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Congenital transmesocolic internal hernia as a cause of sudden death – autopsy case report 先天性经肠系膜内疝作为猝死原因的尸检病例报告

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102732

Veljko Milošević , Milenko Bogdanović , Milena Kontić-Žarčanin , Tijana Petrović , Bojana Radnić

Introduction

Internal abdominal hernias (IAHs) are rare causes of intestinal obstruction and unexpected death, with transmesocolic hernias being particularly uncommon and typically diagnosed in children. Autopsy-confirmed congenital cases in the elderly are exceptionally rare.

Case presentation

An 89-year-old woman presented with a three-day history of abdominal pain and constipation. Despite supportive treatment, her condition rapidly deteriorated, leading to death within nine hours of hospital admission. Autopsy revealed a 180 cm segment of necrotic small intestine herniated through a 3 cm smooth-edged defect in the transverse mesocolon, consistent with a congenital transmesocolic hernia. No prior abdominal surgeries, trauma, or intra-abdominal inflammation were noted.

Discussion

Transmesocolic hernias are a rare subset of IAHs and can be life-threatening due to bowel strangulation and ischemia. Congenital mesenteric defects are typically identified in pediatric populations, making this elderly case highly unusual. The nonspecific clinical presentation often delays diagnosis, and imaging may fail to detect small mesenteric defects, contributing to high mortality rates.

Conclusion

This case represents the first reported autopsy-confirmed congenital transmesocolic hernia in an elderly individual. It emphasizes the importance of considering rare congenital anomalies in differential diagnoses of acute abdomen and unexplained sudden death, even in the absence of surgical or traumatic history.

腹内疝（IAHs）是肠梗阻和意外死亡的罕见原因，经结肠系膜疝尤其罕见，通常在儿童中诊断。尸检证实的先天性病例在老年人中非常罕见。病例介绍一名89岁女性，腹痛和便秘病史三天。尽管接受了支持性治疗，但她的病情迅速恶化，在入院后9小时内死亡。尸检发现一段180厘米的坏死小肠通过横切结肠系膜处一个3厘米边缘光滑的缺陷疝出，符合先天性结肠系膜疝。既往无腹部手术、创伤或腹内炎症记录。经肠系膜疝是IAHs的一个罕见亚群，可因肠绞窄和缺血而危及生命。先天性肠系膜缺陷通常在儿科人群中发现，使得这个老年病例非常不寻常。非特异性的临床表现往往延误诊断，成像可能无法发现小肠系膜缺陷，导致高死亡率。结论本病例是首例尸检证实的老年人先天性结肠系膜疝病例。它强调了在鉴别诊断急腹症和不明原因猝死时考虑罕见先天性异常的重要性，即使在没有手术或创伤史的情况下。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit, precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel and Sanger sequencing using Korean samples 使用韩国样品对ForenSeq mtDNA控制区试剂盒、precision ID mtDNA控制区面板和Sanger测序进行比较分析。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102733

Hee-Yeon Park , Yoonji Noh , Kyu-Sik Jeong , Myung Jin Park , Hyun-Chul Park

DNA analysis in forensic science involves short tandem repeat analysis using genomic DNA, however, it is limited by low DNA concentration. Then, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be used as an alternative. In this study, to analyze mtDNA control region, we conducted an analysis using Sanger sequencing and two NGS methods: ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit and Precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel. This study is a comparative analysis of two commercially available NGS kits for mtDNA control region analysis. MtDNA was extracted from 75 Korean samples, and sequenced using Sanger sequencing, ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit, or Precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel. Although most mtDNA control region showed identical results between Sanger sequencing and NGS, differences in particular regions were observed in 43 of 75 samples using Sanger sequencing, ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit, and Precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel. These sites were poly-C sites of 16184–16193 in HV1, 303–315 in HV2, and 568–573 in HV3 that have been observed in InDel or substitution variant frequently. Additionally, heteroplasmy that was not observed in Sanger sequencing was detected in 6 samples in the NGS analysis. Therefore, mtDNA analysis using NGS is a convenient method for analyzing a large number of samples at once and is advantageous for detecting heteroplasmy, however, in length-based variation region, as bias can occur due to potential sequencing or alignment artifacts, caution should be taken in the interpretation of repetitive regions.

