LED masks have made a significant impact on the beauty care sector. These products use low level light therapy to treat damaged skin and encourage skin regeneration. However, there are no specific safety standards for LED masks. Therefore, consumers may incur risks, such as skin damage and eye burns. In this study, selected LED masks were investigated based on their number of LED modules and wavelength bands (blue, yellow, and red light). The irradiance and radiance were measured according to the measurement criteria of IEC62471, which is an international standard for photobiological safety. This standard was used to derive the results and to find the corresponding hazards to humans. The products use blue light, and the inclusion of a separate eye protection device was checked. The application of an automatic output blocking system was checked when the product is used for a particular period. This study aims to present a domestic photobiological safety standard management plan and guidelines for the use of LED masks according to the test results.
{"title":"A Study on the Photobiological Safety of LED Masks","authors":"Seong-Woo Choi, Chung-hyeok Kim, W. Choi","doi":"10.33383/2021-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-030","url":null,"abstract":"LED masks have made a significant impact on the beauty care sector. These products use low level light therapy to treat damaged skin and encourage skin regeneration. However, there are no specific safety standards for LED masks. Therefore, consumers may incur risks, such as skin damage and eye burns. In this study, selected LED masks were investigated based on their number of LED modules and wavelength bands (blue, yellow, and red light). The irradiance and radiance were measured according to the measurement criteria of IEC62471, which is an international standard for photobiological safety. This standard was used to derive the results and to find the corresponding hazards to humans. The products use blue light, and the inclusion of a separate eye protection device was checked. The application of an automatic output blocking system was checked when the product is used for a particular period. This study aims to present a domestic photobiological safety standard management plan and guidelines for the use of LED masks according to the test results.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86430462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Kovalenko, Yulia A. Dashkina, Yu. A. Zhuravleva, S. Mikaeva
The authors briefly review distinctions of tungsten halogen lamps (THL) and analyse the results of their own measurements of characteristics of three types of THL manufactured by Saransk lighting equipment plant LISMA. Rated power, luminous flux, and correlated colour temperature of lamps were measured. Relative measurement errors with consideration of possible technological errors for these products do not exceed 0.84 % for values of rated power and 0.29 % for values of correlated colour temperature in batches of 13 pcs. The analysis conducted shows that the technical level of development and production technology of Saransk lighting equipment plant LISMA provides high quality of THL.
{"title":"Analysis of Tungsten Halogen Lamps Characteristics","authors":"O. Kovalenko, Yulia A. Dashkina, Yu. A. Zhuravleva, S. Mikaeva","doi":"10.33383/2020-083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2020-083","url":null,"abstract":"The authors briefly review distinctions of tungsten halogen lamps (THL) and analyse the results of their own measurements of characteristics of three types of THL manufactured by Saransk lighting equipment plant LISMA. Rated power, luminous flux, and correlated colour temperature of lamps were measured. Relative measurement errors with consideration of possible technological errors for these products do not exceed 0.84 % for values of rated power and 0.29 % for values of correlated colour temperature in batches of 13 pcs. The analysis conducted shows that the technical level of development and production technology of Saransk lighting equipment plant LISMA provides high quality of THL.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79229610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. N. Lesnykh, V. A. Kolombet, A. V. Elistratov, Anatoly M. Taranenko, S. E. Shnoll
The article is devoted to the discussion of the evolutionary adjustment of the photodetectors of the human retina to the frequencies of the UPTS (the so-called universal period-tripling system). This is a new scientific direction in the study of complex systems. The article invites lighting engineers who study the issues of visual perception to get acquainted with the phenomenon of UPTS. To date, an experimental research material has been accumulated and sufficient theoretical grounds have been obtained for the formulation of the assumption that the UPTS and its main parameter Тk, m are manifested in almost all time scales. The values of Тk, m are described with great accuracy by means of the empirical Puetz’s formula. In human vision, UPTS manifests itself in the form of nine periods of Тk, m, corresponding to the cases of m = –11, –8, –5, –3, 0, 3, 5, 8, and 11, where the five central ones dominate –5, –3, 0, 3, and 5, corresponding to the rods, as well as the B- and R-cones. Some questions remain about the G-cones and the ipRGC cells that respond to the extreme, “weakened” values of the index m = –11, –8, 8, and 11. The determination of the proposed calculated values of the wavelengths of light corresponding to the maximum spectral sensitivity of retinal photodetectors is important for specialists in the field of visual perception, medicine, optics, as well as for applications in a number of technical applications.
