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Product Line Design with Seller-Induced Learning 基于卖家诱导学习的产品线设计
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2013-06-09 DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2013.1789
Hui Xiong, Ying‐ju Chen
In practice, some well-established service providers sellers offer one-time experiences or product demonstrations for the services that have been introduced to the market for years. Such activities, labeled as seller-induced learning, not only help the consumers learn more about themselves but also exploit the consumers by elaborating on the consumer heterogeneity. When the seller-induced learning completely resolves the consumers' valuation uncertainty, it can facilitate a more sophisticated price discrimination scheme and may give rise to a relatively more efficient allocation. Nevertheless, if there is residual valuation uncertainty, the seller may abandon the seller-induced learning to avoid the exacerbated ex post cannibalization. We show that an exploding offer shall sometimes be offered in conjunction with the seller-induced learning to encourage immediate purchases when uncertainty arises in only some consumers. We identify regimes under which the seller-induced learning is charged at a strictly positive price. Under these regimes, the seller need not sacrifice the ex post efficiency upon inducing consumer learning. Therefore, our result indicates that the seller-induced learning may eliminate the conflict between rent extraction and efficiency initiatives. However, quality distortion prevails when the seller provides an identical menu for all the consumers or the free seller-induced learning. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
在实践中,一些成熟的服务提供商和销售商为已经进入市场多年的服务提供一次性体验或产品演示。这种被称为卖家诱导学习的活动不仅帮助消费者更多地了解自己,而且还通过阐述消费者的异质性来剥削消费者。当卖方诱导学习完全解决了消费者的估价不确定性时,它可以促进更复杂的价格歧视方案,并可能产生相对更有效的配置。然而,如果存在剩余估值不确定性,卖方可能会放弃卖方诱导学习,以避免加剧事后蚕食。我们表明,当只有部分消费者出现不确定性时,爆炸式报价有时应与卖方诱导学习相结合,以鼓励立即购买。我们确定了卖方诱导学习以严格的正价格收费的制度。在这些制度下,卖方不需要牺牲事后效率,以诱导消费者学习。因此,我们的研究结果表明,卖方诱导学习可以消除租金提取与效率倡议之间的冲突。然而,当卖家为所有消费者提供相同的菜单或卖家诱导的免费学习时,质量扭曲普遍存在。这篇论文被市场营销学的J. Miguel Villas-Boas接受。
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引用次数: 39
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Networks with Outsourcing Under Price and Quality Competition 价格与质量竞争下外包的医药供应链网络
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2013-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/itor.12031
A. Nagurney, Dong Li, L. Nagurney
In this paper, we present a pharmaceutical supply chain network model with outsourcing under price and quality competition, in both equilibrium and dynamic versions. We consider a pharmaceutical firm that is engaged in determining the optimal pharmaceuti- cal flows associated with its supply chain network activities in the form of manufacturing and distribution. In addition to multimarket demand satisfaction, the pharmaceutical firm seeks to minimize its total cost, with the associated function also capturing the firm's weighted disrepute cost caused by possible quality issues associated with the contractors. Simulta- neously, the contractors, who compete with one another in a noncooperative manner in prices a la Bertrand, and in quality, seek to secure manufacturing and distribution of the pharmaceutical product from the pharmaceutical firm. This game theory model allows for the determination of the optimal pharmaceutical product flows associated with the supply chain in-house and outsourcing network activities and provides the pharmaceutical firm with its optimal make-or-buy decisions and the optimal contractor-selections. We state the gov- erning equilibrium conditions and derive the equivalent variational inequality formulation. We then propose dynamic adjustment processes for the evolution of the product flows, the quality levels, and the prices, along with stability analysis results. The algorithm yields a discretization of the continuous-time adjustment processes. We present convergence results and compute solutions to numerical examples to illustrate the generality and applicability of the framework.