法医DNA分析主要是利用基因组DNA进行短串联重复序列分析，但受DNA浓度低的限制。然后，线粒体DNA （mtDNA）可以作为替代。在本研究中，为了分析mtDNA控制区，我们使用Sanger测序和两种NGS方法：ForenSeq mtDNA控制区Kit和Precision ID mtDNA控制区面板进行了分析。本研究是比较分析两种市售的NGS试剂盒mtDNA控制区分析。从75份韩国样品中提取MtDNA，并使用Sanger测序，ForenSeq MtDNA控制区试剂盒或Precision ID MtDNA控制区面板进行测序。尽管大多数mtDNA控制区在Sanger测序和NGS之间显示相同的结果，但使用Sanger测序，ForenSeq mtDNA控制区试剂盒和Precision ID mtDNA控制区面板，在75个样本中观察到43个特定区域的差异。这些位点为HV1的16184 ~ 16193位点、HV2的303 ~ 315位点和HV3的568 ~ 573位点，这些位点在InDel或替代变异中经常被观察到。此外，在NGS分析中，在6个样本中检测到Sanger测序中未观察到的异质性。因此，使用NGS进行mtDNA分析是一种方便的方法，可以同时分析大量样品，并且有利于检测异质性，然而，在基于长度的变异区域，由于潜在的测序或比对伪影可能会产生偏差，因此在解释重复区域时应谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanism of methamphetamine movement from the blood into the stomach 甲基苯丙胺从血液进入胃的机制

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102700

Kei Yoshitome , Fumio Moriya , Masanobu Miura

引用次数: 0

Estimation of postmortem interval in decomposed remains using insect evidence: A report of two cases 利用昆虫证据估计腐烂尸体的死亡时间：附两例报告。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102722

Siqi Liu , Yundi Gao , Jiangtao Mei , Rui Zhu , Lan Gao , Mingqing Liao , Shuixiu Xia , Yu Wang

Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is crucial in forensic cases. Forensic entomology, analyzing insect species, developmental stages, and environmental factors associated with decomposing remains, has proved to be an effective method for estimating extended PMIs, especially when traditional postmortem indicators are no longer viable. This study presents two cases demonstrating how to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min) by integrating seasonal insect activity, developmental anomalies, and environmental factors. In Case 1, the body was discovered in early spring under low-temperature conditions. However, empty puparia of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1844) were found on the corpse, indicating that the death occurred during warm weather. Additionally, the presence of developmentally abnormal pupae suggests that the insects may have been exposed to extreme weather, such as a sudden drop in temperature. Based on these observations, the PMI_min was estimated to be in late summer or early autumn of the previous year. Similarly, limited insect evidence on the remains, combined with local climatic data, supported an estimated PMI_min in early autumn of the previous year for Case 2. These findings highlight the significant influence of seasonal insect activity and environmental factors on insect development and distribution, providing critical insights for estimating longer PMIs. This study emphasizes forensic investigations should consider species-specific seasonal and geographical distribution patterns, as well as the environmental adaptability of insects. Moreover, given global climate change and resultant species migration, continuous insect succession experiments are essential for updating forensic entomological databases and improving their practical applicability.

