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The Influence of Multi-Storey Surrounding Development on a Daylighting of Interiors in Top-Lit Premises: An Experimental Study 多层周边发展对顶光住宅室内采光的影响:一项实验研究
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-006
Kira O. Larionova, Sergey V. Stetsky
To ensure a required daylight in premises with top system of outdoor illumination through roof lighting installations, it is necessary to take into account the photometrical effects of surrounding development. For the time being such a concept in lighting engineering design is adopted only for side lit premises through windows, though the dense urban development in modern megalopolises offers nearly the same problem for buildings with overhead daylighting system. This paper presents a brief description of experimental case studies, based on the scale model method, as well as on the photometric studies of a real premise with skylights. The studies were conducted in both cases under CIE standard overcast sky with changing geometrics and photometrical parameters of model elements. The results of the studies showed the great photometric influence of opposite-standing objects on the values of daylight factor (D) in premises with top lighting system and dependence of this influence on size, position, and structural type of skylights, as well as on size and finishing of the model parts and on distance between skylights and opposite-standing building.
为确保在设有屋顶照明装置的屋顶室外照明系统的处所获得所需的日光,必须考虑到周围发展的光度效应。目前,照明工程设计中的这种概念仅适用于通过窗户的侧照明场所,尽管现代大都市的密集城市发展为带有顶灯采光系统的建筑物提供了几乎相同的问题。本文简要介绍了基于比例模型方法的实验案例研究,以及对一个有天窗的真实前提的光度研究。两种情况下的研究都是在CIE标准阴天下进行的,模型元素的几何形状和光度参数都发生了变化。研究结果表明,在具有顶灯系统的房屋中,相对放置的物体对日光因子(D)值有很大的光度影响,这种影响与天窗的大小、位置和结构类型、模型部件的大小和精加工以及天窗与相对放置的建筑物之间的距离有关。
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引用次数: 0
Translucent Skylights from Falconnier Glass Blocks Falconnier玻璃体的半透明天窗
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-007
Construction technologies go through several stages: emergence, improvement, decline and revival. Falconnier glass block technology, which was in demand at the very beginning of the 20th century, is now being revived again. Hand-blown and hollow inside, Falconnier glass blocks were widely used for glazing windows, greenhouses, lighting stairs, but of particular interest is their use as a material for glazing translucent coatings of roofs and atriums. Quite often, glass bricks could be found in blank fire walls. In most cases, glass blocks were used for the purpose of zoning spaces while maintaining daylighting, as well as in technical rooms. But Falconnier glass blocks were also used for glazing front facades. But in the mansion of the Tambov manufacturer Aseev, built in 1904–06, a unique cylindrical vault was made from this material, covering the large span of the central living room. On the territory of Russia, it was apparently the only structure of complex configuration made of Falconnier glass blocks. The structure was lost and needs to be restored. According to the results of research, its close analogue is the translucent coating of the atrium of the town hall in Zurich, which is perfectly preserved and, in fact, is very close to the historical design of the lost part of the skylight in M.V. Aseev’s mansion. At the moment, there is every reason to believe that the lost Falconnier technology was practically restored by enthusiasts, which will expand the possibilities in the field of restoration of monuments at the turn of the 19th‑20th centuries. Both of these factors – the existence of a similar constructive solution and the restored technology for manufacturing glass blocks – open up opportunities for recreating a glass barrel vault that completes the atrium of M.V. Aseev’s mansion, which is currently a museum complex.
建筑技术经历了出现、发展、衰落和复兴的几个阶段。20世纪初风靡一时的Falconnier玻璃砌块技术,如今又重新焕发了生机。手工吹制的Falconnier玻璃砌块内部中空,被广泛用于玻璃窗、温室、楼梯照明,但特别有趣的是,它们被用作屋顶和中庭半透明涂层的玻璃材料。通常,在空白的防火墙上可以找到玻璃砖。在大多数情况下,玻璃块用于分区空间的目的,同时保持采光,以及在技术房间。但Falconnier玻璃块也用于玻璃立面。但在坦波夫制造商阿西耶夫(Aseev)建于1904-06年的豪宅中,一个独特的圆柱形拱顶是用这种材料制成的,覆盖了中央客厅的大跨度。在俄罗斯境内,它显然是唯一一个由Falconnier玻璃块制成的复杂结构。该建筑已经丢失,需要修复。根据研究结果,它的类似物是苏黎世市政厅中庭的半透明涂层,它保存完好,实际上非常接近M.V. Aseev豪宅中丢失的部分天窗的历史设计。目前,有充分的理由相信,失去的法尔科尼耶技术实际上是由爱好者修复的,这将扩大19 - 20世纪之交古迹修复领域的可能性。这两个因素——类似的建设性解决方案的存在和制造玻璃块的修复技术——为重建玻璃桶拱顶提供了机会,该拱顶完成了M.V. Aseev豪宅的中庭,该豪宅目前是一个博物馆综合体。
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引用次数: 0
Mathematical Model for Heat and Mass Transfer of Concrete Heat Treatment Using Solar Power 太阳能混凝土热处理传热传质数学模型
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-005
Alexander M. Ibragimov, Lyubov N. Aksakovskaya, Svetlana V. Gerasimova
In this article, a physical and mathematical model of the unsteady process of heat and mass transfer in a flat reinforced concrete structure during its heat treatment by solar energy is proposed and considered. Monolithic concreting in the conditions of a construction site is currently widespread in the construction industry. The subject of the article is to consider the issues of heat treatment of concrete and acceleration of its hardening processes using solar energy. Analytical expressions have been obtained that simulate the process at any stage of it, which makes it possible to actively intervene and adjust the external parameters of the environment to create rational and comfortable conditions for concrete strength growth.
