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NDT Apprenticeship in the UK 英国的无损检测学徒制
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-80-09-27-30
Sam Cunningham, A. Schofield
In 2014, a UK government report identified a dire need for skilled workers in the nondestructive testing (NDT) industry, and the seeds of a government-funded apprenticeship program to address the skills gap was born. In partnership with the British Institute of Nondestructive Testing (BINDT), an industry-led employer group worked to develop three NDT apprenticeship training programs, incorporating varying levels of industrial qualifications, behaviors, and skill sets, to great success. At the last count, more than 260 apprentices had started their NDT apprenticeship.
2014年,英国政府的一份报告指出,无损检测(NDT)行业迫切需要熟练工人,政府资助的学徒计划的种子就此诞生,以解决技能差距问题。在与英国无损检测协会(BINDT)的合作中,一个行业领导的雇主团体致力于开发三个无损检测学徒培训计划,将不同水平的行业资格、行为和技能组合结合起来,取得了巨大的成功。在最近一次统计中,超过260名学徒开始了他们的无损检测学徒生涯。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Acoustic Attenuation Trends in Permendur 49 Magnetostrictive Material 磁致伸缩材料中声衰减趋势的研究
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.32548/10.32548/2022.me-04229
M. Sheykholeslami, M. Allahdadi, M. Zeighami, M. Ghodsi
The mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials change when the magnetization level of these materials changes. This phenomenon occurs due to magnetostriction. The change in direction of the magnetic domains is the reason for magnetostriction. In this paper, we hypothesize that the amount of acoustic attenuation in ferromagnetic materials depends on their magnetization level. To prove this hypothesis, a numerical approach is employed and the results compared to previous results in the literature. Permendur, an iron-cobalt alloy that exhibits a large magnetostriction effect, is used for the simulation. The results of the numerical study show that ultrasonic reflection and transmission coefficients in Permendur change in response to changes in the external magnetic field. A comparison between these numerical results and experimental results in the literature allows us to determine the changes in acoustic attenuation due to the magnetic field. The results show that there is an increasing trend at first, and then a decreasing trend, between acoustic absorption attenuation and increasing external magnetic field. This approach would be useful in ultrasonic testing of ferromagnetic materials when the reflected echoes are not detectable due to attenuation.The mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials change when the magnetization level of these materials changes. This phenomenon occurs due to magnetostriction. The change in direction of the magnetic domains is the reason for magnetostriction. In this paper, we hypothesize that the amount of acoustic attenuation in ferromagnetic materials depends on their magnetization level. To prove this hypothesis, a numerical approach is employed and the results compared to previous results in the literature. Permendur, an iron-cobalt alloy that exhibits a large magnetostriction effect, is used for the simulation. The results of the numerical study show that ultrasonic reflection and transmission coefficients in Permendur change in response to changes in the external magnetic field. A comparison between these numerical results and experimental results in the literature allows us to determine the changes in acoustic attenuation due to the magnetic field. The results show that there is an increasing trend at first, and then a decreasing trend, between acoustic absorption attenuation and increasing external magnetic field. This approach would be useful in ultrasonic testing of ferromagnetic materials when the reflected echoes are not detectable due to attenuation.
