Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.32548/10.32548/2023.me-04287
M. Gonulal
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a technical way of communicating with materials, but what does that mean? To be able to understand this, we should think about how people communicate with each other—by talking. Humans have vocal cords in their throats, also known as vocal folds, a band of highly elastic connective tissue. When someone wants to talk, their brain sends a signal to the vocal fold, and after receiving the electrical signal, the folds start to vibrate and cause the air molecules flowing around them vibrate as well. This vibration flows through the air molecules to the ears of the other people, causing tiny bones within the ear to vibrate. This mechanical vibration is converted into an electrical signal by stimulation of the sensory cells in the ear and nerve impulses sent to the brain. Through this complex conversion of electrical signal to vibration, and then vibration back to the electrical signal, two human beings talk to each other. In general, the human ear can detect sounds with frequencies between 20 and 20 000 Hz, which is called an audio range. (Frequency means the number of vibrations against the unit time and is expressed in cycles per seconds). Frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasound and above 20 000 Hz are called ultrasound. The industrial application of ultrasound is the answer to the question, “How can we talk to material?”, which forms the basis of UT. UT is widely used as a nondestructive testing method to examine materials and welds, as well as bondings between the materials. In this article, UT of dissimilar welds shall be discussed.
{"title":"PAUT of CRA Cladded Pipe Circumferential Dissimilar Welds","authors":"M. Gonulal","doi":"10.32548/10.32548/2023.me-04287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/10.32548/2023.me-04287","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a technical way of communicating with materials, but what does that mean? To be able to understand this, we should think about how people communicate with each other—by talking. Humans have vocal cords in their throats, also known as vocal folds, a band of highly elastic connective tissue. When someone wants to talk, their brain sends a signal to the vocal fold, and after receiving the electrical signal, the folds start to vibrate and cause the air molecules flowing around them vibrate as well. This vibration flows through the air molecules to the ears of the other people, causing tiny bones within the ear to vibrate. This mechanical vibration is converted into an electrical signal by stimulation of the sensory cells in the ear and nerve impulses sent to the brain. Through this complex conversion of electrical signal to vibration, and then vibration back to the electrical signal, two human beings talk to each other. In general, the human ear can detect sounds with frequencies between 20 and 20 000 Hz, which is called an audio range. (Frequency means the number of vibrations against the unit time and is expressed in cycles per seconds). Frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasound and above 20 000 Hz are called ultrasound. The industrial application of ultrasound is the answer to the question, “How can we talk to material?”, which forms the basis of UT. UT is widely used as a nondestructive testing method to examine materials and welds, as well as bondings between the materials. In this article, UT of dissimilar welds shall be discussed.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46594844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Total focusing method (TFM) is an ultrasonic testing (UT) technique that provides nondestructive testing (NDT) inspectors with new imaging modes, enabling more accurate detection, sizing, and representation of challenging defects. While TFM may offer convenient, nearly true-to-geometry imagery as the inspection result, it is often detrimentally affected by mode conversion artifacts. Current standards, such as ASME Section V, place the burden on the inspector to explain the origins of those artifacts, impacting the productivity and reliability of the inspection. A method enabling direct control of the ultrasonic wave propagation modes—that is, transverse wave (T) or longitudinal wave (L)—through each interface of the acoustic path is proposed and evaluated in this paper. This control is achieved after the full matrix capture acquisition by modulating, according to the desired propagation mode, the gain applied on the individual paths within the summation process. This leads to the formation of a Path-Filtered Total Focusing Method image. Empirical results on various use cases show considerable improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio through the almost complete elimination of signals originating from undesired paths.
