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A categorical characterization of relative entropy on standard Borel spaces 标准Borel空间上相对熵的分类表征
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:10)2023
Nicolas Gagne, Prakash Panangaden
We give a categorical treatment, in the spirit of Baez and Fritz, of relative entropy for probability distributions defined on standard Borel spaces. We define a category suitable for reasoning about statistical inference on standard Borel spaces. We define relative entropy as a functor into Lawvere's category and we show convexity, lower semicontinuity and uniqueness.
在Baez和Fritz的精神下,我们给出了定义在标准Borel空间上的概率分布的相对熵的分类处理。我们定义了一个适合于在标准Borel空间上进行统计推理的范畴。我们将相对熵定义为Lawvere范畴的函子,并证明了它的凸性、下半连续性和唯一性。
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引用次数: 0
Token Games and History-Deterministic Quantitative-Automata 代币博弈与历史确定性定量自动机
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:8)2023
Udi Boker, Karoliina Lehtinen
A nondeterministic automaton is history-deterministic if its nondeterminism can be resolved by only considering the prefix of the word read so far. Due to their good compositional properties, history-deterministic automata are useful in solving games and synthesis problems. Deciding whether a given nondeterministic automaton is history-deterministic (the HDness problem) is generally a difficult task, which can involve an exponential procedure, or even be undecidable, as is the case for example with pushdown automata. Token games provide a PTime solution to the HDness problem of B"uchi and coB"uchi automata, and it is conjectured that 2-token games characterise HDness for all $omega$-regular automata. We extend token games to the quantitative setting and analyse their potential to help deciding HDness of quantitative automata. In particular, we show that 1-token games characterise HDness for all quantitative (and Boolean) automata on finite words, as well as discounted-sum (DSum), Inf and Reachability automata on infinite words, and that 2-token games characterise HDness of LimInf and LimSup automata, as well as Sup automata on infinite words. Using these characterisations, we provide solutions to the HDness problem of Safety, Reachability, Inf and Sup automata on finite and infinite words in PTime, of DSum automata on finite and infinite words in NP$cap$co-NP, of LimSup automata in quasipolynomial time, and of LimInf automata in exponential time, where the latter two are only polynomial for automata with a logarithmic number of weights.
如果一个非确定性自动机的非确定性可以仅通过考虑到目前为止所读单词的前缀来解决,那么它就是历史确定性的。由于其良好的组合特性,历史确定性自动机在解决博弈和综合问题方面非常有用。确定给定的非确定性自动机是否是历史确定性的(hdd问题)通常是一项困难的任务,它可能涉及指数过程,甚至是不可确定的,例如下推自动机。令牌游戏提供了一个PTime解决b - chi和co - chi自动机的hdd问题,并推测2令牌游戏表征所有$omega$ -规则自动机的hdd。我们将代币游戏扩展到定量设置,并分析它们的潜力,以帮助确定定量自动机的hdd。特别地,我们展示了1-token游戏在有限单词上表征所有定量(和布尔)自动机的hdd,以及在无限单词上的贴现和(DSum), Inf和可达性自动机,以及在无限单词上的Sup自动机的hdd。利用这些特征,我们给出了PTime有限词和无限词上的安全性、可达性、Inf和Sup自动机、NP $cap$ co-NP有限词和无限词上的DSum自动机、拟多项式时间下的LimSup自动机和指数时间下的LimInf自动机的hdd问题的解,其中后两者仅对具有对数权重的自动机是多项式。
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引用次数: 0
The Power-Set Construction for Tree Algebras 树代数的幂集构造
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:9)2023
Achim Blumensath
We study power-set operations on classes of trees and tree algebras. Our main result consists of a distributive law between the tree monad and the upwards-closed power-set monad, in the case where all trees are assumed to be linear. For non-linear ones, we prove that such a distributive law does not exist.
