also included in the functions. Conclusions: Although stress-avoiding and stress-tolerant strategies are both successful in the Andean páramo, the response functions suggest that the tolerant shrub could be more resistant to more intense drought.
{"title":"Stomatal response functions to environmental stress of dominant species in the tropical Andean páramo","authors":"David Sandoval, F. Rada, L. Sarmiento","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1683094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1683094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Stomatal response functions of dominant plant species can provide insights into the behaviour of ecosystems under environmental stress, and provide tools for modelling their response to climate change. However, they remain little studied in tropical Alpine ecosystems. Aims: Our objective was to formulate and compare stomatal response functions for two dominant páramo species with different adaptive strategies to drought, the stress-tolerant shrub Hypericum laricifolium, and the stress avoiding giant rosette Espeletia schultzii and thus enable making projections as to their future fitness in a changing climate. Methods: A reanalysis of data found in the literature and new ecophysiological and micrometeorological measurements were used to fit and test new stomatal response functions to environmental variables for these two species. Results: The response functions of vapour pressure differences between leaf and air showed an exponential decrease for both species, while for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), peak-form response functions provided the best fit. The response function for leaf water potential was linear for the drought-tolerant shrub and decreased exponentially for the stress avoiding giant rosette. Several thresholds prior to stomatal closure were also included in the functions. Conclusions: Although stress-avoiding and stress-tolerant strategies are both successful in the Andean páramo, the response functions suggest that the tolerant shrub could be more resistant to more intense drought.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"12 1","pages":"649 - 661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1683094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48118005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1675096
R. Pelayo, P. Soriano, Nelson J. Márquez, L. Navarro
ABSTRACT Background: Little information is available about life history of páramo plants such as phenology and plant-animal interactions. Aims: We analysed phenological patterns of flowering and characterised the structure of a plant-pollinator network in a Venezuelan páramo in order to identify key species in this ecosystem. Methods: We counted the number of individuals with flowers of 76 native plant species and recorded their pollinators in 16 permanent plots between 3000 and 4200 m monthly for three years. We used this dataset to develop a plant-pollinator network, on which nine different metrics related to structural properties were calculated. Results: The flowering of most species concentrated during the rainy season (between May and November), however some species have continuous flowering. The guild of floral visitors included hummingbirds, flower piercers, bumblebees, Diptera and Lepidoptera. The plant – flower visitor interaction network did not exhibit nestedness, but showed a significant specialization index (H2) and high values of functional complementarity. Conclusions: Páramo plants have the capacity of maintaining a resident nectarivorus fauna (bumblebees and hummingbirds) because of continuous flower offer during the year. However, the plant – pollinator network identified could be very sensitive to the loss component species, owing to high levels of specialisation and functional complementarity.
{"title":"Phenological patterns and pollination network structure in a Venezuelan páramo: a community-scale perspective on plant-animal interactions","authors":"R. Pelayo, P. Soriano, Nelson J. Márquez, L. Navarro","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1675096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1675096","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Little information is available about life history of páramo plants such as phenology and plant-animal interactions. Aims: We analysed phenological patterns of flowering and characterised the structure of a plant-pollinator network in a Venezuelan páramo in order to identify key species in this ecosystem. Methods: We counted the number of individuals with flowers of 76 native plant species and recorded their pollinators in 16 permanent plots between 3000 and 4200 m monthly for three years. We used this dataset to develop a plant-pollinator network, on which nine different metrics related to structural properties were calculated. Results: The flowering of most species concentrated during the rainy season (between May and November), however some species have continuous flowering. The guild of floral visitors included hummingbirds, flower piercers, bumblebees, Diptera and Lepidoptera. The plant – flower visitor interaction network did not exhibit nestedness, but showed a significant specialization index (H2) and high values of functional complementarity. Conclusions: Páramo plants have the capacity of maintaining a resident nectarivorus fauna (bumblebees and hummingbirds) because of continuous flower offer during the year. However, the plant – pollinator network identified could be very sensitive to the loss component species, owing to high levels of specialisation and functional complementarity.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"12 1","pages":"607 - 618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1675096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46417534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1673494
M. Rodríguez-Morales, Dimas Acevedo-Novoa, D. Machado, M. Ablan, William Dugarte, F. Dávila
ABSTRACT Background: The páramo provides key ecosystem services, including regulation and provision of water. To understand the underlying functions, an ecosystem approach is necessary. Aims: We quantified the combined effect of vegetation and soils (integrated topographic and vegetation units – TVU) on the hydrological balance of a Venezuelan páramo micro-watershed and analyse its hydrological response to intra- and interannual rainfall variability. Methods: Data (2008–2016) from meteorological stations of TVUs and of a streamflow station was used to calculate watershed level hydrologic balances. We quantified the impact of the TVUs outputs by calculating evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions (ETc adj). Result: Evapotranspiration of wetlands and tarns was high, exceeding annual precipitation. Shrubland had low evapotranspiration. Recharge of páramo reservoirs (soils, wetlands, tarns) occurred when monthly rainfall exceeded 90 mm. In dry years there were lower water yields with less effective hydrological regulation. In average years the differences between input and output in watershed balances were very small. Conclusions: The high and constant evapotranspiration of the wetlands and tarns (due to permanent water availability) suggests they could maintain streamflow during dry periods. Their high evapotranspiration rates are compensated by low rates in shrublands units, reducing the mean total evapotranspiration of the watershed. The watershed balances suggest a limited regulatory capacity in these relatively dry páramos with no volcanic soils.
{"title":"Ecohydrology of the Venezuelan páramo: water balance of a high Andean watershed","authors":"M. Rodríguez-Morales, Dimas Acevedo-Novoa, D. Machado, M. Ablan, William Dugarte, F. Dávila","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1673494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673494","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: The páramo provides key ecosystem services, including regulation and provision of water. To understand the underlying functions, an ecosystem approach is necessary. Aims: We quantified the combined effect of vegetation and soils (integrated topographic and vegetation units – TVU) on the hydrological balance of a Venezuelan páramo micro-watershed and analyse its hydrological response to intra- and interannual rainfall variability. Methods: Data (2008–2016) from meteorological stations of TVUs and of a streamflow station was used to calculate watershed level hydrologic balances. We quantified the impact of the TVUs outputs by calculating evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions (ETc adj). Result: Evapotranspiration of wetlands and tarns was high, exceeding annual precipitation. Shrubland had low evapotranspiration. Recharge of páramo reservoirs (soils, wetlands, tarns) occurred when monthly rainfall exceeded 90 mm. In dry years there were lower water yields with less effective hydrological regulation. In average years the differences between input and output in watershed balances were very small. Conclusions: The high and constant evapotranspiration of the wetlands and tarns (due to permanent water availability) suggests they could maintain streamflow during dry periods. Their high evapotranspiration rates are compensated by low rates in shrublands units, reducing the mean total evapotranspiration of the watershed. The watershed balances suggest a limited regulatory capacity in these relatively dry páramos with no volcanic soils.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"12 1","pages":"573 - 591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45046449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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