铁磁材料的力学性能随着材料磁化强度的变化而变化。这种现象是由磁致伸缩引起的。磁畴方向的改变是磁致伸缩的原因。在本文中,我们假设铁磁材料的声衰减量取决于它们的磁化水平。为了证明这一假设,采用了数值方法,并将结果与文献中先前的结果进行了比较。模拟采用具有强磁致伸缩效应的铁钴合金永久合金。数值研究结果表明,超声反射系数和透射系数随外加磁场的变化而变化。将这些数值结果与文献中的实验结果进行比较,使我们能够确定由于磁场引起的声衰减的变化。结果表明:声吸收衰减随外加磁场的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;当反射回波由于衰减而无法检测时,该方法可用于铁磁材料的超声波检测。铁磁材料的力学性能随着材料磁化强度的变化而变化。这种现象是由磁致伸缩引起的。磁畴方向的改变是磁致伸缩的原因。在本文中,我们假设铁磁材料的声衰减量取决于它们的磁化水平。为了证明这一假设,采用了数值方法,并将结果与文献中先前的结果进行了比较。模拟采用具有强磁致伸缩效应的铁钴合金永久合金。数值研究结果表明,超声反射系数和透射系数随外加磁场的变化而变化。将这些数值结果与文献中的实验结果进行比较,使我们能够确定由于磁场引起的声衰减的变化。结果表明:声吸收衰减随外加磁场的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;当反射回波由于衰减而无法检测时,该方法可用于铁磁材料的超声波检测。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic Method for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Steel Cylinders 评定钢瓶力学性能的磁法
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04262
Chai Jun-Hui, Lv Zhong-Jie, Shen Zheng-Xiang, Zhang Zi-Jiang, Bo Xu, Shen Jian-Min, Qian Sheng-Jie, Y. Fu
Using a nondestructive testing method based on hysteresis behavior, the structural-mechanical dependence of the coercive force of 35CrMo steel components was compared with that of standard specimens. As described in the magnetic Jiles–Atherton model, the magnetic coercive force of the cylinders was inversely proportional to the grain refinement, which was validated by means of metallographic examination and hardness tests. Simultaneously, this study presented an experimental validation by destructive testing for determining the relationship between the measured magnetic parameter and the property of concern and a linear correlation between coercive force and hardness. These observations provide a method to quickly and nondestructively evaluate the mechanical properties of steel components.
采用基于迟滞特性的无损检测方法,比较了35CrMo钢构件矫顽力与标准试样的结构-力学相关性。根据磁Jiles-Atherton模型,圆柱体的磁矫顽力与晶粒细化成反比,通过金相检验和硬度测试验证了这一点。同时,本研究通过破坏性试验验证了测量的磁性参数与关注的性质之间的关系以及矫顽力与硬度之间的线性关系。这些观察结果为快速、无损地评价钢构件的力学性能提供了一种方法。
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引用次数: 0
Multiscale Mixed Modality Microstructure Assessment for Titanium (M4AT) Data Set 钛(M4AT)数据集的多尺度混合模态微观结构评估
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04274
J. Wertz, M. Cherry, Sean O'Rourke, Laura Homa, Nick Lorenzo, Erik Blasch
The capability of a material depends on multiscale physical properties. In many cases, state-of-the-art material characterization methods for micro-to-mesoscale features require extensive preparation or destructive analysis. These shortcomings limit their use for quality control of component-scale parts, as extensive preparation or destructive analysis are prohibitively expensive or impossible for real-time assessment. One example is the detection and characterization of critical microtexture regions in titanium, where the state-of-the-art sensing method is both damaging and constrained to a laboratory environment. New sensing approaches that achieve the capability of laboratory-based characterization methods without destructive assessment offer promise for manufacturing, inspection, and assembly. A potential solution is to develop novel data fusion algorithms to complement existing nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques.
材料的性能取决于多尺度物理性质。在许多情况下,最先进的材料表征方法的微到中尺度特征需要大量的准备或破坏性分析。这些缺点限制了它们用于组件级零件的质量控制,因为广泛的准备或破坏性分析过于昂贵或不可能进行实时评估。一个例子是检测和表征钛中的关键微纹理区域,其中最先进的传感方法既具有破坏性又受实验室环境的限制。新的传感方法实现了基于实验室的表征方法的能力,而无需破坏性评估,为制造,检查和组装提供了希望。一个潜在的解决方案是开发新的数据融合算法来补充现有的无损评估(NDE)技术。
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引用次数: 0
Application of the Reverse Time Migration Method to Ultrasonic Nondestructive Imaging for Anisotropic Materials 逆时偏移法在各向异性材料超声无损成像中的应用
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04244
H. Mizota, Y. Amano, K. Nakahata
In this study, we applied the reverse time migration (RTM) method to ultrasonic defect imaging in anisotropic materials. RTM offered that the defect shape could be uniquely determined by calculating a cross correlation of the incident and the reverse propagated waves from the array transducer. 2D simulations demonstrated that defect imaging by the RTM method requires an accurate numerical setup. We validated our technique using measured scattered waves from a slit in unidirectional solidified 316L stainless steel. By using the elastic constants determined from the ultrasonic wavefield data, the slit shape was correctly reconstructed. This provides a proof of principle that the RTM method is effective in nondestructive imaging of composite structures containing anisotropic materials.