我们研究了树和树代数类上的幂集运算。在假设所有树都是线性的情况下,我们的主要结果包括树单子和向上封闭的幂集单子之间的分配律。对于非线性方程,我们证明了这样的分配律不存在。
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引用次数: 0
A coherent differential PCF 相干差分PCF
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:7)2023
Thomas Ehrhard
The categorical models of the differential lambda-calculus are additive categories because of the Leibniz rule which requires the summation of two expressions. This means that, as far as the differential lambda-calculus and differential linear logic are concerned, these models feature finite non-determinism and indeed these languages are essentially non-deterministic. In a previous paper we introduced a categorical framework for differentiation which does not require additivity and is compatible with deterministic models such as coherence spaces and probabilistic models such as probabilistic coherence spaces. Based on this semantics we develop a syntax of a deterministic version of the differential lambda-calculus. One nice feature of this new approach to differentiation is that it is compatible with general fixpoints of terms, so our language is actually a differential extension of PCF for which we provide a fully deterministic operational semantics.
微分微积分的范畴模型是可加的范畴,因为莱布尼茨规则要求两个表达式的和。这意味着,就微分微积分和微分线性逻辑而言,这些模型具有有限的非确定性,实际上这些语言本质上是非确定性的。在之前的一篇论文中,我们介绍了一个不需要加性的分类框架,它与确定性模型(如相干空间)和概率模型(如概率相干空间)兼容。在这个语义的基础上,我们发展了一种确定性版本的微分演算语法。这种新的微分方法的一个很好的特性是它与一般的术语不动点兼容,因此我们的语言实际上是PCF的微分扩展,我们为其提供了完全确定性的操作语义。
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引用次数: 0
Subgame-perfect Equilibria in Mean-payoff Games (journal version) 平均收益博弈中的次级完美均衡(期刊版)
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:6)2023
Léonard Brice, Marie van den Bogaard, Jean-François Raskin
In this paper, we provide an effective characterization of all the subgame-perfect equilibria in infinite duration games played on finite graphs with mean-payoff objectives. To this end, we introduce the notion of requirement, and the notion of negotiation function. We establish that the plays that are supported by SPEs are exactly those that are consistent with a fixed point of the negotiation function. Finally, we use that characterization to prove that the SPE threshold problem, who status was left open in the literature, is decidable.
在本文中,我们提供了有限图上具有平均收益目标的无限持续博弈的所有子博弈-完美均衡的有效表征。为此,我们引入了需求的概念和协商函数的概念。我们确定spe所支持的玩法正是那些与协商功能的固定点相一致的玩法。最后,我们使用该表征来证明SPE阈值问题是可确定的,谁的状态在文献中是开放的。
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引用次数: 0
Verifying an Effect-Handler-Based Define-By-Run Reverse-Mode AD Library 验证基于效果处理程序的逐运行定义反向模式AD库
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:5)2023
Paulo Emílio de Vilhena, François Pottier
We apply program verification technology to the problem of specifying and verifying automatic differentiation (AD) algorithms. We focus on define-by-run, a style of AD where the program that must be differentiated is executed and monitored by the automatic differentiation algorithm. We begin by asking, "what is an implementation of AD?" and "what does it mean for an implementation of AD to be correct?" We answer these questions both at an informal level, in precise English prose, and at a formal level, using types and logical assertions. After answering these broad questions, we focus on a specific implementation of AD, which involves a number of subtle programming-language features, including dynamically allocated mutable state, first-class functions, and effect handlers. We present a machine-checked proof, expressed in a modern variant of Separation Logic, of its correctness. We view this result as an advanced exercise in program verification, with potential future applications to the verification of more realistic automatic differentiation systems and of other software components that exploit delimited-control effects.
