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Microbial toxins in forensic science: detection, classification, and biosecurity implications − a comprehensive review 微生物毒素在法医科学：检测，分类和生物安全的影响-一个全面的审查

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102761

Gunashree B.S.

Microbial toxins pose a significant threat to forensics due to their potential use in bioterrorism, unintentional exposure to pathogens, and natural outbreaks. This comprehensive review examines existing information and techniques for identifying, characterizing, and studying microbial toxins as forensic evidence. A systematic search was conducted on peer-reviewed literature related to the forensic detection of microbial toxins, classification systems for toxins, and emerging analytical technologies. Major databases were extensively searched using keywords relevant to forensic microbiology, toxin detection, and biosecurity implementation. The three main groups of microbial toxins of particular forensic interest are staphylococcal enterotoxins, clostridial toxins, and mycotoxins. Current advanced detection technologies include surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and next-generation sequencing, all offering greater sensitivity and specificity than previous methods. The CDC bioterrorism threat classification system is crucial for prioritizing threats and guiding responses. Forensic analysis of microbial toxins requires specialized analytical capabilities, rigorous quality assurance systems, and multidisciplinary expertise in microbiology, analytical chemistry, and threat assessment. Combining existing techniques with new technologies enhances both routine surveillance and emergency response capabilities.

微生物毒素可能用于生物恐怖主义、无意接触病原体以及自然暴发，因此对法医构成重大威胁。这篇全面的综述检查了现有的信息和技术，以识别、表征和研究作为法医证据的微生物毒素。系统检索了与微生物毒素法医检测、毒素分类系统和新兴分析技术相关的同行评审文献。使用与法医微生物学、毒素检测和生物安全实施相关的关键词对主要数据库进行了广泛的搜索。法医特别感兴趣的三大类微生物毒素是葡萄球菌肠毒素、梭状芽孢杆菌毒素和真菌毒素。目前先进的检测技术包括表面增强拉曼光谱、液相色谱-质谱和下一代测序，它们都比以前的方法具有更高的灵敏度和特异性。疾病预防控制中心的生物恐怖主义威胁分类系统对于确定威胁的优先次序和指导应对措施至关重要。微生物毒素的法医分析需要专门的分析能力，严格的质量保证体系，以及微生物学、分析化学和威胁评估方面的多学科专业知识。将现有技术与新技术相结合，可增强日常监测和应急响应能力。

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引用次数: 0

An autopsy case of sudden infant death caused by cardiac fibroma 心脏纤维瘤致婴儿猝死尸检一例。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102760

Wataru Irie, Fumiko Satoh, Chizuko Sasaki, Eriko Ochiai, Maho Kondo, Satoshi Kamogawa, Yoshiya Saito

A one-month-old girl in good health being carried by her mother in a baby carrier suddenly went into cardiac arrest. She was rushed to the hospital, but was pronounced dead. A forensic autopsy was performed. On the heart, which weighed 63.6 g, a single large, well-defined, round, white tumor was observed in the left ventricular wall. Tumor cells with spindle-shaped small nuclei proliferated along with collagen fiber proliferation. The diagnosis was cardiac fibroma. The tumor had compressed the left bundle branch, causing fatal arrhythmia and death. This case report describes sudden infant death caused by a primary cardiac fibroma, diagnosed postmortem.

一个健康的一个月大的女婴被妈妈用婴儿背带抱着，突然心脏骤停。她被紧急送往医院，但被宣布死亡。进行了法医尸检。在重63.6 g的心脏上，左心室壁可见一单一的大的、界限分明的圆形白色肿瘤。肿瘤细胞呈梭形小核增生，胶原纤维增生。诊断为心脏纤维瘤。肿瘤压迫左束支，导致致命的心律失常和死亡。本病例报告描述了由死后诊断的原发性心脏纤维瘤引起的婴儿猝死。

引用次数: 0

Design of a 200-SNP panel for individual identification and evaluation of genotyping performance using isolated cells 设计200-SNP面板，用于分离细胞的个体鉴定和基因分型性能评估