本文提出并考虑了平板钢筋混凝土结构在太阳能热处理过程中传热传质不稳定过程的物理和数学模型。整体混凝土在施工现场条件下,目前在建筑行业广泛应用。本文的主题是考虑混凝土的热处理问题,并利用太阳能加速其硬化过程。得到了模拟其任一阶段过程的解析表达式,从而可以主动干预和调节环境的外部参数,为混凝土强度的增长创造合理、舒适的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Daylighting of Buildings and Structures of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages 古代和中世纪建筑和结构的采光
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-016
Kirill A. Solovyov
The history of the development of human civilization shows us how the use of daylight could influence the development of world architecture. In the article, the author tried to show how in different epochs daylighting influenced not only civil architecture, but also how light becomes an important sacred component of cult architecture, starting from Ancient Egypt and ending with Christian and Islamic architecture. The article examines the influence of daylight on architecture throughout history, determines the relationship of philosophical aspects, religion and worldview views in certain historical periods and architectural techniques using daylighting.
人类文明发展的历史向我们展示了日光的使用如何影响世界建筑的发展。在文章中,作者试图展示在不同的时代,采光不仅影响民用建筑,而且光线如何成为宗教建筑的重要神圣组成部分,从古埃及开始,直到基督教和伊斯兰教建筑。本文考察了历史上日光对建筑的影响,确定了某些历史时期哲学方面、宗教和世界观与采光建筑技术的关系。
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引用次数: 0
A Retrospective of Artificial Lighting from Ancient Times to the Present Day 古今人工照明回顾
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-002
Elena V. Sysoeva
A retrospective of the origin and development of light sources is given depending on the history of human development and the creation of fundamental sciences: mathematics, physics, and electrical engineering. Four stages of development and creation of artificial light sources in buildings and structures are proposed. A detailed description of the pre-electric period (regular use of fire by the man; the Bronze Age, the middle Ages and modernity) is presented. The second period begins with the opening of the voltaic arc, which can be called the beginning of the electric period. Illustrations of each discovery with lighting of rooms and buildings of the corresponding period are presented. The period of inventions, which led to the beginning of the third, gas lighting period, is described. This period includes, among other things, the combined use of gas lighting devices with electric lighting and combined gas-electric lighting. The fourth period begins at the beginning of the third millennium and continues to the present. During this period new alternative lighting sources appear along with incandescent lamps and gas-electric sources. Lighting engineering is becoming an independent branch of science and is being studied in all universities of our country, which increases the rate of appearance of new inventions and types of calculation. There are such lighting sources as fluorescent and LED lamps and fixtures. At the end of the article, the opinions of scientists on the prospects for the development of artificial lighting according to various criteria are presented. The article is provided with a large number of illustrations for all stages of development.