将程序验证技术应用于自动微分(AD)算法的指定和验证问题。我们专注于逐行定义,这是一种AD风格,其中必须被区分的程序由自动区分算法执行和监控。我们首先要问,“什么是AD的实现?”以及“AD的正确实现意味着什么?”我们在非正式层面(用精确的英语散文)和正式层面(用类型和逻辑断言)回答这些问题。在回答了这些广泛的问题之后,我们将重点关注AD的具体实现,它涉及许多微妙的编程语言特性,包括动态分配的可变状态、一等函数和效果处理程序。我们提出了一个机器检验的证明,用分离逻辑的现代变体来表示它的正确性。我们认为这一结果是程序验证的高级练习,具有潜在的未来应用于验证更现实的自动区分系统和其他利用分隔控制效果的软件组件。
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引用次数: 1
Impure Simplicial Complexes: Complete Axiomatization 不纯单纯复合体:完全公理化
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:3)2023
Rojo Randrianomentsoa, Hans van Ditmarsch, Roman Kuznets
Combinatorial topology is used in distributed computing to model concurrency and asynchrony. The basic structure in combinatorial topology is the simplicial complex, a collection of subsets called simplices of a set of vertices, closed under containment. Pure simplicial complexes describe message passing in asynchronous systems where all processes (agents) are alive, whereas impure simplicial complexes describe message passing in synchronous systems where processes may be dead (have crashed). Properties of impure simplicial complexes can be described in a three-valued multi-agent epistemic logic where the third value represents formulae that are undefined, e.g., the knowledge and local propositions of dead agents. In this work we present an axiomatization for the logic of the class of impure complexes and show soundness and completeness. The completeness proof involves the novel construction of the canonical simplicial model and requires a careful manipulation of undefined formulae.
在分布式计算中使用组合拓扑来建模并发性和异步性。组合拓扑的基本结构是简单复合体,它是一组顶点的子集的集合,被称为简单体,封闭在容器下。纯简单复合描述异步系统中的消息传递,其中所有进程(代理)都是活动的,而非纯简单复合描述同步系统中的消息传递,其中进程可能已死亡(已崩溃)。非纯简单复合体的性质可以用三值多智能体认知逻辑来描述,其中第三值表示未定义的公式,例如,死亡智能体的知识和局部命题。在这项工作中,我们提出了一类不纯复合体逻辑的公理化,并显示了健全性和完备性。完备性证明涉及正则简化模型的新构造,并要求对未定义公式进行仔细的处理。
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引用次数: 0
Locality and Centrality: The Variety ZG 局部性与中心性:品种ZG
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:4)2023
Antoine Amarilli, Charles Paperman
We study the variety ZG of monoids where the elements that belong to a group are central, i.e., commute with all other elements. We show that ZG is local, that is, the semidirect product ZG * D of ZG by definite semigroups is equal to LZG, the variety of semigroups where all local monoids are in ZG. Our main result is thus: ZG * D = LZG. We prove this result using Straubing's delay theorem, by considering paths in the category of idempotents. In the process, we obtain the characterization ZG = MNil vee Com, and also characterize the ZG languages, i.e., the languages whose syntactic monoid is in ZG: they are precisely the languages that are finite unions of disjoint shuffles of singleton languages and regular commutative languages.