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102759

Ryo Namba , Masaru Asari , Yuta Takahashi , Chisato Hoshina , Kanae Mori , Katsuhiro Okuda , Keiko Shimizu

We developed a novel next-generation sequencing-based genotyping panel for 200 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci, and evaluated the genotyping performance when using small amounts of DNA. We analyzed 1144 previously characterized autosomal SNPs, and selected 200 informative SNPs, based on the allele coverage ratio (ACR) and amplicon size, to minimize inter-locus depth of coverage imbalances. Analysis of the 200 SNPs was performed using 1 ng of DNA from 66 Japanese individuals. The average ACR of most of the SNP loci ranged from 0.85 to 0.95. We also detected 200-SNP genotypes using diluted DNA samples (500, 250, 125, 60, 30, and 15 pg/reaction), and found high ACRs and concordance from less than 100 pg of DNA: the concordances were as high as 95.7 % and 88.0 %, respectively, when 60 and 30 pg of DNA were used. Our method also showed higher inhibitory tolerance than other methods when humic acid was added to the initial amplification reaction for SNP genotyping. When genotyping in the presence of 10 ng/µL humic acid, no SNP profiles were detected, but profiles with more than 99 % concordance were recovered on addition of bovine serum albumin. The genotyping performance was also evaluated using small groups of cells (10, 5, 4, 3, and 2 cells/reaction) isolated by micromanipulation with micro-tweezers. High concordance was identified on analysis of three cells (96.1 %). The use of isolated cells allowed accurate determination of the sensitivity, indicating that our method is highly sensitive and can provide informative SNP profiles for individual identification.

我们开发了一种新的基于200个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点的新一代测序基因分型面板，并评估了使用少量DNA时的基因分型性能。我们分析了1144个以前表征的常染色体snp，并根据等位基因覆盖比（ACR）和扩增子大小选择了200个信息性snp，以最小化基因座间覆盖不平衡的深度。使用来自66名日本人的1ng DNA对200个snp进行了分析。大部分SNP位点的平均ACR在0.85 ~ 0.95之间。我们还使用稀释后的DNA样本（500、250、125、60、30和15 pg/reaction）检测了200-SNP基因型，并在小于100 pg的DNA中发现了高acr和一致性：当使用60和30 pg的DNA时，一致性分别高达95.7%和88.0%。在初始扩增反应中加入腐植酸进行SNP基因分型时，我们的方法也比其他方法表现出更高的抑制耐受性。当在10 ng/µL腐植酸存在下进行基因分型时，没有检测到SNP谱，但在添加牛血清白蛋白后恢复了一致性超过99%的谱。用微镊子对分离的小组细胞（10、5、4、3和2个细胞/反应）进行基因分型评估。3个细胞（96.1%）具有高度的一致性。使用分离细胞可以准确测定灵敏度，表明我们的方法高度敏感，可以为个体鉴定提供信息丰富的SNP图谱。

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引用次数: 0

High-resolution mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of residual botulinum concentrations in a mouse model of botulism 高分辨率质谱法和酶联免疫吸附法检测肉毒杆菌中毒小鼠模型中的残留肉毒杆菌浓度

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102758

Dongqing Li , Junyan Liang , Ying Chen , Xianglei Wu

Background

Botulinum toxin type A is widely used to block acetylcholine release in the treatment of chronic sialorrhea, muscle spasticity, and dystonia. We aim to develop a user-friendly method for detecting cases of medical botulinum toxin poisoning.

Methods

The mice poisoning model was established by injecting or gavage with Botulax®, and the poisoning dose and symptoms were observed. The residual levels of toxin in poisoned mice were detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry and sandwich ELISA, respectively.

Results

Two hours after poisoning, no residual botulinum toxin was found by mass spectrometry (MS) under our specific untargeted workflow and sample preparation conditions, but ELISA detected residual toxin in various tissues of mice. Among them, the muscle tissue had the highest level. There is no noticeable difference in the levels of toxin residues in the same organs of mice, regardless of the route of poisoning. The sandwich ELISA method is user-friendly for detecting medical botulinum toxin poisoning. The presence of toxin residues can be detected in various tissues two hours after exposure, with muscle being the optimal sampling tissue.

