Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a13
Maria Tilde Bettetini
After a quick illustration of Augustine’s invention of the doctrine concerning “lie”, the paper focuses on another medieval discovery, mainly dating back to 12th century Canon Law: the notion of persona ficta. Such concept, the roots of which go back to Roman Law, allows an innovative conceptualisa-tion of religious and political institutions such as the church, the university, or the state.
{"title":"Finzioni a fin di bene: la persona ficta, l’inganno artistico contro la menzogna come tradimento","authors":"Maria Tilde Bettetini","doi":"10.21747/21836884/med40a13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21747/21836884/med40a13","url":null,"abstract":"After a quick illustration of Augustine’s invention of the doctrine concerning “lie”, the paper focuses on another medieval discovery, mainly dating back to 12th century Canon Law: the notion of persona ficta. Such concept, the roots of which go back to Roman Law, allows an innovative conceptualisa-tion of religious and political institutions such as the church, the university, or the state.","PeriodicalId":497912,"journal":{"name":"Mediaevalia, textos e estudos","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a9
Laura Cesco-Frare
This contribution proposes an interpretation of Girolamo Cardano’s views on witchcraft. To this end, the paper offers a reading of chapter LXXX of Cardano’s De rerum varietate (1557), where he exam-ines the nature of the so-called witches, in light of the broader framework of Cardano’s philosophy, relating it back to the concepts of varietas and subtilitas, as well as his focus on the conjecturales dis-ciplinae. Then, Cardano’s thought is contrasted with two late-medieval authors, namely John Buridan (with the figure of the vetula) and Peter of Abano (with his views on demonic influxes). Against the background of this analysis, it emerges that Cardano views witchcraft as belonging to the natural and human sphere, as a phenomenon that ultimately rests on a series of social and physiological factors, though he does not exclude completely the eventuality of supernatural influxes on worldly affairs: this complex picture cannot thus be reduced to one of the opposing poles of the Renaissance debate on the nature of witchcraft.
{"title":"Cause naturali e influssi diabolici: Cardano sulle streghe e i demoni","authors":"Laura Cesco-Frare","doi":"10.21747/21836884/med40a9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21747/21836884/med40a9","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution proposes an interpretation of Girolamo Cardano’s views on witchcraft. To this end, the paper offers a reading of chapter LXXX of Cardano’s De rerum varietate (1557), where he exam-ines the nature of the so-called witches, in light of the broader framework of Cardano’s philosophy, relating it back to the concepts of varietas and subtilitas, as well as his focus on the conjecturales dis-ciplinae. Then, Cardano’s thought is contrasted with two late-medieval authors, namely John Buridan (with the figure of the vetula) and Peter of Abano (with his views on demonic influxes). Against the background of this analysis, it emerges that Cardano views witchcraft as belonging to the natural and human sphere, as a phenomenon that ultimately rests on a series of social and physiological factors, though he does not exclude completely the eventuality of supernatural influxes on worldly affairs: this complex picture cannot thus be reduced to one of the opposing poles of the Renaissance debate on the nature of witchcraft.","PeriodicalId":497912,"journal":{"name":"Mediaevalia, textos e estudos","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a14
Andrea Aldo Robiglio, Irene Zavattero, Paula Oliveira e Silva
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a7
Riccardo Fedriga, Roberto Limonta
In the Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium, Wil-liam of Ockham uses the term suppositio – which in the Summa Logicae was the referential property allowing terms to stand in place of the res – as a translation of Aristotle’s ὑπόθεσις. In the Posterior Analytics, a hypothesis is the necessary premise to the scientific reasoning, assumed without demon-stration but later confirmed by the correctness of the conclusions. In the case of future contingents and prophecies, in the Tractatus, suppositiones are both indemonstrable, as they come from an act of belief, and necessary, since they found the possibility of a logical-demonstrative reasoning about objects that present themselves to the grasp of intellect only ficte. Ockham thus applies the method of propositional logic to a theological context, providing scientific status to the knowledge of future contingents. In this framework, the crucial distinction between present-tensed propositions secun-dum rem and secundum vocem is not a merely linguistic ad hoc solution to the problem of future contingents’ and prophecies’, knowability. Rather, the vocaliter nature of future contingents must be understood as a fictio or a suppositio needed to cut short the causal chain connecting the plane of resto that of cognitive acts, in coherence with Ockham’s theological and ontological parsimony.