{"title":"On the Correspondence between the Spectral Sensitivity Characteristics of Human Eye Retina Photo-Receivers and the Frequencies of the Universal Period-Tripling System","authors":"V. N. Lesnykh, V. A. Kolombet, A. V. Elistratov, Anatoly M. Taranenko, S. E. Shnoll","doi":"10.33383/2020-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2020-070","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the discussion of the evolutionary adjustment of the photodetectors of the human retina to the frequencies of the UPTS (the so-called universal period-tripling system). This is a new scientific direction in the study of complex systems. The article invites lighting engineers who study the issues of visual perception to get acquainted with the phenomenon of UPTS. To date, an experimental research material has been accumulated and sufficient theoretical grounds have been obtained for the formulation of the assumption that the UPTS and its main parameter Тk, m are manifested in almost all time scales. The values of Тk, m are described with great accuracy by means of the empirical Puetz’s formula. In human vision, UPTS manifests itself in the form of nine periods of Тk, m, corresponding to the cases of m = –11, –8, –5, –3, 0, 3, 5, 8, and 11, where the five central ones dominate –5, –3, 0, 3, and 5, corresponding to the rods, as well as the B- and R-cones. Some questions remain about the G-cones and the ipRGC cells that respond to the extreme, “weakened” values of the index m = –11, –8, 8, and 11. The determination of the proposed calculated values of the wavelengths of light corresponding to the maximum spectral sensitivity of retinal photodetectors is important for specialists in the field of visual perception, medicine, optics, as well as for applications in a number of technical applications.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87333168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a method for assessing the daylighting of premises, which can be used directly at the stage of architectural and construction design of buildings in building information model (BIM) software complexes. The calculation method is based on the calculation of the sky factor by constructing a solid angle formed by the calculated point and the light opening of the outer wall. These operations are proposed to be performed automatically using visual programming programs that work together with the BIM complexes. Since the considered calculation method is based on the idea of the physical meaning of the daylight factor, it can be used to evaluate the daylighting according to almost any regulatory method. At the same time, all the data necessary for the calculation can be obtained directly from the building information model. The method is universal and can be used both for the calculation of side and top daylighting, considering the surrounding development. The proposed method can also be used as a tool for finding the best design solution for translucent structures of the designed building based on the requirements of thermal protection, daylighting, and safety.
{"title":"A Method for Evaluating the Daylighting of Premises Using BIM","authors":"Alexander P. Konstantinov","doi":"10.33383/2021-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-070","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a method for assessing the daylighting of premises, which can be used directly at the stage of architectural and construction design of buildings in building information model (BIM) software complexes. The calculation method is based on the calculation of the sky factor by constructing a solid angle formed by the calculated point and the light opening of the outer wall. These operations are proposed to be performed automatically using visual programming programs that work together with the BIM complexes. Since the considered calculation method is based on the idea of the physical meaning of the daylight factor, it can be used to evaluate the daylighting according to almost any regulatory method.\u0000At the same time, all the data necessary for the calculation can be obtained directly from the building information model. The method is universal and can be used both for the calculation of side and top daylighting, considering the surrounding development. The proposed method can also be used as a tool for finding the best design solution for translucent structures of the designed building based on the requirements of thermal protection, daylighting, and safety.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87291318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Building design includes a large number of various issues, which must be taken into account in mutual coordination and with optimal consideration of individual factors. Daylighting, insolation, sun protection in hot weather are factors that directly affect the comfort of the indoor environment in buildings and their energy efficiency. It is noted that the above factors also affect the economy through the cost of housing and through operating costs for replenishing heat losses through windows, for ventilation and cooling of buildings, i.e. on the elimination of heat gains through translucent structures, as well as on artificial lighting, for which electricity costs can be comparable depending on the climatic conditions of the construction site and the design features and architecture of buildings, on artificial lighting technology and on technical solutions for air conditioning and ventilation. It provides topics related to daylight, solar radiation, and translucent structures, directly related to building design, partially reflected in the articles of this issue of Light & Engineering journal. Thus, the interrelation of building design issues with various aspects of lighting technologies is indicated.