回顾了光源的起源和发展,根据人类发展的历史和基础科学的创造:数学,物理和电气工程。提出了在建筑物和构筑物中开发和创造人工光源的四个阶段。对前电时代的详细描述(人类经常使用火;(青铜时代,中世纪和现代)。第二个时期以伏打电弧的开启为开端,可称为通电时期的开端。每个发现的插图都附有相应时期的房间和建筑物的照明。发明的时期,导致了第三,气体照明时期的开始,描述。除其他外,这一时期包括燃气照明装置与电力照明和燃气-电力联合照明的结合使用。第四个时期开始于第三个千年之初,一直持续到现在。在此期间,除了白炽灯和气电光源外,还出现了新的替代照明光源。照明工程正在成为一门独立的科学分支,在我国的所有大学都在学习,这增加了新发明和新计算类型出现的速度。有荧光灯和LED灯和灯具等照明光源。在文章的最后,根据各种标准提出了科学家对人工照明发展前景的看法。文章提供了大量的插图,为所有的发展阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Solar Energy Use for Premises Heating on Spring and Autumn Periods in Southern Regions of Russia 俄罗斯南部地区春季和秋季房屋供暖的太阳能利用
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-018
Alexei K. Solovyov
Improving the energy efficiency of residential and civil construction largely depends on how much fossil fuel we spend on heating, cooling, electric lighting, and other human needs during the operation of the building. The results of calculations of energy savings that can be provided by a passive system of using solar energy for these purposes, which, unlike active systems such as photovoltaic batteries or solar collectors for heating and hot solar water supply, does not require engineering equipment maintenance and is an element of the building itself, is part of its space-planning and a constructive solution. From the point of view of capital expenditures on its device, it is attractive. This is a “solar fireplace” or a Trombe wall – the simplest of all passive systems, the effectiveness of which was used in ancient Rome. The article presents the results of the work carried out by the Department of Architectural and Construction Design and Environmental Physics (ASPiFS) within the framework of master’s and postgraduate works on the rapid justification of the feasibility of using Trombe walls already at the decision-making stage. It is noted that the use of such structures is advisable in the new southern regions of Russia. The dependence of energy savings by such systems depending on the climatic conditions of the construction site is shown.
提高住宅和民用建筑的能源效率在很大程度上取决于我们在建筑运行过程中在供暖、制冷、电力照明和其他人类需求上花费了多少化石燃料。节约能源的计算结果可以通过使用太阳能的被动式系统来实现,这与用于加热和太阳能热水供应的光伏电池或太阳能集热器等主动系统不同,它不需要工程设备维护,是建筑本身的一个元素,是其空间规划的一部分,也是一种建设性的解决方案。从设备资本支出的角度来看,它是有吸引力的。这是一个“太阳能壁炉”或Trombe墙-所有被动系统中最简单的,其有效性在古罗马使用。本文介绍了建筑和施工设计与环境物理系(ASPiFS)在硕士和研究生工作框架内开展的工作的结果,该工作旨在快速证明在决策阶段使用Trombe墙的可行性。值得注意的是,在俄罗斯新的南部地区使用这种结构是可取的。这种系统的节能依赖于建筑现场的气候条件。
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引用次数: 0
Translucent Arched Roofing Made of Modular Trihedral Trusses 半透明的拱形屋顶由模块化的三面体桁架组成
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-013
Evgeniy A. Melyokhin
In modern conditions, there is an increasing role for the construction of multifunctional buildings based on universal load-bearing structures of frame systems to take advantage of mass construction. The developed universal arched covering made of modular trihedral trusses can be used for multi-purpose production, storage and auxiliary buildings of various industries, as well as buildings of sporting and socio-cultural purposes. The arrangement of light apertures along the full length of the external contour of the steel lattice arches makes it possible to form a uniform background of daylighting. Directly on the inclined lattice edges of the arches, sunscreens can be placed. Changing the spacing and width of the steel lattice arches makes it possible to regulate the area of light openings and influence changes in the parameters of daylighting and insolation of the building. The aim of the research is to evaluate the design features and layout of the universal arch cover for a translucent cover with a fragmented combined system of daylight and insolation for public and industrial buildings of different technological specialization. The research methodology is based on the use of graph-analytical methods on the placement of geometric bodies in space from the condition of striving to minimize their dimensions. Analytical dependences influencing the formation of the geometric layout of lattice arch structures are presented. The results of assembling the arched coverage of a sports hall from the segments of modular trihedral trusses for different spans are given. Conclusions are formulated according to the results of the research and recommendations are given for further investigations of the presented structures.
在现代条件下,利用大规模施工的优势,以框架体系的通用承重结构为基础建造多功能建筑的作用越来越大。开发的组合式三面桁架万能拱盖,可用于多种工业的多用途生产、仓储和辅助建筑,也可用于体育和社会文化用途的建筑。沿着钢晶格拱门外部轮廓的全长排列的光孔使得形成统一的采光背景成为可能。直接在拱门的倾斜晶格边缘上,可以放置防晒霜。改变钢格拱的间距和宽度,可以调节采光开口的面积,并影响建筑采光和日照参数的变化。本研究的目的是评估不同技术专业的公共和工业建筑的通用拱形盖的设计特点和布局,该半透明盖具有碎片化的日光和日照组合系统。研究方法是基于使用图形分析方法对几何物体在空间中的位置从力求最小化其尺寸的条件。给出了影响点阵拱结构几何布局形成的解析依赖。给出了用不同跨度的模块化三面桁架分段拼装体育馆拱形盖层的结果。根据研究结果得出结论,并对所提出的结构的进一步研究提出建议。
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引用次数: 0
Daylighting Design Methods: History and Modernity 采光设计方法:历史与现代
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.33383/2023-012
Irina V. Sokolova
The article is devoted to the emergence and development of methods for calculating of daylighting. The emergence of mathematical, graphical, and instrumental methods of dimension and calculation of daylighting is shown in chronological order. The authors of these methods are named. Attention is paid to modern computer methods of calculation as well as of students’ light and engineering teaching process at different time intervals. The path that science has gone from choosing the size of light apertures in buildings by empirical methods and misunderstanding the need for accurate calculations of daylighting for people’s life and performing various functions to computer illumination modelling, the obligation to teach calculation methods to students of architectural and construction specialties is shown. The review covers the period from the end of the XIX century to the present day.