Conclusions

Our research indicates that under specific sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and untargeted detection conditions, mass spectrometry may not be effective for detecting Botulinum toxin at concentrations below the ng/ml level. The study demonstrates that ELISA is a sensitive and practical alternative for early detection. Positive results can be detected within 2 h of poisoning, especially when taken from muscle tissue.

背景A型肉毒杆菌毒素被广泛用于阻断乙酰胆碱的释放，用于治疗慢性唾液分泌、肌肉痉挛和肌张力障碍。我们的目的是开发一种用户友好的方法来检测病例的医用肉毒杆菌毒素中毒。方法采用肉毒毒素®注射或灌胃法建立小鼠中毒模型，观察中毒剂量和中毒症状。分别采用高分辨率质谱法和夹心ELISA法检测中毒小鼠体内毒素残留水平。结果在特定的非靶向工作流程和样品制备条件下，中毒2 h后，质谱法（MS）未检测到肉毒毒素残留，而ELISA法在小鼠各组织中检测到肉毒毒素残留。其中，肌肉组织中含量最高。无论中毒途径如何，在小鼠的同一器官中，毒素残留水平没有明显差异。夹心ELISA法是检测医用肉毒毒素中毒的简便方法。暴露后两小时可在各种组织中检测到毒素残留物的存在，肌肉是最佳取样组织。结论在特定的样品制备、色谱分离和非靶向检测条件下，质谱法可能无法检测ng/ml以下浓度的肉毒杆菌毒素。该研究表明，ELISA是一种灵敏、实用的早期检测方法。中毒后2小时内可检测出阳性结果，特别是从肌肉组织中提取时。

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引用次数: 0

Clitoral epidermal cyst after excision in an 8-year-old girl: the pivotal role of forensic medicine in the detection and care of female genital mutilation (FGM)-related complications 1例8岁女童阴蒂表皮囊肿切除术后：法医学在女性生殖器切割（FGM）相关并发症检测和护理中的关键作用

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102757

Anaïs Du Fayet de la Tour , Quentin Ballouhey , Pierre Raguin , François Paraf

Background

Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to socio-cultural practices involving the partial or total removal of a woman’s external genitalia for non-medical purposes. These procedures are associated with numerous short- and long-term physical and psychological complications. While such complications are relatively well documented in adults, pediatric cases remain insufficiently reported. Forensic physicians are often the first – and sometimes the only – healthcare providers to detect and document these complications, particularly in asylum contexts.

Case presentation

We report the case of an 8½-year-old Guinean girl with a history of type IIb FGM, examined by a forensic physician during an asylum application. The medico-legal examination revealed a 3 cm mobile mass at the clitoral site, causing pelvic pain and urinary dysfunction. Her father had allegedly threatened to perform a second excision. Protective measures were implemented in coordination with child welfare authorities before surgical intervention, which resulted in complete resection of the clitoral mass. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of an epidermoid cyst.

Conclusions

This case underscores the critical role of forensic physicians in identifying rare pediatric complications of FGM and initiating both protective and therapeutic interventions. By enabling surgical treatment and preventing long-term psychological harm, it highlights the integrative function of forensic medicine at the intersection of health, law, and child protection.