在本研究中,我们将逆时偏移(RTM)方法应用于各向异性材料的超声缺陷成像。RTM提供了通过计算入射波和阵列换能器反向传播波的相互关系可以唯一确定缺陷形状的方法。二维仿真结果表明,采用RTM方法进行缺陷成像需要精确的数值设置。我们通过测量单向凝固316L不锈钢狭缝的散射波来验证我们的技术。利用超声波场数据确定的弹性常数,正确地重建了狭缝形状。这为RTM方法在含各向异性材料的复合材料结构无损成像中的有效性提供了原理证明。
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引用次数: 2
Simulation of Tomographic Acquisition and Reconstruction Slice for Industrial Machine Rotor with Fixed-Angle Scanner 工业机械转子定角扫描仪层析采集与重建切片仿真
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04263
M. R. Ahmedbacha, A. Benouar, A. Khorsi, N. Akermi, K. Kaddouri
Rotating machines such as electric motors and pumps are the heart of any industrial production chain. Rotors are usually the most worn parts, and the preventive maintenance of these vital organs, although necessary, remains penalizing for the production line because the machines are stopped and disassembled for a lengthy period during the inspection phase. This paper suggests a simulation of optimized tomographic reconstruction by cone beam acquisition geometry to scan a functioning machine rotor with high X-ray energy. In this work we propose a simple design of a fixed-angle projection scanner. Rotating projections are replaced by synchro-rotation to the nominal angular velocity of the rotor. The simulation results demonstrate that it is possible to adapt the filtered back-projection algorithm to compute a tomographic image of the rotor by a single projection device.
电动机和泵等旋转机器是任何工业生产链的核心。转子通常是磨损最严重的部件,对这些重要器官的预防性维护虽然是必要的,但对生产线来说仍然是一种惩罚,因为在检查阶段,机器要停机和拆卸很长一段时间。本文提出了一种利用锥束采集几何图形模拟优化层析重建的方法,以扫描具有高x射线能量的正常运转的机械转子。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种简单的固定角度投影扫描仪的设计。旋转投影被同步旋转取代到转子的标称角速度。仿真结果表明,滤波后的反投影算法可以通过单个投影装置计算转子的层析图像。
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引用次数: 0
An Experimental Study on Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing for Internal Inspection of Gas Storage Wells 相控阵超声检测在储气井内部检测中的实验研究
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04278
Zheng Yanchun, Miao Cunjian, Hong Lixiang, Guo Weican
A reduction in wall thickness, caused by corrosion, of the inner and outer surfaces of underground compressed natural gas storage wells is one of the main causes of failure. Therefore, taking wall thickness measurements is an important task during periodic inspection. This study proposes a corrosion detection technique based on the well’s shape using cylindrical convex ultrasonic phased array and develops a cylindrical convex phased array probe with 512 elements. Using an example well of ∅177 × 10.36 mm, the influences of process parameters such as active aperture, focal length, gain, and gate threshold are studied. In addition, an experiment is conducted on a sample well with artificial defects for parameters optimization. Next, experimental tests are carried out on the well at the test platform according to the optimized parameters. The results show that the proposed technique is of high sensitivity and efficiency for the detection of corrosion defects and is able to detect pitting corrosion of more than ∅2 mm and line corrosion of 1 mm width.