本文主要论述了采光计算方法的产生和发展。采光尺寸和计算的数学、图形和仪器方法的出现是按时间顺序排列的。这些方法的作者被命名。关注现代计算机计算方法以及学生在不同时间间隔的光与工程教学过程。科学从用经验方法选择建筑物的采光孔径大小,误解人们生活和各种功能需要精确计算采光到计算机照明建模的道路,显示了向建筑专业学生传授计算方法的义务。这篇评论涵盖了从十九世纪末到现在的时期。
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引用次数: 0
Search Paths and Solutions for new Forms of Museum Exhibition Lighting 博物馆展览照明新形式的探索路径与解决方案
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.33383/2022-052
Yuri V. Nazarov
The changed design status of exhibition environment electrical lighting has become the driver of innovative transformations and development of museum exhibitions. Light has become a real form-making and space-modelling tool. Formation of specific museum experience of lighting remains an interdisciplinary problem unifying technical aspects measured by quantitative indicators and qualitative criteria including aesthetical, psychological, and physiological aspects, forming the atmosphere of each exhibit. Museum exhibition lighting is designed using the conceptual design method, which includes conventional design tools and innovative digital technology. The conceptual design method expresses itself in interdisciplinary, synthetic and synaesthesia forms. Educational and art projects of the Stroganov Academy have accumulated a significant experience in solving different problems of museum environment light design on associative conceptual basis. A lighting system becomes: – An object of traditional art design; – A light design exhibit; – An interactive light-and-colour environment of a museum; – A synthetic environment of a park museum; – A basis of new art styles like light art and science art, media installations and 3D mapping; – Creator of a new image of a digital museum, etc. As a result, light becomes a link connecting the entire humanitarian system of a museum: its scientific, historical, educational, aesthetical and engineering components. Interdisciplinary forms of light functioning (from conventional light design to digital media and interactive projects) are limitless and will grow providing the museum environment with more new forms of information presentation and perception constantly balancing between easel and applied versions.
展览环境设计现状的改变,电气照明已成为博物馆展览创新转型与发展的驱动力。光已经成为一种真正的造型和空间建模工具。具体的博物馆照明体验的形成仍然是一个跨学科的问题,统一了定量指标衡量的技术方面和定性标准,包括美学,心理和生理方面,形成每个展览的氛围。博物馆展览照明设计采用概念设计方法,包括传统的设计工具和创新的数字技术。概念设计方法以跨学科、综合和联觉的形式表现出来。斯特罗加诺夫学院的教育和艺术项目在解决博物馆环境灯光设计的不同问题上积累了丰富的经验。一个照明系统成为:-一个传统艺术设计的对象;-灯光设计展览;-博物馆的光影互动环境;-公园博物馆的合成环境;-新艺术风格的基础,如光艺术和科学艺术,媒体装置和3D映射;-数字博物馆新形象的创造者等。因此,光成为连接博物馆整个人文系统的纽带:它的科学、历史、教育、美学和工程组成部分。跨学科形式的光功能(从传统的光设计到数字媒体和互动项目)是无限的,并将为博物馆环境提供更多新的信息呈现形式和感知,在架上和应用版本之间不断平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Lighting of Exhibitions in Museums with Limited Power Supply Capabilities 供电能力有限的博物馆展览照明
4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.33383/2022-047
Leonid G. Novakovsky, Lyubov E. Volgina
Using an example of lighting of art objects in museums with limited power supply, methods of solving problems of meeting the requirements to museum lighting and forming of a lighting environment inherent to the initial function of a building (palace, temple) are demonstrated. The proposed methods are based on utilisation of a self-contained power supply and original luminaires of minimal size with increased functionality and properties specific for lighting of different exhibitions. Requirements to such luminaires are formulated and principles of their arrangement and operation are demonstrated.
以电力有限的博物馆艺术品照明为例,阐述了满足博物馆照明要求和形成建筑(宫殿、寺庙)初始功能固有的照明环境问题的解决方法。所提出的方法是基于使用一个独立的电源和最小尺寸的原始灯具,增加了不同展览照明的功能和特性。阐述了对此类灯具的要求,并阐述了其布置和使用原则。
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引用次数: 0
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