在《先验目的地论》中，奥卡姆的威廉姆使用了“假设”一词——在《逻辑总论》中，它是指允许术语代替事实的指称性属性——作为亚里士多德的“ο π ο εσις”的翻译。在后验分析中，假设是科学推理的必要前提，假设不需要证明，但随后会被结论的正确性所证实。至于未来的偶然事件和预言，在《论》中，假设既是不可证明的，因为它们来自于一种信仰的行为，又是必要的，因为它们发现了一种逻辑论证推理的可能性，这种逻辑论证推理是关于那些只有虚构的智力才能掌握的对象的。因此，奥卡姆将命题逻辑的方法应用于神学语境，为未来偶然事件的知识提供了科学地位。在这个框架中，现在时命题secun-dum rem和secundum vocem之间的关键区别不仅仅是对未来偶然事件和预言，可知性问题的语言解决方案。相反，未来偶然事件的发声者本质必须被理解为一种虚构或假设，它需要切断连接恢复和认知行为的因果链，与奥卡姆的神学和本体论的简约一致。
{"title":"Suppositiones pro istis dubiis solvendis. Futuri contingenti e profezie nel Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium di Guglielmo di Ockham","authors":"Riccardo Fedriga, Roberto Limonta","doi":"10.21747/21836884/med40a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21747/21836884/med40a7","url":null,"abstract":"In the Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium, Wil-liam of Ockham uses the term suppositio – which in the Summa Logicae was the referential property allowing terms to stand in place of the res – as a translation of Aristotle’s ὑπόθεσις. In the Posterior Analytics, a hypothesis is the necessary premise to the scientific reasoning, assumed without demon-stration but later confirmed by the correctness of the conclusions. In the case of future contingents and prophecies, in the Tractatus, suppositiones are both indemonstrable, as they come from an act of belief, and necessary, since they found the possibility of a logical-demonstrative reasoning about objects that present themselves to the grasp of intellect only ficte. Ockham thus applies the method of propositional logic to a theological context, providing scientific status to the knowledge of future contingents. In this framework, the crucial distinction between present-tensed propositions secun-dum rem and secundum vocem is not a merely linguistic ad hoc solution to the problem of future contingents’ and prophecies’, knowability. Rather, the vocaliter nature of future contingents must be understood as a fictio or a suppositio needed to cut short the causal chain connecting the plane of resto that of cognitive acts, in coherence with Ockham’s theological and ontological parsimony.","PeriodicalId":497912,"journal":{"name":"Mediaevalia, textos e estudos","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a2
Giovanni Catapano
In this paper, I focus on some passages from Augustine’s Soliloquia. I show that they contain the idea of literary fiction as a non-deceptive lie, in which voluntariness and necessity coexist. I pay particular attention to the case of mythical fiction, which on the one hand leads to Cicero’s theory of narration and on the other hand to Augustine’s conception of imagination.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a4
Paola Carusi
Cited in the classifications of sciences as operational science (ṣinā‛a), in the Islamic world of the Middle Ages, the ša‛baḏa, in its various forms and extensions — it can also be shadow play — ba-lances along a delicate border. While the public is enjoying its ‘wonders’, scholars of different back-grounds give their opinions on its real contents; the philosophers, beyond the ‘wonders’, meditate on the hand of man and on the degree of its perfection which makes it the most sensitive of instruments; the theologians tend to consider it the sister of magic, and as such to be condemned, yet they can also mention it in laudatory terms; the mystics come to compare the muša‛biḏ to God. Against this lively, colorful background, the muša‛biḏ, regardless of anything other than his art, continues to play his game
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a10
José Higuera
