In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in traffic accidents in the tunnel region, especially around the threshold and exit zones, due to the inappropriate lighting system of these zones; leading to the loss of humans properties and lives. Therefore, lighting designers strive to improve the illumination issues of the threshold and exit zones which bring about “black hole” and “white hole” effects, respectively. Several solutions are proposed: solar optical fibre lighting system as a natural lighting system and LED, fluorescent lighting system as the artificial lighting system. This paper aims to compare the natural and artificial lighting system to show which lighting system is better and the best solution to solve these issues. The previous study in the Huashuyan tunnel in China, where natural light, solar optical fibre was used to illuminate the threshold zone, is simulated in LITSTAR4D software using a customized HCL-TN LED luminaire of LITPA Сompany. The simulation result is compared with the previous result obtained when the solar optical fibre is used. The simulation outcome gave a satisfying result with an average luminance of 91.15 cd/m2, which is higher than the average luminance required by the threshold zone. However, it is less when compared to the average luminance of 181.31 cd/m2 produced by the solar optical fibre system. The overall uniformity of 0.42 is above the requirements in the CIE88:2004 standards.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Solar Optical Fibre and Electrical Light for Daylighting in Tunnel Threshold Zone","authors":"C. Perdahci, Yahya Sogodok","doi":"10.33383/2021-080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-080","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in traffic accidents in the tunnel region, especially around the threshold and exit zones, due to the inappropriate lighting system of these zones; leading to the loss of humans properties and lives. Therefore, lighting designers strive to improve the illumination issues of the threshold and exit zones which bring about “black hole” and “white hole” effects, respectively. Several solutions are proposed: solar optical fibre lighting system as a natural lighting system and LED, fluorescent lighting system as the artificial lighting system. This paper aims to compare the natural and artificial lighting system to show which lighting system is better and the best solution to solve these issues. The previous study in the Huashuyan tunnel in China, where natural light, solar optical fibre was used to illuminate the threshold zone, is simulated in LITSTAR4D software using a customized HCL-TN LED luminaire of LITPA Сompany. The simulation result is compared with the previous result obtained when the solar optical fibre is used. The simulation outcome gave a satisfying result with an average luminance of 91.15 cd/m2, which is higher than the average luminance required by the threshold zone. However, it is less when compared to the average luminance of 181.31 cd/m2 produced by the solar optical fibre system. The overall uniformity of 0.42 is above the requirements in the CIE88:2004 standards.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81052796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. P. Astakhov, Nikolay N. Stroev, I. Yakimenko, E. S. Sulimsky
The article describes the experimental study of one of techniques of implementation of a machine-vision illuminant operating within the millimetre (sub-THz) band and forming a directional radiation pattern (DRP) with parameters compliant with the specifics of functioning of radio vision systems. In view of this, experimental research of the method of formation of a DRP configuration of a millimetre (sub-THz) machine vision system illuminant based on a conical horn radiator adapted to receiver field of view was studied experimentally using a quasi-optic system. The results of the study of the DRP configuration of such illuminant designed using a quasi-optic system installed in the aperture of a conical horn radiator are presented.
{"title":"The Results of the Experimental Study of the Method of Directional Radiation Pattern Transformation of a Conical Horn Radiator Operating in Millimetric (Sub-THz) Band","authors":"S. P. Astakhov, Nikolay N. Stroev, I. Yakimenko, E. S. Sulimsky","doi":"10.33383/2021-058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-058","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the experimental study of one of techniques of implementation of a machine-vision illuminant operating within the millimetre (sub-THz) band and forming a directional radiation pattern (DRP) with parameters compliant with the specifics of functioning of radio vision systems. In view of this, experimental research of the method of formation of a DRP configuration of a millimetre (sub-THz) machine vision system illuminant based on a conical horn radiator adapted to receiver field of view was studied experimentally using a quasi-optic system. The results of the study of the DRP configuration of such illuminant designed using a quasi-optic system installed in the aperture of a conical horn radiator are presented.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81158250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relying on the statistical theory of the human threshold colour vision, the authors have developed the method how to determine the colour-matching functions of the physiological colorimetric system (KZS)phys1. To implement the developed method, the authors have created the experimental research installation that allows them to determine the threshold characteristics of the visual system during the observation of monochromatic objects against coloured backgrounds. The authors have studied the inaccuracies of the experimental installation and of the algorithm for solving a system of nonlinear equations that allows them to determine the colour-matching functions of the physiological colorimetric system according to the results of the experiment.