准确的死亡间隔（PMI）估计在法医案件中至关重要。法医昆虫学分析昆虫的种类、发育阶段和与分解遗骸相关的环境因素，已被证明是估计扩展pmi的有效方法，特别是当传统的死后指标不再可行时。本研究提出了两个案例，展示了如何综合季节昆虫活动、发育异常和环境因素来估计最小死后间隔（PMImin）。在案例1中，尸体是在早春的低温条件下被发现的。然而，在尸体上发现了金蝇（Chrysomya megacephala, Fabricius, 1794）和金蝇（Chrysomya rufifacies, Macquart, 1844）的空蛹，表明死亡发生在温暖的天气。此外，发育异常的蛹的存在表明这些昆虫可能暴露在极端天气下，比如温度突然下降。根据这些观测，预估pmmin发生在前一年的夏末或初秋。同样，遗骸上有限的昆虫证据，结合当地气候数据，支持了前一年初秋对案例2的pmmin估计。这些发现强调了季节昆虫活动和环境因素对昆虫发育和分布的显著影响，为估算更长的pmi提供了重要的见解。本研究强调法医调查应考虑特定物种的季节和地理分布模式，以及昆虫的环境适应性。此外，在全球气候变化和物种迁移的背景下，持续的昆虫演替实验是更新法医昆虫学数据库和提高其实用性的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0

Retrohepatic IVC injury after PTBD: Practical reporting details and risk-mitigation suggestions PTBD后肝后IVC损伤：实际报告细节和风险缓解建议

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102719

Hiroyuki Tokue, Yoshito Tsushima

引用次数: 0

Atypical suicide by thermal injury to the femoral artery caused by a hot glue gun: A case report and review of the literature 热胶枪致股动脉热伤致非典型自杀一例报告及文献复习。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102721

Greta Seveso, Federica Bagini, Giacomo Belli, Luca Morini, Silvia Damiana Visonà, Giovanni Cecchetto, Luca Tajana

Analyzing suicidal behavior and methods is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of this complex phenomenon, which affects over 700,000 individuals annually and ranks among the leading causes of death worldwide. The global scope of this issue explains why suicide represents a significant public health concern and why it is so important to unveil the complex mechanisms behind its occurrence.

We report a case of a fatal thermal injury to the left femoral artery, self-inflicted with a hot glue gun. The uniqueness of this case lies primarily in the instrument used, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been reported in the literature as a means of suicide. In fact, the only previously documented case involving a hot glue gun resulted in non-fatal injuries inflicted in a context of maltreatment. Furthermore, the anatomical region involved is unusual, as self-inflicted injuries typically target specific “elective sites” based on the chosen method.

Forensic experts may occasionally encounter atypical suicide cases involving unusual methods or tools, as well as morphologically peculiar injuries. Reporting such cases is essential for expanding our knowledge of the subject, providing valuable references for medico-legal practice, and improving preventive strategies.

分析自杀行为和方法对于深入了解这一复杂现象至关重要，这一现象每年影响70多万人，是全世界死亡的主要原因之一。这一问题的全球范围解释了为什么自杀是一个重大的公共卫生问题，以及为什么揭示其发生背后的复杂机制如此重要。我们报告一个致命的热伤左股动脉的情况下，自己造成的热熔胶枪。这个案例的独特性主要在于所使用的工具，据我们所知，在文献中从未报道过作为自杀的手段。事实上，之前记录在案的唯一一起涉及热胶枪的案件导致了在虐待背景下造成的非致命伤害。此外，所涉及的解剖区域是不寻常的，因为基于所选择的方法，自我伤害通常针对特定的“选择性部位”。法医专家可能偶尔会遇到非典型自杀案件，涉及不寻常的方法或工具，以及形态上的特殊伤害。报告这类病例对于扩大我们对这一主题的认识、为医疗法律实践提供有价值的参考和改进预防战略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Medicolegal entomology in an elder neglect investigation: A case study from South Korea 在老年人忽视调查中的法医昆虫学：来自韩国的案例研究。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102720

Jae-Bong Jung , Kyung Min Lee , Seong Hwan Park , Sang-Hyun Park

Medicolegal entomology, once primarily utilized for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), now serves an expanding role in evaluating abuse and neglect in vulnerable populations. This case study examines a pivotal 2022 ruling by the Busan District Court, where forensic entomological evidence led to a conviction for negligent homicide by abandonment. The victim, an 82-year-old woman with dementia and multiple chronic conditions, was discovered in a severely unsanitary environment. Numerous third-instar larvae of Lucilia sericata were retrieved from necrotic pressure ulcers, and developmental analysis indicated colonization had begun at least 72 h before death. These findings underscore the need for routine integration of entomological expertise into medicolegal protocols, particularly in jurisdictions where the discipline is still underutilized.