本文提出了在价格和质量竞争条件下考虑外包的药品供应链网络模型,包括均衡模型和动态模型。我们考虑一家制药公司,该公司正在确定与其生产和分销形式的供应链网络活动相关的最佳药品流量。除了满足多市场需求外,制药公司还寻求将其总成本最小化,相关函数还包含公司因与承包商相关的可能质量问题而导致的加权声誉成本。与此同时,承包商在价格和质量上以不合作的方式相互竞争,寻求从制药公司获得药品的生产和分销。该博弈论模型允许确定与供应链内部和外包网络活动相关的最优药品流,并为制药公司提供最优的生产或购买决策和最优的承包商选择。给出了控制均衡条件,并推导了等价的变分不等式公式。然后,我们提出了产品流、质量水平和价格演变的动态调整过程,以及稳定性分析结果。该算法产生连续时间调整过程的离散化。我们给出了收敛结果和数值实例的计算解,以说明该框架的通用性和适用性。
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引用次数: 54
Constant Salvage Value Models: A Source of Systematic Bias in Predicting the Value of Lead-Time Reduction 不变残值模型:预测提前期减少价值的系统性偏差来源
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2013-01-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2202422
Stefan Wager, Suzanne de Treville
The assumption that unsold goods can be liquidated at a constant salvage value is widespread in inventory theory. We show that, under general mathematical conditions, this modeling assumption will cause companies to underestimate both the value of lead-time reduction and the cost of lead time increases. Our result does not require that companies actively consider the possibility of non-constant salvage values. Rather we show that, in an environment where salvage values are allowed to depend on the amount of overage, a firm that cuts lead times according to a strategy that assumes a constant salvage value will earn more money than predicted from its lead-time reduction.
存货理论中普遍认为未售出的货物可以以恒定的残值进行清算。我们表明,在一般的数学条件下,这种建模假设将导致公司低估减少交货时间的价值和交货时间增加的成本。我们的结果并不要求公司积极考虑非恒定残值的可能性。相反,我们表明,在一个允许打捞价值取决于超额金额的环境中,根据假设打捞价值不变的策略削减交货时间的公司将从其减少交货时间中赚取比预期更多的钱。
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引用次数: 2
A Product Quality — Supply Chain Integration Framework 产品质量-供应链集成框架
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.3923/JAS.2013.36.48
Zahra Lotfi, S. Sahran, M. Mukhtar
Product quality is one of the key competitive factors that will enable firms to survive and succeed in the global market place. Product quality is an important dimension of operational performance in supply chain management that has not received sufficient attention from the research community. Previous researches in this field have neglected to consider the relationship between supply chain integration and dimensions of product quality. Hence, the effect of supply chain integration on quality performance has received less attention. Therefore consideration must be given to the development of collaborative activities between manufacturer, supplier and costumer which enables firms to work together and improve product quality. Accordingly, the primary focus of this study is to investigate the relationship between dimensions of product quality and supply chain integration. The dimensions considered for product quality are design quality and conformance quality, whereas the dimensions for supply chain integration are customer integration, supplier integration, and internal integration. The relationships between these dimensions are then embodied in a framework which will be validated. This research adopts both a qualitative conceptual approach and a quantitative approach in the development of the framework. The literature is consulted in identifying the dimensions of supply chain integration and product quality. These dimensions are then modeled into a questionnaire survey, and are administered to identify manufacturing companies. Validity and reliability of the scales for the construct of interest were assessed through a factor analysis and Cronbach-alpha test. The results provide considerable support for our product quality-supply chain integration framework that can be used in the manufacturing sector.
产品质量是一个关键的竞争因素,将使企业在全球市场上生存和成功。产品质量是供应链管理中运营绩效的一个重要维度,但尚未得到学术界的足够重视。以往的研究忽视了供应链整合与产品质量维度之间的关系。因此,供应链整合对质量绩效的影响较少受到关注。因此,必须考虑在制造商、供应商和客户之间开展协作活动,使企业能够共同努力,提高产品质量。因此,本研究的主要重点是探讨产品质量维度与供应链整合之间的关系。考虑产品质量的维度是设计质量和一致性质量,而供应链集成的维度是客户集成、供应商集成和内部集成。然后将这些维度之间的关系体现在将被验证的框架中。本研究在框架的开发中采用了定性的概念方法和定量的方法。在确定供应链整合和产品质量的维度时,参考了文献。然后将这些维度建模为问卷调查,并进行管理以确定制造公司。兴趣建构量表的效度和信度通过因子分析和Cronbach-alpha检验进行评估。研究结果为我们的产品质量-供应链集成框架提供了可观的支持,该框架可用于制造业。
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引用次数: 33
Reputational Risks and Responsible Supply Chain Management: Decision Making Under Bounded Rationality 信誉风险与责任供应链管理:有限理性下的决策
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5465/AMBPP.2013.15308ABSTRACT
J. Roehrich, Johanne Grosvold, Stefan Hoejmose
This paper applies the logic of bounded rationality and explores the extent to which companies implement responsible supply chain management (RSCM) as a result of their reputational risk exposure, and how bounded rationality impacts on the decision to implement RSCM. This study draws on primary and secondary data from twelve UK-based companies. We conducted 19 semi- structured interviews and analysed our data through an inductive methodology. We find that reputational risk exposure is a central driver in a company’s decision to implement RSCM practices. However, managers face bounded rationality, in particular: (i) conflicting priorities; (ii) capabilities and resources; (iii) commitment; and iv) contextual environment, which in turn, means that companies do what they can to safeguard their reputation, but balance the extent to which they implement RSCM and the cost of doing so against the likelihood of exposure. By engaging in collaborative relationships with their supply chain partners, focal firms who ...