背景：女性生殖器切割（FGM）是指为非医疗目的部分或全部切除妇女外生殖器的社会文化习俗。这些手术与许多短期和长期的生理和心理并发症有关。虽然这些并发症在成人中有较好的记录，但儿科病例的报道仍然不足。法医往往是第一个——有时是唯一的——发现和记录这些并发症的医疗保健提供者，特别是在庇护情况下。病例介绍：我们报告了一名8岁半的几内亚女孩，她有IIb型女性生殖器切割史，在庇护申请期间由法医检查。法医学检查发现阴蒂部位有一个3厘米的可移动肿块，引起盆腔疼痛和尿功能障碍。据称，她的父亲曾威胁要进行第二次切除手术。手术前与儿童福利当局协调实施了保护措施，最终完全切除了阴蒂肿块。组织病理学证实为表皮样囊肿。结论：该病例强调了法医在识别罕见的儿童女性生殖器切割并发症和启动保护性和治疗性干预方面的关键作用。通过使手术治疗和预防长期心理伤害成为可能，它突出了法医学在卫生、法律和儿童保护交叉领域的综合功能。

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引用次数: 0

Sudden death due to undiagnosed cardiac metastasis of malignant melanoma revealed by autopsy: a case report 猝死原因不明心脏转移的恶性黑色素瘤尸检显示：1例报告。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102756

Dorra Oualha , Taher Sakly , Oumeima Bouzid , Mariem Bel Hadj , Mejda Zakhama , Ahlem Bellalah , Nidhal Haj Salem

Cardiac metastases from malignant melanoma are rare and often remain undiagnosed until autopsy due to their nonspecific clinical presentation. The case report concerns a woman in her 40 s, with medical history of coeliac disease who presented with a triad of cholestatic jaundice, weight loss and generalised weakness. Acute cardiac symptoms occurred during the patient’s hospitalisation, with dyspnoea and palpitations preceding refractory ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Post mortem examination showed extensive metastatic melanoma that included the lungs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and notably the myocardium and the endocardium. Importantly, no cutaneous or mucosal primary site was identified, classifying this case as melanoma of unknown primary (MUP). The histological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis. This case report summarises the range of diagnostic issues associated with cardiac metastasis from melanoma, where the clinical presentation can mimic other cardiac pathologies and cause undiagnosed fatal arrhythmias. The findings emphasise the significance of meticulous autopsy and histological examination in elucidating unrecognized cardiac involvement in patients with metastatic melanoma, particularly in MUP.

恶性黑色素瘤的心脏转移是罕见的，由于其非特异性的临床表现，通常在尸检前无法诊断。本病例报告涉及一名40多岁的妇女，有乳糜泻病史，表现为胆汁淤积性黄疸、体重减轻和全身虚弱。患者住院期间出现急性心脏症状，在难治性室性心律失常和猝死之前出现呼吸困难和心悸。尸检显示广泛的转移性黑色素瘤，包括肺、肝、脾、淋巴结，尤其是心肌和心内膜。重要的是，没有发现皮肤或粘膜原发部位，将该病例归类为未知原发黑色素瘤（MUP）。组织学和免疫组织化学分析证实了诊断。本病例报告总结了与黑色素瘤心脏转移相关的诊断问题的范围，其临床表现可以模仿其他心脏病理并导致未确诊的致命性心律失常。研究结果强调了细致的尸检和组织学检查在阐明转移性黑色素瘤（尤其是MUP）患者未被识别的心脏病变中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Legal age estimation using developing mandibular third molar roots of various developmental stages in Malaysian population: a CBCT study 利用马来西亚人口不同发育阶段的下颌第三磨牙根进行法定年龄估计：一项CBCT研究

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102742

Ghassan Ali Abbas , Rabiah Al-Adawiyah Rahmat , Amir Hazwan Abdul Rahim , Mariam Abdullah , Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini , Muhammad Khan Asif , Arofi Kurniawan , Phrabhakaran Nambiar , Norliza Ibrahim