{"title":"Acoustic Path Filtering for Improved Multimode Total Focusing Method Inspection","authors":"B. Lepage, Guillaume Painchard-April","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04279","url":null,"abstract":"Total focusing method (TFM) is an ultrasonic testing (UT) technique that provides nondestructive testing (NDT) inspectors with new imaging modes, enabling more accurate detection, sizing, and representation of challenging defects. While TFM may offer convenient, nearly true-to-geometry imagery as the inspection result, it is often detrimentally affected by mode conversion artifacts. Current standards, such as ASME Section V, place the burden on the inspector to explain the origins of those artifacts, impacting the productivity and reliability of the inspection. A method enabling direct control of the ultrasonic wave propagation modes—that is, transverse wave (T) or longitudinal wave (L)—through each interface of the acoustic path is proposed and evaluated in this paper. This control is achieved after the full matrix capture acquisition by modulating, according to the desired propagation mode, the gain applied on the individual paths within the summation process. This leads to the formation of a Path-Filtered Total Focusing Method image. Empirical results on various use cases show considerable improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio through the almost complete elimination of signals originating from undesired paths.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47285033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Han Liu, S. Laflamme, Sdiq Anwar Taher, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Jian Li, C. Bennett, William N. Collins, D. Eisenmann, Austin Downey, P. Ziehl, Hongki Jo
Angular motion measurement using commercial sensing technologies can be challenging due to the nonlinearity of the motion and the combination of translational, oscillatory, and rotational behaviors. Recent advances in hyperelastic and self-sensing materials have facilitated the development of flexible electronics, enabling robust and cost-effective angular motion sensing systems. The authors have recently proposed a flexible strain sensor termed corrugated soft elastomeric capacitor (cSEC). The cSEC is a thin-film, ultra-compliant, and scalable sensor that transduces geometric variations into a measurable change in capacitance. It is constituted by layering two conductive plates sandwiching a dielectric that is surfacecorrugated. In this paper, we study the use of the cSEC for angular motion sensing of a free rotational hinge, in which the cSEC was adhered onto the rotating area of the hinge subjected to an axial displacement generating clockwise and counterclockwise angular rotations.
{"title":"Investigation of Soft Elastomeric Capacitor for the Monitoring of Large Angular Motions","authors":"Han Liu, S. Laflamme, Sdiq Anwar Taher, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Jian Li, C. Bennett, William N. Collins, D. Eisenmann, Austin Downey, P. Ziehl, Hongki Jo","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04294","url":null,"abstract":"Angular motion measurement using commercial sensing technologies can be challenging due to the nonlinearity of the motion and the combination of translational, oscillatory, and rotational behaviors. Recent advances in hyperelastic and self-sensing materials have facilitated the development of flexible electronics, enabling robust and cost-effective angular motion sensing systems. The authors have recently proposed a flexible strain sensor termed corrugated soft elastomeric capacitor (cSEC). The cSEC is a thin-film, ultra-compliant, and scalable sensor that transduces geometric variations into a measurable change in capacitance. It is constituted by layering two conductive plates sandwiching a dielectric that is surfacecorrugated. In this paper, we study the use of the cSEC for angular motion sensing of a free rotational hinge, in which the cSEC was adhered onto the rotating area of the hinge subjected to an axial displacement generating clockwise and counterclockwise angular rotations.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42680447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic bridge management requires accurate information about the condition of bridges in the network. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE)has shown high potential in providing accurate condition assessment and, through periodic surveys, development of accurate deterioration, predictive, and life-cycle cost models. To achieve wide adoption by transportation agencies, further advances should be made that would lead to the accuracy of NDE-based condition assessment, reduced costs and traffic interruptions, and minimized risk to transportation workers. The paper discusses the following areas of improvement: increased speed and safety of data collection through the use of robotic systems, and improved data interpretation through visualization and joint analysis of data collected by multiple NDE technologies.