本文运用有限理性的逻辑,探讨了企业由于声誉风险暴露而实施负责任供应链管理(RSCM)的程度,以及有限理性如何影响实施RSCM的决策。这项研究借鉴了12家英国公司的主要和次要数据。我们进行了19次半结构化访谈,并通过归纳方法分析了我们的数据。我们发现,声誉风险暴露是公司决定实施RSCM实践的核心驱动因素。然而,管理者面临有限理性,特别是:(1)冲突的优先事项;(ii)能力和资源;(3)承诺;iv)上下文环境,这反过来意味着公司尽其所能维护自己的声誉,但平衡他们实施RSCM的程度以及这样做的成本与暴露的可能性。通过与供应链合作伙伴建立协作关系,重点公司……
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引用次数: 2
When to Carry Eccentric Products? Optimal Retail Assortment under Consumer Returns 什么时候携带古怪的产品?消费者回报下的最优零售分类
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2012-11-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1809198
Aydın Alptekinoğlu, A. Grasas
To understand whether retailers should consider consumer returns when merchandising, we study how the optimal assortment of a price-taking retailer is influenced by its return policy. The retailer selects its assortment from an exogenous set of horizontally differentiated products. Consumers make purchase and keep/return decisions in nested multinomial logit fashion. Our main finding is that the optimal assortment has a counterintuitive structure for relatively strict return policies: It is optimal to offer a mix of the most popular and most eccentric products when the refund amount is sufficiently low, which can be viewed as a form of risk sharing between the retailer and consumers. In contrast, if the refund is sufficiently high, or when returns are disallowed, optimal assortment is composed of only the most popular products (a common finding in the literature). We provide preliminary empirical evidence for one of the key drivers of our results: more eccentric products have higher probability of return – conditional on purchase. In light of our analytical findings and managerial insights, we conclude that retailers should take their return policies into account when merchandising.
为了理解零售商在销售时是否应该考虑消费者的退货,我们研究了定价零售商的最优分类是如何受到其退货政策的影响的。零售商从一组外生的水平差异化产品中选择其分类。消费者以嵌套的多项逻辑方式做出购买和保留/返回决策。我们的主要发现是,对于相对严格的退货政策,最优的分类结构是违反直觉的:当退款金额足够低时,提供最受欢迎和最古怪的产品组合是最优的,这可以被视为零售商和消费者之间风险分担的一种形式。相反,如果退款足够高,或者不允许退货,则最佳分类仅由最受欢迎的产品组成(这是文献中常见的发现)。我们为我们的结果的关键驱动因素之一提供了初步的经验证据:更偏心的产品有更高的退货概率-条件购买。根据我们的分析结果和管理见解,我们得出结论,零售商在销售时应该考虑他们的退货政策。
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引用次数: 37
Disruptions in One-Warehouse Multiple-Retailer Systems 单仓库多零售商系统的中断
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2012-11-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2171214
Z. Atan, L. Snyder
We study two-echelon distribution systems (also known as one-warehouse, multiple-retailer (OWMR) systems) subject to supply disruptions. We propose algorithms to find the optimal or near-optimal stocking levels of all the locations in the system by assuming periodic review base-stock policies, deterministic demands at the retailers and non-overlapping disruptions at the supply processes of the warehouse and the retailer. This is the first paper to consider OWMR systems with all locations keeping inventory and all locations subject to supply disruptions. We show how supply disruptions at different parts of the network affect inventory decisions and we quantify the effects of ignoring the disruptions at different parts of the supply chain. Our results suggest that companies should work on reducing the duration of supply disruptions instead of trying to prevent them. In addition, if they choose to do nothing to prevent the consequences of some of the disruptions, these should not be the ones happening close to the customers.