{"title":"Daylight, Solar Radiation, Architectural Expression, and Energy Efficiency of Buildings","authors":"A. K. Solovyov","doi":"10.33383/2021-074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-074","url":null,"abstract":"Building design includes a large number of various issues, which must be taken into account in mutual coordination and with optimal consideration of individual factors. Daylighting, insolation, sun protection in hot weather are factors that directly affect the comfort of the indoor environment in buildings and their energy efficiency. It is noted that the above factors also affect the economy through the cost of housing and through operating costs for replenishing heat losses through windows, for ventilation and cooling of buildings, i.e. on the elimination of heat gains through translucent structures, as well as on artificial lighting, for which electricity costs can be comparable depending on the climatic conditions of the construction site and the design features and architecture of buildings, on artificial lighting technology and on technical solutions for air conditioning and ventilation. It provides topics related to daylight, solar radiation, and translucent structures, directly related to building design, partially reflected in the articles of this issue of Light & Engineering journal. Thus, the interrelation of building design issues with various aspects of lighting technologies is indicated.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81954467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Kovalenko, T. Chuvatkina, Nina P. Nestyorkina, S. Mikaeva, Yu. A. Zhuravleva
The article briefly describes the structure and the results of measurements of characteristics of low power(LP) amalgamate bactericidal lamps with rated power of 300 W (manufactured by R&D company LIT, Russia) combined with an electronic ballast designed by the authors. Distinctions and characteristics of this apparatus are described.
{"title":"Characteristics of High-Power UV Lamps with Electronnic Ballasts","authors":"O. Kovalenko, T. Chuvatkina, Nina P. Nestyorkina, S. Mikaeva, Yu. A. Zhuravleva","doi":"10.33383/2021-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-003","url":null,"abstract":"The article briefly describes the structure and the results of measurements of characteristics of low power(LP) amalgamate bactericidal lamps with rated power of 300 W (manufactured by R&D company LIT, Russia) combined with an electronic ballast designed by the authors. Distinctions and characteristics of this apparatus are described.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78706503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with system of supplementary artificial lighting of working premises in office buildings. It is noted, that for the time being the construction and commission of office building in majority of world’s countries increase, creating jobs for many people, which work as office personal. That’s why the creating of comfortable indoor climatic environment takes a leading part in the process of architectural and structural design of the buildings in question. The comfort of lighting environment is considered as one of main for man among the environmental problems to be solved in these building. As a results of the scientific study presented, the authors studies that the best solution in this case is to incorporated artificial lighting in supplementary form to increase the total level of illumination of working premises where and when it is necessary. The authors noted, that for the scientific investigations of the kind considered, the best method of the field study was an internationally – adopted method of subjective expert appraisal of the indoor lighting environment.
{"title":"Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors as a Factor to Create a Comfortable Lighting Environment in Working Premises of Office Buildings: A Review","authors":"Sergei V. Stetsky, K. Larionova","doi":"10.33383/2021-068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-068","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with system of supplementary artificial lighting of working premises in office buildings. It is noted, that for the time being the construction and commission of office building in majority of world’s countries increase, creating jobs for many people, which work as office personal. That’s why the creating of comfortable indoor climatic environment takes a leading part in the process of architectural and structural design of the buildings in question. The comfort of lighting environment is considered as one of main for man among the environmental problems to be solved in these building. As a results of the scientific study presented, the authors studies that the best solution in this case is to incorporated artificial lighting in supplementary form to increase the total level of illumination of working premises where and when it is necessary. The authors noted, that for the scientific investigations of the kind considered, the best method of the field study was an internationally – adopted method of subjective expert appraisal of the indoor lighting environment.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75560817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article reviews the impact of daily changes in characteristics of solar radiation in the circadian region of optical spectrum on diurnal (circadian) activity of human body with changes of solar altitude angle. Analytical expressions, allowing to theoretically estimation instantaneous melatonin content in human blood plasma and dependence of instantaneous human activity during daytime on solar altitude angle, were obtained.