{"title":"The Experimental Research Installation for the Determination of Monochromatic Thresholds of Human Visual System","authors":"G. Boos, A. A. Grigoryev, Viktoria A. Rybina","doi":"10.33383/2020-059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2020-059","url":null,"abstract":"Relying on the statistical theory of the human threshold colour vision, the authors have developed the method how to determine the colour-matching functions of the physiological colorimetric system (KZS)phys1. To implement the developed method, the authors have created the experimental research installation that allows them to determine the threshold characteristics of the visual system during the observation of monochromatic objects against coloured backgrounds. The authors have studied the inaccuracies of the experimental installation and of the algorithm for solving a system of nonlinear equations that allows them to determine the colour-matching functions of the physiological colorimetric system according to the results of the experiment.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84612666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy saving has become important in recent years with smart city applications. Outdoor illumination is very important in terms of safety and visuality. Outdoor illumination is done by traditional methods in todays. However, it is quite disadvantageous both in terms of visuality and energy efficiency. In this study, an example environment is designed for the smart city application. Artificial intelligent based control is simulated within the scope of smart city applications in an area consisting of schools, living spaces, social areas, and roads. Various scenarios have been showed and intelligent control has been obtained by taking the data from the national data centre and sensors. These scenarios are detection motion at night, detection at rising sun, no motion at night, no motion at rising sun, and enough illumination. When the control and used luminaires are considered, the proposed system was found to be 43.35 % more efficient than traditional control methods. With the study, the necessity of expanding smart city applications in terms of future energy saving, security, and comfort was revealed.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Based Outdoor Lighting System Control Design for Smart Cities","authors":"Huseyin Kurt, I. Kiyak","doi":"10.33383/2020-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2020-044","url":null,"abstract":"Energy saving has become important in recent years with smart city applications. Outdoor illumination is very important in terms of safety and visuality. Outdoor illumination is done by traditional methods in todays. However, it is quite disadvantageous both in terms of visuality and energy efficiency. In this study, an example environment is designed for the smart city application. Artificial intelligent based control is simulated within the scope of smart city applications in an area consisting of schools, living spaces, social areas, and roads. Various scenarios have been showed and intelligent control has been obtained by taking the data from the national data centre and sensors. These scenarios are detection motion at night, detection at rising sun, no motion at night, no motion at rising sun, and enough illumination. When the control and used luminaires are considered, the proposed system was found to be 43.35 % more efficient than traditional control methods. With the study, the necessity of expanding smart city applications in terms of future energy saving, security, and comfort was revealed.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84700939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ilvitskaya, Dmitry N. Shchepetkov, Michael M. Chervyakov
Despite Orthodox Christian temples have been actively being built over the last years in Moscow (as part of its programme of building 200 Orthodox churches), the problem of temple illumination is still understudied, and in view of this, the article addresses the temple interior architecture as a set of illuminated spatial compartments (temple zones) with different area lighting. A number of concepts is stated including the following: 1) a luminous environment of a temple is designed as a combined system of natural, artificial, and mixed interior lighting interacting with its architecture and decorations including light accents as well as different lighting effects within the interior; 2) temple illumination has several functions: assisting in church services, arrangement of spaces and compositions, visual and symbolic function, and utility function and, with all importance of daylight temple illumination, artificial and mixed illumination has the main semantic priority of temple lighting.