{"title":"Advancing Condition Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Elements Through Automation, Visualization, and Improved Interpretation of Multi-NDE Technology Data","authors":"","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04289","url":null,"abstract":"Economic bridge management requires accurate information about the condition of bridges in the network. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE)has shown high potential in providing accurate condition assessment and, through periodic surveys, development of accurate deterioration, predictive, and life-cycle cost models. To achieve wide adoption by transportation agencies, further advances should be made that would lead to the accuracy of NDE-based condition assessment, reduced costs and traffic interruptions, and minimized risk to transportation workers. The paper discusses the following areas of improvement: increased speed and safety of data collection through the use of robotic systems, and improved data interpretation through visualization and joint analysis of data collected by multiple NDE technologies.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48393608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drones are increasingly used during routine inspections of bridges to improve data consistency, work efficiency, inspector safety, and cost effectiveness. Most drones, however, are operated manually within a visual line of sight and thus unable to inspect long-span bridges that are not completely visible to operators. In this paper, aerial nondestructive evaluation (aNDE) will be envisioned for elevated structures such as bridges, buildings, dams, nuclear power plants, and tunnels. To enable aerial nondestructive testing (aNDT), a human-robot system will be created to integrate haptic sensing and dexterous manipulation into a drone or a structural crawler in augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) for beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) inspection of bridges. Some of the technical challenges and potential solutions associated with aNDT&E will be presented. Example applications of the advanced technologies will be demonstrated in simulated bridge decks with stipulated conditions. The developed human-robot system can transform current on-site inspection to future tele-inspection, minimizing impact to traffic passing over the bridges. The automated tele-inspection can save as much as 75% in time and 95% in cost.
{"title":"Aerial Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation (aNDT&E)","authors":"Ge-wei Chen, Liujun Li, Zhenhua Shi, Bo Shang","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04300","url":null,"abstract":"Drones are increasingly used during routine inspections of bridges to improve data consistency, work efficiency, inspector safety, and cost effectiveness. Most drones, however, are operated manually within a visual line of sight and thus unable to inspect long-span bridges that are not completely visible to operators. In this paper, aerial nondestructive evaluation (aNDE) will be envisioned for elevated structures such as bridges, buildings, dams, nuclear power plants, and tunnels. To enable aerial nondestructive testing (aNDT), a human-robot system will be created to integrate haptic sensing and dexterous manipulation into a drone or a structural crawler in augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) for beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) inspection of bridges. Some of the technical challenges and potential solutions associated with aNDT&E will be presented. Example applications of the advanced technologies will be demonstrated in simulated bridge decks with stipulated conditions. The developed human-robot system can transform current on-site inspection to future tele-inspection, minimizing impact to traffic passing over the bridges. The automated tele-inspection can save as much as 75% in time and 95% in cost.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49421755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary intent of bridge inspection is safety. Thus, the focus during the initial development of bridge inspection guidelines, including National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS), was on making sure structures are safe for the traveling public. NBIS are mandated by federal statute at 23 U.S.C. 144 and implemented under 23 CFR 650 subpart C. Most changes since the inception of NBIS have been due to failures, but recently the focus has shifted to include bridge/ asset management. As such, there has been an increased emphasis on using inspection data for bridge management purposes and on preservation to make sure these structures are not only safe but also can be maintained cost-effectively to minimize life cycle costs. This requires shifting the focus from predominantly visual inspection to supplementing visual inspections with advanced technologies. In this paper, the authors discuss the changes that have occurred since their 2009 Materials Evaluation article.
