Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-16DOI: 10.1177/03010066241252355
Motohiro Ito, Atsunobu Suzuki
Human and artificial features that coexist in certain types of human-like robots create a discrepancy in perceived humanness and evoke uncanny feelings in human observers. However, whether this perceptual mismatch in humanness occurs for all faces, and whether it is related to the uncanny feelings toward them, is unknown. We investigated this by examining perceived humanness for a variety of natural images of robot and human faces with different spatial frequency (SF) information: that is, faces with only low SF, middle SF, and high SF information, and intact (spatially unfiltered) faces. Uncanny feelings elicited by these faces were also measured. The results showed perceptual mismatches that LSF, MSF, and HSF faces were perceived as more human than intact faces. This was particularly true for intact robot faces that looked slightly human, which tended to evoke strong uncanny feelings. Importantly, the mismatch in perceived humanness between the intact and spatially filtered faces was positively correlated with uncanny feelings toward intact faces. Given that the human visual system performs SF analysis when processing faces, the perceptual mismatches observed in this study likely occur in real life for all faces, and as such might be a ubiquitous source of uncanny feelings in real-life situations.
在某些类型的仿人机器人中,人类和人工特征共存,造成了人类感知上的差异,并唤起人类观察者的不可思议的感觉。然而,是否所有的人脸都会出现这种人性化感知上的不匹配,以及这种不匹配是否与对人脸的怪异感觉有关,目前还不得而知。我们通过研究机器人和人脸的各种自然图像的空间频率(SF)信息(即只有低SF、中SF和高SF信息的人脸,以及完整的(未过滤空间频率的)人脸),对人性化的感知进行了调查。同时还测量了这些人脸所引起的不真实感。结果显示,LSF、MSF 和 HSF 人脸比完整的人脸更容易被认为是人类,从而产生了知觉错配。这一点在看起来略像人类的完整机器人面孔上表现得尤为明显,这些面孔往往会唤起强烈的怪异感觉。重要的是,完整面孔和空间滤波面孔之间的人类感知不匹配与对完整面孔的不正常感觉呈正相关。鉴于人类视觉系统在处理人脸时会进行 SF 分析,本研究中观察到的感知不匹配现象很可能发生在现实生活中的所有人脸中,因此这可能是现实生活中普遍存在的不可思议感觉的来源。
{"title":"Discrepancies in perceived humanness between spatially filtered and unfiltered faces and their associations with uncanny feelings.","authors":"Motohiro Ito, Atsunobu Suzuki","doi":"10.1177/03010066241252355","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241252355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human and artificial features that coexist in certain types of human-like robots create a discrepancy in perceived humanness and evoke uncanny feelings in human observers. However, whether this perceptual mismatch in humanness occurs for all faces, and whether it is related to the uncanny feelings toward them, is unknown. We investigated this by examining perceived humanness for a variety of natural images of robot and human faces with different spatial frequency (SF) information: that is, faces with only low SF, middle SF, and high SF information, and intact (spatially unfiltered) faces. Uncanny feelings elicited by these faces were also measured. The results showed perceptual mismatches that LSF, MSF, and HSF faces were perceived as more human than intact faces. This was particularly true for intact robot faces that looked slightly human, which tended to evoke strong uncanny feelings. Importantly, the mismatch in perceived humanness between the intact and spatially filtered faces was positively correlated with uncanny feelings toward intact faces. Given that the human visual system performs SF analysis when processing faces, the perceptual mismatches observed in this study likely occur in real life for all faces, and as such might be a ubiquitous source of uncanny feelings in real-life situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140946061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-06DOI: 10.1177/03010066241252066
Caitlin A Laycox, Rory Thompson, Jasmine A Haggerty, Arnold J Wilkins, Sarah M Haigh
Flicker and patterns of stripes in the modern environment can evoke visual illusions, discomfort migraine, and seizures. We measured reading speed while striped and less striped texts were illuminated with LED lights. In Experiment 1, the lights flickered at 60 Hz and 120 Hz compared to 60 kHz (perceived as steady light). In Experiment 2, the lights flickered at 60 Hz or 600 Hz (at which frequency the phantom array is most visible), and were compared to continuous light. Two types of text were used: one containing words with high horizontal autocorrelation (striped) and another containing words with low autocorrelation (less striped). We measured the number of illusions participants saw in the Pattern Glare (PG) Test. Overall, reading speed was slowest during the 60 Hz and 600 Hz flicker and was slower when reading the high autocorrelation text. Interestingly, the low PG group showed greater effects of flicker on reading speed than the high PG group, which tended to be slower overall. In addition, reading speed in the high PG group was reduced when the autocorrelation of the text was high. These findings suggest that uncomfortable visual environments reduce reading efficiency, the more so in individuals who are visually sensitive.