法医昆虫学曾经主要用于估计死后间隔（PMI），现在在评估弱势群体的虐待和忽视方面发挥着越来越大的作用。本案例研究考察了釜山地方法院2022年的一项关键裁决，在该裁决中，法医昆虫学证据导致了遗弃过失杀人罪的定罪。受害者是一名患有痴呆症和多种慢性病的82岁妇女，她是在一个严重不卫生的环境中被发现的。从坏死压疮中提取了大量丝光绿蝇3龄幼虫，发育分析表明至少在死亡前72小时开始定植。这些发现强调需要将昆虫学专业知识纳入医学法律规程，特别是在该学科尚未充分利用的司法管辖区。

引用次数: 0

Towards a standard of scientific evidence in on-site inspection: compilation of the ECLM on-site inspection form in a broad case history 面向现场检查的科学证据标准：在广泛的案例历史中编写ECLM现场检查表。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102717

Jessika Camatti , Anna Laura Santunione , Monica Bolognini , Denis Cusack , Stefania Zerbo , Antonina Argo , Maria Puntarello , Giovanni Scalzo , Fattorini Paolo , Tommaso Bruscagin , Lorenzo Desinan , Laura Battistig , Fabrizio Tosku , Guido Viel , Giorgia Franchetti , Biagio Solarino , Laura Ambrosi , Giovanni Cecchetto , Silvia Damiana Visonà , Emanuele Sala , Rossana Cecchi

The European Council of Legal Medicine (ECLM) on-site inspection form allows the collection of data relevant to the identification, collection, sampling and preservation of all elements that, during the on-site inspection, may be useful as forensic evidence. The aim of this study is to assess the completeness of the information collected in a large number of on-site inspections, the records of which were drawn up without the use of the ECLM on-site inspection form, in order to verify the usefulness and the application of this form.

The authors present a multicentre study involving 20 Italian forensic medicine institutes. For each institute, the reports of on-site inspections carried out without the use of the ECLM on-site inspection form were collected and a forensic pathologist was asked to analyse the individual cases and to identify, for each case, the presence or absence of information regarding all the points examined by the ECLM on-site inspection form. A practical database was prepared and sent to each institute for this analysis.

Data were collected and analysed from a total of 1721 on-site inspection reports. Our results document that certain items on the ECLM on-site inspection form are not always investigated in reports written without the use of this tool.

The use of the ECLM on-site inspection form proves to be a valid tool to assist the forensic pathologist during the on-site inspection. We therefore hope that the forms developed by the ECLM will be systematically adopted in the forensic practice of the forensic pathologist.

欧洲法律医学理事会现场视察表允许收集与现场视察期间可能作为法医证据有用的所有要素的鉴定、收集、抽样和保存有关的数据。本研究的目的是评估在大量现场检查中收集的信息的完整性，这些信息的记录是在没有使用ECLM现场检查表格的情况下编写的，以验证该表格的有用性和应用。作者提出了一项涉及20个意大利法医研究所的多中心研究。对于每个研究所，收集了在不使用ECLM现场检查表的情况下进行现场检查的报告，并请法医病理学家分析个别案件，并就每个案件确定是否存在关于ECLM现场检查表所检查的所有点的信息。编制了一个实用的数据库，并送交各研究所进行分析。从总共1721份现场视察报告中收集和分析了数据。我们的结果表明，在没有使用此工具的情况下，ECLM现场检查表上的某些项目并不总是在编写报告时进行调查。使用ECLM现场检查表是协助法医病理学家进行现场检查的有效工具。因此，我们希望ECLM开发的形式将在法医病理学家的法医实践中系统地采用。