{"title":"Bridge Inspection – Progression of Bridge Inspection Toward Preservation and Corrosion Mitigation for Improving Asset Management","authors":"Sreevivas Alampalli, F. Jalinoos, Raj Ailaney","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04292","url":null,"abstract":"The primary intent of bridge inspection is safety. Thus, the focus during the initial development of bridge inspection guidelines, including National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS), was on making sure structures are safe for the traveling public. NBIS are mandated by federal statute at 23 U.S.C. 144 and implemented under 23 CFR 650 subpart C. Most changes since the inception of NBIS have been due to failures, but recently the focus has shifted to include bridge/ asset management. As such, there has been an increased emphasis on using inspection data for bridge management purposes and on preservation to make sure these structures are not only safe but also can be maintained cost-effectively to minimize life cycle costs. This requires shifting the focus from predominantly visual inspection to supplementing visual inspections with advanced technologies. In this paper, the authors discuss the changes that have occurred since their 2009 Materials Evaluation article.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46362986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quality control and quality assurance during construction is vital to ensure the structure is built as designed and durable. For reinforced concrete (RC) structures, rebar diameter, spacing, and concrete cover depth are critical in ensuring that the structure is designed for adequate strength and can maintain its service life without unplanned interventions. Once the rebar is laid out in the field, construction inspectors do the required quality control to ensure that the constructed rebar mat matches the design documents. The checks are made at finite points and thus can be improved with currently available technologies such as LiDAR, augmented reality (AR), and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). This paper summarizes the available technologies for such an effort and focuses on using Red Blue Green Depth (RGBD) cameras as a quality control tool for construction inspection of RC structures such as buildings and bridges. A study conducted using an RGBD camera for estimating rebar diameter is presented in this paper. Results show that RGBD cameras have a very high potential as a low-cost, efficient tool for quality control of RC structures during construction. RGBD cameras can potentially augment current visual inspections in assuring the structures are built as per design drawings, meeting the appropriate specifications with acceptable accuracy.
{"title":"Automated Geometric Quality Inspection of Rebar Layout using RGBD Data","authors":"Mahsa Sanei, Xinxing Yuan, F. Moreu, S. Alampalli","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04307","url":null,"abstract":"Quality control and quality assurance during construction is vital to ensure the structure is built as designed and durable. For reinforced concrete (RC) structures, rebar diameter, spacing, and concrete cover depth are critical in ensuring that the structure is designed for adequate strength and can maintain its service life without unplanned interventions. Once the rebar is laid out in the field, construction inspectors do the required quality control to ensure that the constructed rebar mat matches the design documents. The checks are made at finite points and thus can be improved with currently available technologies such as LiDAR, augmented reality (AR), and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). This paper summarizes the available technologies for such an effort and focuses on using Red Blue Green Depth (RGBD) cameras as a quality control tool for construction inspection of RC structures such as buildings and bridges. A study conducted using an RGBD camera for estimating rebar diameter is presented in this paper. Results show that RGBD cameras have a very high potential as a low-cost, efficient tool for quality control of RC structures during construction. RGBD cameras can potentially augment current visual inspections in assuring the structures are built as per design drawings, meeting the appropriate specifications with acceptable accuracy.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46344973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Underwater engineering evaluations of transportation assets have historically relied largely upon conventional, crewed commercial diving operations, using visual testing (VT) and tactile examination methods to detect surface discontinuities and evaluate site conditions. In practical application, this approach alone is often found to be suboptimal, due to multiple challenges inherent in conducting inspections in the underwater environment. Modern underwater inspections are increasingly reliant upon new technologies, and nondestructive testing methods beyond VT are used during conventional diving inspection to gain a broader picture of the asset and its condition, increasing efficiency while lowering risk in the process. Underwater engineering inspectors today employ traditional nondestructive technologies, including VT, ultrasonic testing (UT), and magnetic particle testing (MT) techniques, in concert with acoustic (sonar) imaging techniques and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to obtain more detailed information about the asset and adjacent waterway conditions. This approach enhances the inspection’s safety and efficiency and reduces risk to the bridge owner and end user. This article discusses today’s underwater bridge inspection approach, emphasizing the NDT technologies utilized and their benefits.