地下压缩天然气储气井内、外表面腐蚀导致的壁厚减少是导致储气井失效的主要原因之一。因此,壁厚测量是定期检测中的一项重要工作。提出了一种基于井形的柱凸超声相控阵腐蚀检测技术,研制了一种512单元柱凸相控阵探头。以∅177 × 10.36 mm为例,研究了主动光圈、焦距、增益、门阈值等工艺参数的影响。此外,还对带有人工缺陷的样品井进行了参数优化实验。然后,根据优化后的参数,在测试平台上对井进行实验测试。结果表明,该方法对腐蚀缺陷检测具有较高的灵敏度和效率,能检测到∅2mm以上的点蚀和1mm宽的线蚀。
{"title":"An Experimental Study on Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing for Internal Inspection of Gas Storage Wells","authors":"Zheng Yanchun, Miao Cunjian, Hong Lixiang, Guo Weican","doi":"10.32548/2022.me-04278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04278","url":null,"abstract":"A reduction in wall thickness, caused by corrosion, of the inner and outer surfaces of underground compressed natural gas storage wells is one of the main causes of failure. Therefore, taking wall thickness measurements is an important task during periodic inspection. This study proposes a corrosion detection technique based on the well’s shape using cylindrical convex ultrasonic phased array and develops a cylindrical convex phased array probe with 512 elements. Using an example well of ∅177 × 10.36 mm, the influences of process parameters such as active aperture, focal length, gain, and gate threshold are studied. In addition, an experiment is conducted on a sample well with artificial defects for parameters optimization. Next, experimental tests are carried out on the well at the test platform according to the optimized parameters. The results show that the proposed technique is of high sensitivity and efficiency for the detection of corrosion defects and is able to detect pitting corrosion of more than ∅2 mm and line corrosion of 1 mm width.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48710221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study of Deformation Behavior of AISI 1025 Carbon Steel with Different Microstructures Using Metal Magnetic Memory and Acoustic Emission Testing 基于金属磁记忆和声发射测试的不同组织AISI 1025碳钢变形行为研究
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04195
W. Singh, CK Mukhopadhyay
Studies are carried out to investigate the tensile deformation behavior of AISI-type 1025 carbon steel with different microstructures using metal magnetic memory and acoustic emission testing (AE) techniques. Seven AISI 1025 carbon steel specimens were heat treated for different microstructures and then subjected to tensile deformation until fracture. AE was conducted during tensile deformation and the deformation-induced self-magnetic leakage fields (SMLFs) were measured using a giant magneto-resistive sensor after unloading. Results reveal that SMLF signal values are influenced by microstructure and residual stress aroused due to plastic deformation. Among different specimens, SMLF signal peak amplitude is highest in the brine-quenched specimen followed by the tempered specimen, while hardness is highest in the brine-quenched specimen. SMLF signal peak amplitude and hardness are the lowest in the annealed specimen. SMLF signal is higher in tempered specimens compared to the untempered specimens. From AE measurements, it is observed that martensitic steel emits higher acoustic emissions during deformation but decreases when tempered. The acoustic emissions generated in the martensitic steel are also of higher amplitude. The results are correlated with optical micrographs and hardness measurements.