{"title":"Flicker and reading speed: Effects on individuals with visual sensitivity.","authors":"Caitlin A Laycox, Rory Thompson, Jasmine A Haggerty, Arnold J Wilkins, Sarah M Haigh","doi":"10.1177/03010066241252066","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241252066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flicker and patterns of stripes in the modern environment can evoke visual illusions, discomfort migraine, and seizures. We measured reading speed while striped and less striped texts were illuminated with LED lights. In Experiment 1, the lights flickered at 60 Hz and 120 Hz compared to 60 kHz (perceived as steady light). In Experiment 2, the lights flickered at 60 Hz or 600 Hz (at which frequency the phantom array is most visible), and were compared to continuous light. Two types of text were used: one containing words with high horizontal autocorrelation (striped) and another containing words with low autocorrelation (less striped). We measured the number of illusions participants saw in the Pattern Glare (PG) Test. Overall, reading speed was slowest during the 60 Hz and 600 Hz flicker and was slower when reading the high autocorrelation text. Interestingly, the low PG group showed greater effects of flicker on reading speed than the high PG group, which tended to be slower overall. In addition, reading speed in the high PG group was reduced when the autocorrelation of the text was high. These findings suggest that uncomfortable visual environments reduce reading efficiency, the more so in individuals who are visually sensitive.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1177/03010066241252390
Daphne Roumani, Konstantinos Moutoussis
The way that attention affects the processing of visual information is one of the most intriguing fields in the study of visual perception. One way to examine this interaction is by studying the way perceptual aftereffects are modulated by attention. In the present study, we have manipulated attention during adaptation to translational motion generated by coherently moving random dots, in order to investigate the effect of the distraction of attention on the strength of the peripheral dynamic motion aftereffect (MAE). A foveal rapid serial visual presentation task (RSVP) of varying difficulty was introduced during the adaptation period while the adaptation and test stimuli were presented peripherally. Furthermore, to examine the interaction between the physical characteristics of the stimulus and attention, we have manipulated the motion coherence level of the adaptation stimuli. Our results suggested that the removal of attention through an irrelevant task modulated the MAE's magnitude moderately and that such an effect depends on the stimulus strength. We also showed that the MAE still persists with subthreshold and unattended stimuli, suggesting that perhaps attention is not required for the complete development of the MAE.
注意力如何影响视觉信息的处理是视觉感知研究中最引人入胜的领域之一。研究这种相互作用的一种方法是研究知觉后遗效应受注意力调节的方式。在本研究中,我们操纵了在适应由连贯运动的随机点产生的平移运动过程中的注意力,以研究注意力分散对外围动态运动后遗效应(MAE)强度的影响。在适应期引入了不同难度的眼窝快速连续视觉呈现任务(RSVP),同时在外围呈现适应刺激和测试刺激。此外,为了研究刺激物的物理特性与注意力之间的相互作用,我们还操纵了适应刺激物的运动一致性水平。我们的研究结果表明,通过一项无关任务来消除注意力会适度调节 MAE 的大小,而这种效应取决于刺激强度。我们还发现,在亚阈值和无注意刺激下,MAE 仍然存在,这表明 MAE 的完全形成可能并不需要注意。
{"title":"Inattentional aftereffects: The role of attention on the strength of the motion aftereffect.","authors":"Daphne Roumani, Konstantinos Moutoussis","doi":"10.1177/03010066241252390","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241252390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The way that attention affects the processing of visual information is one of the most intriguing fields in the study of visual perception. One way to examine this interaction is by studying the way perceptual aftereffects are modulated by attention. In the present study, we have manipulated attention during adaptation to translational motion generated by coherently moving random dots, in order to investigate the effect of the distraction of attention on the strength of the peripheral dynamic motion aftereffect (MAE). A foveal rapid serial visual presentation task (RSVP) of varying difficulty was introduced during the adaptation period while the adaptation and test stimuli were presented peripherally. Furthermore, to examine the interaction between the physical characteristics of the stimulus and attention, we have manipulated the motion coherence level of the adaptation stimuli. Our results suggested that the removal of attention through an irrelevant task modulated the MAE's magnitude moderately and that such an effect depends on the stimulus strength. We also showed that the MAE still persists with subthreshold and unattended stimuli, suggesting that perhaps attention is not required for the complete development of the MAE.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1177/03010066241253816
Anna Metzger, Robert John Ennis, Katja Doerschner, Matteo Toscani
We used a simple stimulus, dissociating perceptually relevant information in space, to differentiate between bottom-up and task-driven fixations. Six participants viewed a dynamic scene showing the reaction of an elastic object fixed to the ceiling being hit. In one condition they had to judge the object's stiffness and in the other condition its lightness. The results show that initial fixations tend to land in the centre of an object, independent of the task. After the initial fixation, participants tended to look at task diagnostic regions. This fixation behaviour correlates with high perceptual performance. Similarly, low-latency saccades lead to fixations that do not depend on the task, whereas higher latency does.