{"title":"Underwater Inspection of Highway Bridges - Recent Trends and Technologies","authors":"David Severns","doi":"10.32548/2023.me-04299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2023.me-04299","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater engineering evaluations of transportation assets have historically relied largely upon conventional, crewed commercial diving operations, using visual testing (VT) and tactile examination methods to detect surface discontinuities and evaluate site conditions. In practical application, this approach alone is often found to be suboptimal, due to multiple challenges inherent in conducting inspections in the underwater environment. Modern underwater inspections are increasingly reliant upon new technologies, and nondestructive testing methods beyond VT are used during conventional diving inspection to gain a broader picture of the asset and its condition, increasing efficiency while lowering risk in the process. Underwater engineering inspectors today employ traditional nondestructive technologies, including VT, ultrasonic testing (UT), and magnetic particle testing (MT) techniques, in concert with acoustic (sonar) imaging techniques and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to obtain more detailed information about the asset and adjacent waterway conditions. This approach enhances the inspection’s safety and efficiency and reduces risk to the bridge owner and end user. This article discusses today’s underwater bridge inspection approach, emphasizing the NDT technologies utilized and their benefits.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47567149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Probability of detection (POD) studies for evaluating the capabilities of an inspection system for Air Force aircraft structural components commonly use a Logistic Regression model with a Wald 95% confidence interval. However, hit/miss POD data is distributed as a Binomial, and the sample sizes are commonly too small for Wald’s identically and independently normality distributed assumption to be true. This paper uses a large set of simulated representative hit/miss data to compare and contrast the performance of the four confidence intervals methods: Standard Wald, Modified Wald, Profile Likelihood Ratio, and Profile Modified Likelihood Ratio. Performance is measured in terms of bias and existence of a90/95 with respect to data distribution, sample size, overlap, and evenness. This paper provides guidance and methodology on new POD methods that more reliably and accurately estimate a90/95.
{"title":"Confidence Interval Comparisons For Probability of Detection On Hit/Miss Data","authors":"Christine E. Knott, C. S. Kabban","doi":"10.32548/2022.me-04273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04273","url":null,"abstract":"Probability of detection (POD) studies for evaluating the capabilities of an inspection system for Air Force aircraft structural components commonly use a Logistic Regression model with a Wald 95% confidence interval. However, hit/miss POD data is distributed as a Binomial, and the sample sizes are commonly too small for Wald’s identically and independently normality distributed assumption to be true. This paper uses a large set of simulated representative hit/miss data to compare and contrast the performance of the four confidence intervals methods: Standard Wald, Modified Wald, Profile Likelihood Ratio, and Profile Modified Likelihood Ratio. Performance is measured in terms of bias and existence of a90/95 with respect to data distribution, sample size, overlap, and evenness. This paper provides guidance and methodology on new POD methods that more reliably and accurately estimate a90/95.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44885932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To characterize the capability of an inspection system, indications from the system must be collected over a range of defect sizes. For flaw indications, insufficient sample size, overlap, or evenness between hit and miss indications may cause the probability of detection (POD) estimations to not exist or have high bias. Extensive simulations of representative Lognormal, Weibull, and Uniformly distributed data at varying levels of overlap, evenness, and sample size were fit using four modeling techniques: logistic regression, Firth’s Bias Adjusted Likelihood, the Lasso, and a ranked set sampling method from nonparametric statistics. Profile likelihood ratio confidence intervals were used instead of the standard Wald method to calculate a90/95. The probability of existence and the percent bias of the estimates provide recommendations for the ideal levels of overlap, evenness, modeling technique, and sample size requirements when designing a hit/miss POD study.
{"title":"Modern Design and Analysis For Hit/Miss Probability of Detection Studies Using Profile Likelihood Ratio Confidence Intervals","authors":"Christine E. Knott, C. S. Kabban","doi":"10.32548/2022.me-04272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04272","url":null,"abstract":"To characterize the capability of an inspection system, indications from the system must be collected over a range of defect sizes. For flaw indications, insufficient sample size, overlap, or evenness between hit and miss indications may cause the probability of detection (POD) estimations to not exist or have high bias. Extensive simulations of representative Lognormal, Weibull, and Uniformly distributed data at varying levels of overlap, evenness, and sample size were fit using four modeling techniques: logistic regression, Firth’s Bias Adjusted Likelihood, the Lasso, and a ranked set sampling method from nonparametric statistics. Profile likelihood ratio confidence intervals were used instead of the standard Wald method to calculate a90/95. The probability of existence and the percent bias of the estimates provide recommendations for the ideal levels of overlap, evenness, modeling technique, and sample size requirements when designing a hit/miss POD study.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44095052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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