Impacted mandibular third molars (IMTM) are often excluded from dental age estimation due to limited accessibility and morphological variability. This study aimed to develop an age estimation model based on the apical surface area (ASA) of IMTM roots using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 446 CBCT images of Malaysians aged 15–25 years (243 females, 203 males) from Malay and Chinese ethnicities were retrospectively analyzed. ASA measurements were obtained using Mimics and 3-matic software (Materialise NV, Belgium). Impaction levels were classified via a modified Pell and Gregory system, and impaction types using Quek’s modification of Winter’s classification. IMTM angulation, root number, and orientation across three planes were assessed. ASA means were compared by sex and ethnicity using t-tests, and ANOVA was used to evaluate differences across impaction levels, types, and root numbers. General linear regression was applied to identify significant predictors of chronological age and to develop the model, which was validated using an additional 123 CBCT scans. ASA showed a strong inverse correlation with age (r = –0.73). Significant sex-based differences in ASA were observed (male: p = 0.02; female: p = 0.03), with no significant differences between ethnicities. ASA, sex, number of roots, and impaction type were significant predictors of age. The model achieved an R² of 0.607 and mean absolute error ranging from 0.85 to 4.87 years across age groups. This study underscores the use of IMTM from CBCT data as a feasible method for legal age estimation in the Malaysian population, particularly in distinguishing juveniles from adults.

下颌阻生第三磨牙（IMTM）通常被排除在牙龄估计之外，因为其可及性和形态的可变性有限。本研究旨在利用锥形束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）建立一种基于IMTM根根尖表面积（ASA）的年龄估计模型。回顾性分析了马来族和华人15-25岁马来西亚人（243名女性，203名男性）共446张CBCT图像。ASA测量使用Mimics和3-matic软件（Materialise NV，比利时）获得。撞击等级通过改进的Pell和Gregory系统进行分类，撞击类型使用Quek对Winter分类的修改。评估IMTM成角、根数和三个平面的方向。使用t检验比较性别和种族的ASA平均值，并使用方差分析评估影响水平、类型和根数之间的差异。一般线性回归应用于确定实足年龄的重要预测因素并建立模型，并使用额外的123次CBCT扫描验证该模型。ASA与年龄呈显著负相关（r = -0.73）。ASA存在显著的性别差异（男性：p = 0.02；女性：p = 0.03），种族间无显著差异。ASA、性别、根数和嵌塞类型是年龄的显著预测因子。模型在各年龄组间的R2为0.607，平均绝对误差为0.85 ~ 4.87岁。这项研究强调使用来自CBCT数据的IMTM作为马来西亚人口法定年龄估计的可行方法，特别是在区分青少年和成年人方面。

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引用次数: 0

Formalin pigment artifact in postmortem histology: Challenges and potential implications for accurate forensic differential diagnosis 死后组织学中的福尔马林色素伪影：对准确法医鉴别诊断的挑战和潜在影响。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102746

Stefano Tambuzzi , Guendalina Gentile , Lorena Ferraroli, Salvatore Andreola, Riccardo Zoja

Formalin pigment is the most important artifact found in postmortem histological analyses. Although it has no forensic value, formalin pigment, when abundant or not well-known to the pathologist, can morphologically resemble, mimic or misinterpret physiological or exogenous pigments of forensic interest, making their identification challenging and leading to diagnostic difficulties. To investigate these aspects, a retrospective study was conducted on 35 autopsied bodies in various states of preservation in which postmortem histological analyses had revealed the presence of brown/blackish precipitates requiring a differential diagnosis with formalin pigment artifacts. In 29 cases (83%) it could be proven that the precipitates were not due to formalin artifacts. In some cases, however, they were of minor forensic significance, so that others could be categorised as highly forensically significant. These were mainly haemosiderin, lead from gunshot residue (GSR), granular precipitates as a result of acute poisoning with various substances and malaria pigment.

It should therefore be noted that precipitates that can be superficially assigned to formalin artifacts can conceal a multitude of pigments of different types, aetiologies and thus forensic significance, which also depend on the circumstantial and investigative context of the individual cases. For this very reason, it is of central importance for forensic pathologists to constantly question whether it may be useful to further investigate the diagnosis of suspected artifactual formalin pigment precipitates in autopsy specimens.