{"title":"Definition of Characteristics of Instantaneous Diurnal Activity of Human Body Affected by Solar Radiation in the Circadian Region of Optical Spectrum during Daytime","authors":"A. V. Leonidov","doi":"10.33383/2020-074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2020-074","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the impact of daily changes in characteristics of solar radiation in the circadian region of optical spectrum on diurnal (circadian) activity of human body with changes of solar altitude angle. Analytical expressions, allowing to theoretically estimation instantaneous melatonin content in human blood plasma and dependence of instantaneous human activity during daytime on solar altitude angle, were obtained.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89680271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article proposes a method (algorithm) of forest fire detection by means of RGB images obtained by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (motor glider). It includes several stages associated with background detection and subtraction and recognition of fire areas by means of RGB colour space. The proposed method was tested using images of forest fires. It is proposed to use unmanned aerial vehicles capable to monitor large areas continuously for several hours. The results of calculations are shown, which demonstrate that the proposed method allows us to detect areas of images occupied by forest fires and may be used in automatic forest fire monitoring systems.
{"title":"Computer Vision Method for Forest Fires Detection Based on RGB Images Obtained by Unmanned Motor Glider","authors":"M. Kataev, E. Kartashov","doi":"10.33383/2021-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-009","url":null,"abstract":"The article proposes a method (algorithm) of forest fire detection by means of RGB images obtained by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (motor glider). It includes several stages associated with background detection and subtraction and recognition of fire areas by means of RGB colour space. The proposed method was tested using images of forest fires. It is proposed to use unmanned aerial vehicles capable to monitor large areas continuously for several hours. The results of calculations are shown, which demonstrate that the proposed method allows us to detect areas of images occupied by forest fires and may be used in automatic forest fire monitoring systems.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89180423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ibragimov, Lyubov Y. Gnedina, Svetlana Gerasimova
This article proposes the usage of alternative energy instead of traditional, as safer, and environmentally friendly for the planet and all humankind in the manufacture of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete products. Monolithic concreting in the conditions of the construction site is now widespread in the construction industry. The subject of the article is considered of the issues of heat treatment of concrete and acceleration of its hardening processes using solar energy. A brief review and classification of the most well-known and common energy sources used to harden acceleration of the concrete mix such as wind power, biofuels, solar energy, alternative hydropower is given. For consideration in the article offers the solar energy – the energy received from solar radiation. The sun as a source is an inexhaustible and affordable type of energy that supplies energy several times higher than traditional sources. In this regard, attention is paid to this field of alternative energy when using it in various spheres of the national economy, especially in the field of construction. Already existing methods of heat treatment of concrete with the help of solar technology are considered, the modern level of development of these methods is defined and further ways of their development are planned. As an example, a physical and mathematical model of a non-stationary heat transfer process in a flat reinforced concrete structure during its heat treatment using solar energy, considering the hydration of cement, is considered. Analytical expressions are obtained that allow us to model the process at any stage and actively intervene and adjust the external parameters to create rational and comfortable conditions for increasing the strength of concrete.
{"title":"The Usage of Solar Power in the Heating Treatment of Concrete","authors":"A. Ibragimov, Lyubov Y. Gnedina, Svetlana Gerasimova","doi":"10.33383/2021-073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-073","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes the usage of alternative energy instead of traditional, as safer, and environmentally friendly for the planet and all humankind in the manufacture of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete products. Monolithic concreting in the conditions of the construction site is now widespread in the construction industry. The subject of the article is considered of the issues of heat treatment of concrete and acceleration of its hardening processes using solar energy. A brief review and classification of the most well-known and common energy sources used to harden acceleration of the concrete mix such as wind power, biofuels, solar energy, alternative hydropower is given. For consideration in the article offers the solar energy – the energy received from solar radiation. The sun as a source is an inexhaustible and affordable type of energy that supplies energy several times higher than traditional sources. In this regard, attention is paid to this field of alternative energy when using it in various spheres of the national economy, especially in the field of construction. Already existing methods of heat treatment of concrete with the help of solar technology are considered, the modern level of development of these methods is defined and further ways of their development are planned. As an example, a physical and mathematical model of a non-stationary heat transfer process in a flat reinforced concrete structure during its heat treatment using solar energy, considering the hydration of cement, is considered. Analytical expressions are obtained that allow us to model the process at any stage and actively intervene and adjust the external parameters to create rational and comfortable conditions for increasing the strength of concrete.","PeriodicalId":49907,"journal":{"name":"Light & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87314942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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