{"title":"The Role of Illumination in Integration and Differential Processes of Visual Perception of Temple Interior Architecture","authors":"S. Ilvitskaya, Dmitry N. Shchepetkov, Michael M. Chervyakov","doi":"10.33383/2021-062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-062","url":null,"abstract":"Despite Orthodox Christian temples have been actively being built over the last years in Moscow (as part of its programme of building 200 Orthodox churches), the problem of temple illumination is still understudied, and in view of this, the article addresses the temple interior architecture as a set of illuminated spatial compartments (temple zones) with different area lighting. A number of concepts is stated including the following: 1) a luminous environment of a temple is designed as a combined system of natural, artificial, and mixed interior lighting interacting with its architecture and decorations including light accents as well as different lighting effects within the interior; 2) temple illumination has several functions: assisting in church services, arrangement of spaces and compositions, visual and symbolic function, and utility function and, with all importance of daylight temple illumination, artificial and mixed illumination has the main semantic priority of temple lighting.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79861132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tunnel illumination design involves complex mathematical computation, cumbersome, and tedious to perform when done by hand. This paper proposes an algorithm to compute luminance and luminous flux of the different zones of the tunnel by following the International Commission on Illumination (CIE88:2004) standard design guidelines using the C programming language. The luminance and the luminous flux values of all the zones were calculated and compared with the CIE standard. The energy consumption of each zone is equally found to control and reduce energy wastage and payment of unwanted bills. The threshold zone length Lth, average luminance in the first half Lav, and the last half of the threshold zone are 40 m, 400 cd/m2, and 240 cd/m2, respectively, while the average luminance of the transition and interior zones are, respectively, 95.87 cd/m2 and 5.86 cd/m2. The results obtained were satisfying. The computational results showed that the proposed Algorithm could be used to design an efficient tunnel illumination system with less energy waste.
{"title":"Tunnel Illumination: Algorithm to Determine Standard Values of Luminance in Tunnel Zones Using C Programming Language Approach","authors":"C. Perdahci, Onur Hasanoglu, Yahya Sogodok","doi":"10.33383/2021-081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-081","url":null,"abstract":"Tunnel illumination design involves complex mathematical computation, cumbersome, and tedious to perform when done by hand. This paper proposes an algorithm to compute luminance and luminous flux of the different zones of the tunnel by following the International Commission on Illumination (CIE88:2004) standard design guidelines using the C programming language. The luminance and the luminous flux values of all the zones were calculated and compared with the CIE standard. The energy consumption of each zone is equally found to control and reduce energy wastage and payment of unwanted bills. The threshold zone length Lth, average luminance in the first half Lav, and the last half of the threshold zone are 40 m, 400 cd/m2, and 240 cd/m2, respectively, while the average luminance of the transition and interior zones are, respectively, 95.87 cd/m2 and 5.86 cd/m2. The results obtained were satisfying. The computational results showed that the proposed Algorithm could be used to design an efficient tunnel illumination system with less energy waste.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89312775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for electrical energy increases daily, it has become inevitable to use electrical energy more efficiently and economically. To reduce foreign dependency in energy in our country, various steps are taken to bring the areas where energy is used under the focus and to bring the existing systems to a better level with technology. 20 % of the energy consumed in our country is used in illumination. The share of road illumination is high illumination. Besides, since the control and observability of the road illumination inside the external illumination are easy, it is easier for countries to work in this field. New generation technologies are rapidly adopted, followed, and applied in our country. Light sources and luminaires used in road illumination have constantly changed with technology. High-pressure sodium vapor lamps are primarily used in road illumination in our country. In addition, LED luminaires, which are considered a new generation illumination technology, have startedto find wide use in this market. A comparative analysis of luminaires with high-pressure sodium vapor lamps and LED luminaires used in road illumination was made in this study. DIALux program was used to compare these analyses.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Lighting Installations Used in Road Illumination","authors":"S. Rustemli, Yüksel Demir","doi":"10.33383/2021-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-043","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for electrical energy increases daily, it has become inevitable to use electrical energy more efficiently and economically. To reduce foreign dependency in energy in our country, various steps are taken to bring the areas where energy is used under the focus and to bring the existing systems to a better level with technology. 20 % of the energy consumed in our country is used in illumination. The share of road illumination is high illumination. Besides, since the control and observability of the road illumination inside the external illumination are easy, it is easier for countries to work in this field. New generation technologies are rapidly adopted, followed, and applied in our country. Light sources and luminaires used in road illumination have constantly changed with technology.\u0000High-pressure sodium vapor lamps are primarily used in road illumination in our country. In addition, LED luminaires, which are considered a new generation illumination technology, have startedto find wide use in this market. A comparative analysis of luminaires with high-pressure sodium vapor lamps and LED luminaires used in road illumination was made in this study. DIALux program was used to compare these analyses.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87425463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficient use of energy resources has affected all areas of life, as well as architecture. There are many ways to increase energy efficiency in buildings. Supporting the efficient use of daylight in the design process, reducing the energy to be used for artificial illumination and reducing heating costs are among the applications that support energy efficiency. The issue of supporting daylighting by reducing artificial illumination draws attention, especially in office buildings, due to the high number of hours used during the day. Insufficient light and lack of visual comfort in offices used during the day increase the consumption of electrical energy. Within the scope of this study, a parametric study was conducted to optimize the daylighting performance of an office building. For this purpose, rectorate building of a university, which is used as an office building, was selected for the case study, and the daylight condition of this building was examined. For increasing the daylighting performance of the building some revisions were proposed. Results of this research are discussed with visuals and simulation values.