我们研究了受供应中断影响的两级分销系统(也称为一仓库,多零售商(OWMR)系统)。我们提出算法,通过假设定期审查基本库存政策,零售商的确定性需求以及仓库和零售商的供应过程中不重叠的中断,来找到系统中所有地点的最佳或接近最佳库存水平。这是第一篇考虑所有地点保持库存和所有地点受供应中断影响的OWMR系统的论文。我们展示了网络不同部分的供应中断如何影响库存决策,我们量化了忽略供应链不同部分中断的影响。我们的研究结果表明,企业应该致力于缩短供应中断的持续时间,而不是试图阻止供应中断。此外,如果他们选择不采取任何措施来防止某些中断的后果,那么这些中断就不应该发生在靠近客户的地方。
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引用次数: 16
Техническое Содержание и Постановка Задачи Программного Управления Параметрами Поточной Линии С Использованием Сверхурочных Работ (Technical Content and Statement of the Problem Control of Production Line Parameters Using Overtime Work)
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2012-10-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3427518
O. Pihnastyi, Viktor Zaruba
Russian Abstract: Рассмотрена задача программного управления параметрами поточной линии с использованием сверхурочных работ.

English Abstract: The problem of software control of the production line parameters using overtime is showed.
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引用次数: 0
Harmony in Competition: On Preferences for Contractual Forms in Supply Chains 竞争中的和谐:供应链中契约形式的偏好
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2012-09-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2157820
Lijian Lu, Yaozhong Wu
The supply chain contracting literature has focused on incentive contracts designed to align supply chain members' individual interests. A key finding of this literature is that members' preferences for contractual forms are at odds: the upstream supplier prefers more complex contracts that can coordinate the supply chain, with the simple 'wholesale price only' contracts eliminated by market force; however, the downstream retailer prefers the wholesale price only contract because it leaves more surplus (than a coordinating contract) that the retailer can get. This paper addresses the question: Under what circumstances do suppliers and retailers prefer the same contractual form? Our analysis suggests that both sides of the supply chain may prefer the same 'quantity discount' contract, thereby eliminating the conflicts of interests that otherwise typify contracting situations. More interesting still is that both sides may also prefer the wholesale price only contract, a result that is new to the literature.
供应链契约文献关注的是激励契约,旨在使供应链成员的个人利益保持一致。本文献的一个重要发现是,成员对合同形式的偏好是不一致的:上游供应商更喜欢能够协调供应链的更复杂的合同,而简单的“仅批发价格”合同被市场力量淘汰;然而,下游零售商更喜欢批发价格合同,因为它留下了更多的剩余(比协调合同)零售商可以得到。本文解决了这样一个问题:在什么情况下供应商和零售商更倾向于相同的合同形式?我们的分析表明,供应链的双方可能更喜欢相同的“数量折扣”合同,从而消除了利益冲突,否则典型的合同情况。更有趣的是,双方也可能更喜欢批发价格合同,这是文献中新的结果。
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引用次数: 1
La Industria Alimentaria Española: situación y previsiones futuras (The Spanish Food Industry: Actual Situation and Future Forecasts) La Industria Alimentaria Española: situación y previsones futuras(西班牙食品工业:实际情况和未来预测)
IF 0.3 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2012-08-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2136876
J. Francisco Carbonell Ureña
La industria de alimentación y bebidas es uno de los sectores en mejor situación actualmente en España. Un sector estratégico para afrontar la situación de crisis generalizada que estamos viviendo. En el presente artículo se repasa la situación actual del sector así cómo varios aspectos clave que las empresas deben afrontar en los próximos años para alcanzar el desarrollo que necesitan. Food and beverage industry is one of the sectors in best situation currently in Spain. This sector is a strategic sector to face the situation of crisis that we are experiencing. This article reviewed the current situation in the sector as well as several key aspects that the sector must face in the coming years to meet the development needs.
食品和饮料行业是西班牙目前情况最好的行业之一。这是一个应对我们正在经历的普遍危机的战略部门。本文回顾了该行业的现状,以及企业在未来几年必须面对的几个关键方面,以实现他们需要的发展。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查局的数据,该县总面积为,其中土地和(1.5%)水。这一部门是应对我们正在经历的危机局势的战略部门。本文回顾了该部门目前的情况以及该部门在今后几年为满足发展需要而必须面对的几个关键方面。
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引用次数: 0
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Manufacturing Engineering
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