{"title":"Perceptual task drives later fixations and long latency saccades, while early fixations and short latency saccades are more automatic.","authors":"Anna Metzger, Robert John Ennis, Katja Doerschner, Matteo Toscani","doi":"10.1177/03010066241253816","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241253816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We used a simple stimulus, dissociating perceptually relevant information in space, to differentiate between bottom-up and task-driven fixations. Six participants viewed a dynamic scene showing the reaction of an elastic object fixed to the ceiling being hit. In one condition they had to judge the object's stiffness and in the other condition its lightness. The results show that initial fixations tend to land in the centre of an object, independent of the task. After the initial fixation, participants tended to look at task diagnostic regions. This fixation behaviour correlates with high perceptual performance. Similarly, low-latency saccades lead to fixations that do not depend on the task, whereas higher latency does.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11318208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141307201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/03010066241260594
Mincheol Shin, Kelsey Onderdijk
{"title":"Book Review: Virtual Reality by Steven M. Lavalle","authors":"Mincheol Shin, Kelsey Onderdijk","doi":"10.1177/03010066241260594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03010066241260594","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1177/03010066241237429
Shunsuke Sakai, Akira Sarodo, Katsumi Watanabe
A novel motion stimulus is perceived to last longer than the subsequent motion stimulus moving in the opposite direction. A previous study suggested that the discrepancy in the processing latency for different onset types, as measured by reaction time, may play a role in this duration expansion. The present study examined whether the speed of motion stimuli influences this duration expansion. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the duration expansion ceased to occur when the stimulus speed increased. Experiment 2 showed that the increase in the speed reduced the reaction time for various onset types. However, the size of the changes in the reaction time did not match the reduction in the magnitude of the duration expansion observed in Experiment 1. These results suggest that the increase in speed eliminates the duration expansion of the novel motion stimulus, but the difference in the processing latency alone may not be the sole mechanism.
{"title":"Increase in speed eliminates duration expansion of a novel motion stimulus.","authors":"Shunsuke Sakai, Akira Sarodo, Katsumi Watanabe","doi":"10.1177/03010066241237429","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241237429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel motion stimulus is perceived to last longer than the subsequent motion stimulus moving in the opposite direction. A previous study suggested that the discrepancy in the processing latency for different onset types, as measured by reaction time, may play a role in this duration expansion. The present study examined whether the speed of motion stimuli influences this duration expansion. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the duration expansion ceased to occur when the stimulus speed increased. Experiment 2 showed that the increase in the speed reduced the reaction time for various onset types. However, the size of the changes in the reaction time did not match the reduction in the magnitude of the duration expansion observed in Experiment 1. These results suggest that the increase in speed eliminates the duration expansion of the novel motion stimulus, but the difference in the processing latency alone may not be the sole mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140095008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1177/03010066241249451
Jonathan P Evans, Kueihong Lin, Alexander N Savostyanov
This study aimed to investigate the perception of loudness in response to changes in fundamental frequency (F0) in spoken sounds, as well as the influence of linguistic background on this perceptual process. The results revealed that participants perceived changes in F0 to have accompanying changes in loudness, with a trend of lower F0 sounds being perceived as louder than higher F0 sounds. This finding contrasts with previous studies on pure tones, where increases in frequency typically led to increases in loudness. Furthermore, the study examined differences between two distinct groups of participants: Chinese-speaking and English-speaking individuals. It was observed that English-speaking participants exhibited a greater sensitivity to minor intensity changes compared to Chinese-speaking participants. This discrepancy in sensitivity suggests that linguistic background may play a significant role in shaping the perception of loudness in spoken sound. The study's findings contribute to our understanding of how F0 variations are perceived in terms of loudness, and highlight the potential impact of language experience on this perceptual process.