{"title":"Examining the Daylighting Performance of Office Buildings on the Example of the Rectorate Building in Izmir","authors":"Ecenur Kızılorenli, E. Alakavuk","doi":"10.33383/2021-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-004","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient use of energy resources has affected all areas of life, as well as architecture. There are many ways to increase energy efficiency in buildings. Supporting the efficient use of daylight in the design process, reducing the energy to be used for artificial illumination and reducing heating costs are among the applications that support energy efficiency. The issue of supporting daylighting by reducing artificial illumination draws attention, especially in office buildings, due to the high number of hours used during the day. Insufficient light and lack of visual comfort in offices used during the day increase the consumption of electrical energy.\u0000Within the scope of this study, a parametric study was conducted to optimize the daylighting performance of an office building. For this purpose, rectorate building of a university, which is used as an office building, was selected for the case study, and the daylight condition of this building was examined. For increasing the daylighting performance of the building some revisions were proposed. Results of this research are discussed with visuals and simulation values.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"232 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77462212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a novel approach of wireless controlled, tenable correlated colour temperature (CCT) lighting system with high colour rendering index (CRI) using the concept of colour mixing. Using Grassmann’s colour mixing theory, phosphor coated warm white LED source (CCT 2800 K) is mixed with the blue and green LED light sources to meet the requirement of high CRI and high value of red object identification parameter R9. A detailed mathematical formulation is derived for easy controlling of variable CCT and illuminance and a flowchart of wireless control scheme is incorporated and experimentally validated in this article. As a result, the locus of the blended light source is very close to the Planckian locus on CIE1931 chromaticity diagram with a minimum uv D value of +0.0005. This proposed system provides a very wide range CCT starting from 2800 K to 15000 K with a high CRI value of 94 at CCT 5000 K. Another feature of this blended light source is the true colour identification parameter of red object (R9), which is also increased to 93 at CCT 8000 K. This system has very wide application in industries like textile, food processing etc., in museum, art gallery, and medical application like surgical lighting for its high CRI and R9 value with wide range of CCTs.
{"title":"Wireless Controlled Wide Range Tuneable CCT Lighting System Using Three Component Colour Mixing","authors":"Basudeb Das, Tapas Maity, S. Mazumdar","doi":"10.33383/2020-077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2020-077","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel approach of wireless controlled, tenable correlated colour temperature (CCT) lighting system with high colour rendering index (CRI) using the concept of colour mixing. Using Grassmann’s colour mixing theory, phosphor coated warm white LED source (CCT 2800 K) is mixed with the blue and green LED light sources to meet the requirement of high CRI and high value of red object identification parameter R9. A detailed mathematical formulation is derived for easy controlling of variable CCT and illuminance and a flowchart of wireless control scheme is incorporated and experimentally validated in this article. As a result, the locus of the blended light source is very close to the Planckian locus on CIE1931 chromaticity diagram with a minimum uv D value of +0.0005. This proposed system provides a very wide range CCT starting from 2800 K to 15000 K with a high CRI value of 94 at CCT 5000 K. Another feature of this blended light source is the true colour identification parameter of red object (R9), which is also increased to 93 at CCT 8000 K. This system has very wide application in industries like textile, food processing etc., in museum, art gallery, and medical application like surgical lighting for its high CRI and R9 value with wide range of CCTs.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89190643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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