采用金属磁记忆和声发射测试(AE)技术研究了具有不同微观结构的AISI 1025型碳钢的拉伸变形行为。对七个AISI 1025碳钢试样进行不同微观结构的热处理,然后进行拉伸变形直至断裂。在拉伸变形过程中进行AE,并在卸载后使用巨型磁阻传感器测量变形引起的自漏磁场(SMLFs)。结果表明,SMLF信号值受微观结构和塑性变形引起的残余应力的影响。在不同的试样中,SMLF信号峰值振幅在盐水淬火试样中最高,其次是回火试样,而硬度在盐水淬火样品中最高。SMLF信号峰值振幅和硬度在退火样品中最低。与未回火试样相比,回火试样中的SMLF信号更高。从AE测量中可以观察到,马氏体钢在变形过程中会发出更高的声发射,但在回火时会降低。在马氏体钢中产生的声发射也具有更高的振幅。结果与光学显微照片和硬度测量结果相关联。
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引用次数: 0
In Situ Process Monitoring: A Perspective on the Role of In Situ Process Monitoring in the Certification of Additive Manufactured Space Hardware 现场过程监控:从现场过程监控在增材制造航天硬件认证中的作用看
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04261
Erin Lanigan
In situ process monitoring refers to any technology that monitors an additive manufacturing (AM) process. The range of technologies is as broad as the range of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods and can even extend to machine health monitoring more traditionally associated with process control (McCann et al. 2021). For example, voltage, current, and pressure sensors can be used to detect if something abnormal occurs in the regular operations of the AM machine, including the machinery, laser or arc, ventilation, wire feed, or powder recoating processes. If these sensors detect an off-nominal condition, that region of the AM build can be investigated by checking the data streams from other process monitoring technologies, or after the build using NDE.
现场工艺监控是指监控增材制造(AM)工艺的任何技术。技术的范围与无损评估(NDE)方法的范围一样广泛,甚至可以扩展到传统上与过程控制相关的机器健康监测(McCann等人,2021)。例如,电压、电流和压力传感器可用于检测AM机器的常规操作中是否发生异常,包括机械、激光或电弧、通风、送丝或粉末重新涂覆过程。如果这些传感器检测到偏离标称条件,则可以通过检查来自其他过程监控技术的数据流,或在构建后使用NDE来调查AM构建的该区域。
{"title":"In Situ Process Monitoring: A Perspective on the Role of In Situ Process Monitoring in the Certification of Additive Manufactured Space Hardware","authors":"Erin Lanigan","doi":"10.32548/2022.me-04261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04261","url":null,"abstract":"In situ process monitoring refers to any technology that monitors an additive manufacturing (AM) process. The range of technologies is as broad as the range of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods and can even extend to machine health monitoring more traditionally associated with process control (McCann et al. 2021). For example, voltage, current, and pressure sensors can be used to detect if something abnormal occurs in the regular operations of the AM machine, including the machinery, laser or arc, ventilation, wire feed, or powder recoating processes. If these sensors detect an off-nominal condition, that region of the AM build can be investigated by checking the data streams from other process monitoring technologies, or after the build using NDE.","PeriodicalId":49876,"journal":{"name":"Materials Evaluation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44259192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Perspective of The Needs and Opportunities for Coupling Materials Science and Nondestructive Evaluation for Metals-Based Additive Manufacturing 金属增材制造中材料科学与无损评价耦合的需求与机遇
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.32548/2022.me-04256
MJ Quintana, Y. Ji, P. Collins
This paper presents a perspective of the needs and opportunities associated with the multidisciplinary problem of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of additive manufacturing (AM). Recognizing the multidisciplinary nature of the problem, as well as the need to bridge knowledge between the different communities, the paper is structured to provide brief backgrounds and details relevant to both communities, as well as present an assessment of the state of the art. This paper, in some respects, is meant to be a primer of the different landscapes, as well as a catalyst for making future connections. At the end, it will be clear that there is much more work to be done, but that the work that is ongoing is exciting, and the potential to exploit NDE techniques for metals-based AM is very high.
本文提出了与增材制造(AM)无损评估(NDE)的多学科问题相关的需求和机会的观点。认识到该问题的多学科性质,以及在不同社区之间建立知识桥梁的必要性,本文的结构提供了与两个社区相关的简要背景和细节,并对目前的技术状况进行了评估。在某些方面,这篇论文意在成为不同景观的入门读物,以及建立未来联系的催化剂。最后,很明显还有很多工作要做,但是正在进行的工作是令人兴奋的,并且利用NDE技术用于金属基增材制造的潜力非常大。
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引用次数: 1
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Materials Evaluation
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