我们研究了一类一元群的元是中心的,即与其他所有元交换。证明了ZG是局部的,即ZG与确定半群的半直积ZG * D等于LZG,即所有局部半群都在ZG中的半群的种类。我们的主要结果是:ZG * D = LZG。我们利用Straubing的延迟定理,通过考虑幂等范畴内的路径来证明这个结果。在此过程中,我们得到了ZG = MNil vee Com的表征,并对ZG语言进行了表征,即在ZG中有句法单阵的语言:它们正是单态语言和正则交换语言的不相交杂波的有限并。
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引用次数: 2
Finding Cut-Offs in Leaderless Rendez-Vous Protocols is Easy 在无领导的会合协议中找到切断是很容易的
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:2)2023
A. R. Balasubramanian, Javier Esparza, Mikhail Raskin
In rendez-vous protocols an arbitrarily large number of indistinguishable finite-state agents interact in pairs. The cut-off problem asks if there exists a number $B$ such that all initial configurations of the protocol with at least $B$ agents in a given initial state can reach a final configuration with all agents in a given final state. In a recent paper (Horn and Sangnier, CONCUR 2020), Horn and Sangnier proved that the cut-off problem is decidable (and at least as hard as the Petri net reachability problem) for protocols with a leader, and in EXPSPACE for leaderless protocols. Further, for the special class of symmetric protocols they reduce these bounds to PSPACE and NP, respectively. The problem of lowering these upper bounds or finding matching lower bounds was left open. We show that the cut-off problem is P-complete for leaderless protocols and in NC for leaderless symmetric protocols. Further, we also consider a variant of the cut-off problem suggested in (Horn and Sangnier, CONCUR 2020), which we call the bounded-loss cut-off problem and prove that this problem is P-complete for leaderless protocols and NL-complete for leaderless symmetric protocols. Finally, by reusing some of the techniques applied for the analysis of leaderless protocols, we show that the cut-off problem for symmetric protocols with a leader is NP-complete, thereby improving upon all the elementary upper bounds of (Horn and Sangnier, CONCUR 2020).
在会合协议中,任意大量不可区分的有限状态代理成对交互。截止问题询问是否存在一个数字$B$,使得至少有$B$代理处于给定初始状态的协议的所有初始配置可以达到所有代理处于给定最终状态的最终配置。在最近的一篇论文(Horn和Sangnier, CONCUR 2020)中,Horn和Sangnier证明了对于有领导者的协议和EXPSPACE中的无领导者协议,截止问题是可确定的(至少与Petri网可达性问题一样难)。此外,对于特殊的对称协议类,他们将这些边界分别简化为PSPACE和NP。降低这些上界或找到匹配的下界的问题就没有解决了。我们证明了无领导协议的截止问题是p完全的,无领导对称协议的截止问题是NC的。此外,我们还考虑了(Horn and Sangnier, CONCUR 2020)中提出的截止问题的一个变体,我们称之为有界损失截止问题,并证明该问题对于无领导协议是p完全的,对于无领导对称协议是nl完全的。最后,通过重用一些用于分析无领导者协议的技术,我们证明了具有领导者的对称协议的截止问题是np完全的,从而改进了(Horn和Sangnier, CONCUR 2020)的所有初等上界。
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引用次数: 0
Non-Deterministic Functions as Non-Deterministic Processes (Extended Version) 作为非确定性过程的非确定性函数(扩展版)
4区 数学 Q4 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.46298/lmcs-19(4:1)2023
Joseph W. N. Paulus, Daniele Nantes-Sobrinho, Jorge A. Pérez
We study encodings of the lambda-calculus into the pi-calculus in the unexplored case of calculi with non-determinism and failures. On the sequential side, we consider lambdafail, a new non-deterministic calculus in which intersection types control resources (terms); on the concurrent side, we consider spi, a pi-calculus in which non-determinism and failure rest upon a Curry-Howard correspondence between linear logic and session types. We present a typed encoding of lambdafail into spi and establish its correctness. Our encoding precisely explains the interplay of non-deterministic and fail-prone evaluation in lambdafail via typed processes in spi. In particular, it shows how failures in sequential evaluation (absence/excess of resources) can be neatly codified as interaction protocols.
我们研究了在不确定性和失败的微积分的未知情况下将λ -微积分编码为π -微积分。在序列方面,我们考虑了lambdafail,一种新的非确定性微积分,其中交集类型控制资源(项);在并发方面,我们考虑spi,这是一种pi演算,其中不确定性和失败依赖于线性逻辑和会话类型之间的Curry-Howard对应。我们提出了一种对lambdafail进行类型编码的方法,并证明了其正确性。我们的编码精确地解释了在lambdafail中通过spi的类化进程的不确定性和容易失败的评估的相互作用。特别是,它展示了如何将顺序评估中的失败(资源缺乏/过剩)整齐地编码为交互协议。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Logical Methods in Computer Science
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