福尔马林色素是在死后组织学分析中发现的最重要的人工制品。虽然福尔马林色素没有法医价值，但当病理学家不知道它含量丰富时，它可以在形态上类似、模仿或误解法医感兴趣的生理或外源性色素，使其鉴定具有挑战性并导致诊断困难。为了研究这些方面，对35具尸体进行了回顾性研究，这些尸体在不同的保存状态下进行了尸检组织学分析，发现存在棕色/黑色沉淀，需要与福尔马林色素假物进行鉴别诊断。在29例（83%）中，可以证明沉淀不是由福尔马林人为物引起的。但是，在某些情况下，它们在法医上的意义不大，因此其他情况可以归类为具有高度法医意义。这些主要是血黄素、枪弹残留物（GSR）中的铅、各种物质急性中毒造成的颗粒沉淀物和疟疾色素。因此，应该指出的是，表面上被认为是福尔马林文物的沉淀物可能隐藏了多种不同类型的色素、病因和法医意义，这也取决于个别案件的环境和调查背景。出于这个原因，法医病理学家不断质疑是否有必要进一步调查尸检标本中可疑的人工福尔马林色素沉淀的诊断。

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引用次数: 0

Regarding the “Commotio cordis: Insights from a case of blunt chest trauma and a road map for the correct diagnosis” 关于“心脏震颤：钝性胸外伤1例的启示及正确诊断路线图”

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102744

Aleksa Leković , Slobodan Nikolić

引用次数: 0

Establishing models for postmortem interval estimation based on measuring surface temperature of corpses and ambient temperature by infrared thermography technology 利用红外热成像技术，在测量尸体表面温度和环境温度的基础上，建立了尸检间隔估计模型

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102745

Chunyan Tu , Hao Zhou , Runting Dou , Yongjing Li , Tan Li , Tingting Yu , Nuo Cheng , Jingjing Niu , Yaling Xie , Heng Zhang

Body temperature is an important indicator for forensic scientists to estimate the early post-mortem interval (PMI). Traditionally, forensic practitioners have mostly used methods such as measuring the internal temperatures of the body, including rectal temperature and liver temperature, to infer the PMI. However, these methods rely on the experience of the operator, suffer from manual measurement errors, and cannot fully consider the interference of environmental factors, resulting in unstable accuracy of the inference results. Infrared thermography technology can use optoelectronic technology to dynamically and monitor the surface temperature of objects and ambient temperature. It has the advantages of non-contact, convenience, and high efficiency. This project utilized thermography technology to monitor the surface temperature of SD rat corpses and the real-time ambient temperature under five average environment temperature conditions of 25 °C, 20 °C, 15 °C, 10 °C, and 5 °C, aiming to explore the correlations among the changes in body surface temperature, ambient temperature changes, and PMI. By comparing the changes in body surface temperature of rabbits, SD rats, and C57 mice, the project investigated the relationship between body weight and the rate of body surface temperature decrease. Then, multivariate correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and machine learning analysis methods were employed to construct and evolve models for PMI estimation. Finally, the accuracy of the model was verified using the single-blind method. The results showed that using infrared thermography to detect body surface temperature and ambient temperature can more conveniently and accurately infer the PMI, demonstrating high application and transformation value.

体温是法医判断早期死后时间间隔的重要指标。传统上，法医从业者大多使用测量身体内部温度（包括直肠温度和肝脏温度）等方法来推断PMI。然而，这些方法依赖于操作者的经验，存在人工测量误差，不能充分考虑环境因素的干扰，导致推理结果的准确性不稳定。红外热成像技术可以利用光电技术对物体表面温度和环境温度进行动态监测。它具有非接触、方便、高效等优点。本项目利用热成像技术，在25℃、20℃、15℃、10℃、5℃五种平均环境温度条件下，监测SD大鼠尸体体表温度与实时环境温度，探讨体表温度变化、环境温度变化与PMI之间的相关性。本项目通过比较家兔、SD大鼠和C57小鼠体表温度的变化，探讨体重与体表温度下降速率的关系。然后，采用多元相关分析、多元回归分析和机器学习分析等方法构建并演化PMI估计模型。最后，采用单盲法对模型的精度进行了验证。结果表明，利用红外热像仪检测体表温度和环境温度可以更方便、更准确地推断PMI，具有较高的应用和转化价值。

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引用次数: 0