{"title":"Effects of fundamental frequency changes on spoken sound loudness.","authors":"Jonathan P Evans, Kueihong Lin, Alexander N Savostyanov","doi":"10.1177/03010066241249451","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241249451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the perception of loudness in response to changes in fundamental frequency (F0) in spoken sounds, as well as the influence of linguistic background on this perceptual process. The results revealed that participants perceived changes in F0 to have accompanying changes in loudness, with a trend of lower F0 sounds being perceived as louder than higher F0 sounds. This finding contrasts with previous studies on pure tones, where increases in frequency typically led to increases in loudness. Furthermore, the study examined differences between two distinct groups of participants: Chinese-speaking and English-speaking individuals. It was observed that English-speaking participants exhibited a greater sensitivity to minor intensity changes compared to Chinese-speaking participants. This discrepancy in sensitivity suggests that linguistic background may play a significant role in shaping the perception of loudness in spoken sound. The study's findings contribute to our understanding of how F0 variations are perceived in terms of loudness, and highlight the potential impact of language experience on this perceptual process.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-05-05DOI: 10.1177/03010066241248120
Simon Pratt, Benedict M Wand, Dana A Hince, Mervyn J Travers, Lee Schneider, Sara Kelly, William Gibson
Knowing where the body is in space requires reference to a stored model of the size and shape of body parts, termed the body model. This study sought to investigate the characteristics of the implicit body model of the trunk by assessing the position sense of midline and lateral body landmarks. Sixty-nine healthy participants localised midline and lateral body landmarks on their thorax, waist and hips, with perceived positions of these landmarks compared to actual positions. This study demonstrates evidence of a significant distortion of the implicit body model of the trunk, presenting as a squatter trunk, wider at the waist and hips. A significant difference was found between perceived and actual location in the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions for the majority of trunk landmarks. Evidence of a rightward bias was noted in the perception of six of the nine body landmarks in the horizontal (x) direction, including all midline levels. In the vertical (y) direction, a substantial inferior bias was evident at the thorax and waist. The implicit body model of the trunk is shown to be distorted, with the lumbar spine (waist-to-hip region) held to be shorter and wider than reality.
{"title":"The characteristics of the implicit body model of the trunk.","authors":"Simon Pratt, Benedict M Wand, Dana A Hince, Mervyn J Travers, Lee Schneider, Sara Kelly, William Gibson","doi":"10.1177/03010066241248120","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241248120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knowing where the body is in space requires reference to a stored model of the size and shape of body parts, termed the body model. This study sought to investigate the characteristics of the implicit body model of the trunk by assessing the position sense of midline and lateral body landmarks. Sixty-nine healthy participants localised midline and lateral body landmarks on their thorax, waist and hips, with perceived positions of these landmarks compared to actual positions. This study demonstrates evidence of a significant distortion of the implicit body model of the trunk, presenting as a squatter trunk, wider at the waist and hips. A significant difference was found between perceived and actual location in the horizontal (<i>x</i>) and vertical (<i>y</i>) directions for the majority of trunk landmarks. Evidence of a rightward bias was noted in the perception of six of the nine body landmarks in the horizontal (<i>x</i>) direction, including all midline levels. In the vertical (<i>y</i>) direction, a substantial inferior bias was evident at the thorax and waist. The implicit body model of the trunk is shown to be distorted, with the lumbar spine (waist-to-hip region) held to be shorter and wider than reality.</p>","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11295427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140853503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1177/03010066241237451
Eric Altschuler
{"title":"An interesting multistable tiling percept in a painting by Charles Sheeler.","authors":"Eric Altschuler","doi":"10.1177/03010066241237451","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03010066241237451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140307587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.1177/03010066241254337
Patrick Bruns
{"title":"Book Review: Sensory Individuals: Unimodal and Multimodal Perspectives by Aleksandra Mroczko-Wąsowicz and Rick Grush (Eds.)","authors":"Patrick Bruns","doi":"10.1177/03010066241254337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03010066241254337","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49708,"journal":{"name":"Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140967177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}