In the Dominican Archive San Luis Beltran (Bogotá) there is a manuscript of an unknown cursus philosophicus signed by the Franciscan master Pedro Ceballos y Tena, dated in 1741, Quito. The last section of this cursus is entitled Articulus utilis desyllogismo falsigrapho. For the first time, we can reconstruct the long transition of the vocabulary and the conception of deceptive arguments called falsigraphi. Pseudo-Scotus showed the fallacies behind this sort of defective argumentation, despite the geometrical origin of this expression. In the Aristotelian texts, falsigraphus was a philosophical character who wrongly “drew” the geometrical principles in order to induce a demonstration about a specific problem (e.g. circle quadrature). However, Pseudo-Scotus preferred to highlight the op-position between the demonstrative syllogisms - and their immediate principles - and the sophistic arguments configured by linguistic ambiguities or fallacies. These types of fallacies appear in the Cursus philosophicus dictatus Limae (1701) under the name of syllogismum pse[u]dographum. The question is how the later readers of Pseudo-Scotus assumed the linguistic perspective on deceptive arguments focused on categorical mistakes, while neglecting the geometrical character of those ar-guments that involved the use of a “graphical reasoning”. The contrast between pse[u]dographumand falsigraphus will show how the linguistic perspective on deceptive arguments was embraced by the later Scholastic. This linguistic emphasis achieves an interesting point, however, in Ceballos y Tena, who recovers the Pseudo-Scotus’ view of the term falsigraphus to note the ambiguity of logical terms. The hypothesis of this work is the historical oscillation of deceptive arguments between the linguistic perspective and the graphical reasoning involved in geometrical demonstrations.
在多米尼加档案馆圣路易斯贝尔特兰(波哥大)有一份手稿，是由方济各会大师佩德罗·塞巴洛斯·特纳签署的，日期为1741年，基多。本课程的最后一节题目为“伪法逻辑的实用原理”。第一次，我们可以重建词汇的长期过渡和欺骗性论点的概念，称为伪文。伪司各脱表明了这种有缺陷的论证背后的谬误，尽管这种表达是几何起源的。在亚里士多德的著作中，伪图解是一个哲学人物，他错误地“画”几何原理，以引出对特定问题的论证(例如圆正交)。然而，伪司各脱倾向于强调论证三段论及其直接原则与由语言歧义或谬论构成的诡辩论证之间的对立地位。这些类型的谬论以三段论的名义出现在《论哲学》(Cursus philosophicus dicatus Limae)(1701)中。问题是，后来的《伪司各特》的读者如何从语言学的角度看待欺骗性论证，把重点放在绝对错误上，而忽略了那些涉及使用“图形推理”的论点的几何特征。pse[u] dographus和falsiigraphus之间的对比将显示出语言学对欺骗性论证的观点是如何被后来的经院哲学家所接受的。然而，这种语言学上的强调在塞巴洛斯·伊·特纳(Ceballos y Tena)那里实现了一个有趣的观点，他恢复了伪斯科特斯(Pseudo-Scotus)对术语falsigigraphus的看法，以注意逻辑术语的模糊性。这项工作的假设是语言学观点和几何论证中涉及的图形推理之间的欺骗性论证的历史振荡。
{"title":"De syllogismo falsigrapho: The Colonial Reception of Deceptive Arguments (From 13th to 18th Centuries)","authors":"José Higuera","doi":"10.21747/21836884/med40a10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21747/21836884/med40a10","url":null,"abstract":"In the Dominican Archive San Luis Beltran (Bogotá) there is a manuscript of an unknown cursus philosophicus signed by the Franciscan master Pedro Ceballos y Tena, dated in 1741, Quito. The last section of this cursus is entitled Articulus utilis desyllogismo falsigrapho. For the first time, we can reconstruct the long transition of the vocabulary and the conception of deceptive arguments called falsigraphi. Pseudo-Scotus showed the fallacies behind this sort of defective argumentation, despite the geometrical origin of this expression. In the Aristotelian texts, falsigraphus was a philosophical character who wrongly “drew” the geometrical principles in order to induce a demonstration about a specific problem (e.g. circle quadrature). However, Pseudo-Scotus preferred to highlight the op-position between the demonstrative syllogisms - and their immediate principles - and the sophistic arguments configured by linguistic ambiguities or fallacies. These types of fallacies appear in the Cursus philosophicus dictatus Limae (1701) under the name of syllogismum pse[u]dographum. The question is how the later readers of Pseudo-Scotus assumed the linguistic perspective on deceptive arguments focused on categorical mistakes, while neglecting the geometrical character of those ar-guments that involved the use of a “graphical reasoning”. The contrast between pse[u]dographumand falsigraphus will show how the linguistic perspective on deceptive arguments was embraced by the later Scholastic. This linguistic emphasis achieves an interesting point, however, in Ceballos y Tena, who recovers the Pseudo-Scotus’ view of the term falsigraphus to note the ambiguity of logical terms. The hypothesis of this work is the historical oscillation of deceptive arguments between the linguistic perspective and the graphical reasoning involved in geometrical demonstrations.","PeriodicalId":497912,"journal":{"name":"Mediaevalia, textos e estudos","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a3
Marienza Benedetto
The article proposes to consider the use of the episode of the Sleepers in the philosophical investiga-tions on the status of time. First quoted in Aristotle’s Physics to demonstrate the dependence of time on motion, which the soul numbers, the episode is cited – through the mediation of Avicenna – in the Kitāb al-Mu’tabar or The book about what has been established by personal reflection by the philosopher of Jewish origin Abū’l-Barakāt. In his text he proposes to remodel the original history, to imagine a different scenario that accounts, ultimately, for the inevitable time–movement fracture: more than being an accident of movement, time is, in Abū’l-Barakāt’s innovative reading, the meas-ure of existence.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a5
Olga L. Lizzini
Starting with some well-known examples of fiction in the Arabic philosophical tradition - such as the ‘Flying man argument’, the so-called ‘visionary tales’, the Epistle of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān and some is-sues related to imagination (prophetic vision, metaphor), the article offers a brief analysis of the role of fiction in the Arabic philosophical tradition and its implications for philosophy and religion. The definition of fiction concerns the role of prophecy and the relationship of the philosopher - a wiseman - with the non-philosopher; it also involves the philosopher’s discourse. If, in fact, philosophy aims to be the realm of truth, fiction can have a meaning and a value (pedagogical, political, religious etc.) only if, in some way, it contains truth. The logical issue of the relationship between imagination and thought hovers in the background
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21747/21836884/med40a6
Jacopo Francesco Falà
The debate between Henry of Ghent and John Duns Scotus about the status of fictional beings has profound repercussions on the overall elaboration of the two thinkers’ metaphysical theories. Diffe-rent conceptions related to entities such as ‘chimera’ or ‘hircocervus’ are related to more general and different descriptions of creatural essences, and to the dynamics of the divine knowledge of these same essences, involving the determination of speculative concepts such as ratitudo, aliquitas and res a reor reris. This contribution takes into consideration the doctrines on the subject of these two authors, both readers of Avicenna, and the question 17 of the Collationes oxonienses, where a Fran-ciscan influenced by Henry of Ghent and Scotus (or one of his follower) discuss on fictional beings. A new interpretation of the collatio is given, not entirely coinciding with those found in secondary literature.
根特的亨利和约翰·邓斯·司各脱关于虚构人物地位的争论对两位思想家的形而上学理论的整体阐述产生了深远的影响。与实体相关的不同概念，如“chimera”或“hircocervus”，与更一般和不同的生物本质描述有关，与这些相同本质的神性知识的动态有关，涉及到诸如比率(ratitudo)、流动性(aliquitas)和复归性(res a reor reris)等思辨性概念的确定。这一贡献考虑到这两位作者的教义，他们都是阿维森纳的读者，以及Collationes oxonienses的问题17，其中受根特的亨利和斯科特(或他的追随者之一)影响的方济各会士讨论了虚构的存在。一个新的解释的校勘给出，不完全符合那些发现在二手文献。
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