{"title":"Towards a standard of scientific evidence in on-site inspection: compilation of the ECLM on-site inspection form in a broad case history","authors":"Jessika Camatti , Anna Laura Santunione , Monica Bolognini , Denis Cusack , Stefania Zerbo , Antonina Argo , Maria Puntarello , Giovanni Scalzo , Fattorini Paolo , Tommaso Bruscagin , Lorenzo Desinan , Laura Battistig , Fabrizio Tosku , Guido Viel , Giorgia Franchetti , Biagio Solarino , Laura Ambrosi , Giovanni Cecchetto , Silvia Damiana Visonà , Emanuele Sala , Rossana Cecchi","doi":"10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>European Council of Legal Medicine (ECLM) on-site inspection</em> form allows the collection of data relevant to the identification, collection, sampling and preservation of all elements that, during the on-site inspection, may be useful as forensic evidence. The aim of this study is to assess the completeness of the information collected in a large number of on-site inspections, the records of which were drawn up without the use of the <em>ECLM on-site inspection form</em>, in order to verify the usefulness and the application of this form.</div><div>The authors present a multicentre study involving 20 Italian forensic medicine institutes. For each institute, the reports of on-site inspections carried out without the use of the <em>ECLM on-site inspection form</em> were collected and a forensic pathologist was asked to analyse the individual cases and to identify, for each case, the presence or absence of information regarding all the points examined by the <em>ECLM on-site inspection form</em>. A practical database was prepared and sent to each institute for this analysis.</div><div>Data were collected and analysed from a total of 1721 on-site inspection reports. Our results document that certain items on the <em>ECLM on-site inspection form</em> are not always investigated in reports written without the use of this tool.</div><div>The use of the <em>ECLM on-site inspection form</em> proves to be a valid tool to assist the forensic pathologist during the on-site inspection. We therefore hope that the forms developed by the ECLM will be systematically adopted in the forensic practice of the forensic pathologist.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49913,"journal":{"name":"Legal Medicine","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 102717"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From evidence to proof: case series application of 3d reconstructions in forensic analysis of dog bite injuries 从证据到证据：三维重建在犬咬伤法医分析中的应用

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102718

Marco Piraino , Bianca Beltrame , Salvatore Nigliaccio , Davide Fontana , Antonina Argo , Tommaso D’Anna , Stefania Zerbo , Giuseppe Davide Albano , Pietro Messina , Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

The use of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technologies in forensic science is gaining increasing relevance for the documentation and analysis of traumatic injuries. This approach provides an innovative, non-invasive, precise, and reproducible method that is particularly well-suited for evidentiary purposes in judicial contexts.

This study presents two forensic cases of suspected death from dog attacks, in which 3D models were reconstructed to analyze bite-related injuries identified on the victims’ bodies, with the aim of distinguishing them from bite marks caused by other species. Specifically, the Dexis 3600 intraoral scanner was used for data acquisition, Agisoft Metashape software was employed for photogrammetric processing and Geomagic Control X was utilized for 3D analysis. In the first case, five bite wounds were analyzed; in the second case, ten lesions were examined.

The findings demonstrate that the integration of 3D scanning and photogrammetry in forensic and forensic odontology practice can significantly enhance the accuracy of animal bite mark assessment. This integration provides objective support in both identifying the lesion typology and attributing the injuries to a specific animal species, as well as reconstructing the overall dynamics of the attack − an essential aspect of forensic expert analysis.

在法医科学中，三维（3D）重建技术的使用与创伤性损伤的记录和分析越来越相关。这种方法提供了一种创新的、非侵入性的、精确的和可重复的方法，特别适合于司法环境中的证据目的。本研究提出了两起疑似因狗袭击而死亡的法医案例，其中重建了3D模型，以分析受害者身上发现的咬伤，目的是将它们与其他物种造成的咬痕区分开来。具体而言，使用Dexis 3600口腔内扫描仪进行数据采集，使用Agisoft Metashape软件进行摄影测量处理，使用Geomagic Control X进行三维分析。在第一例病例中，分析了5个咬伤；在第二个病例中，检查了十个病变。结果表明，在法医和法医牙科学实践中，三维扫描与摄影测量相结合可以显著提高动物咬痕评估的准确性。这种整合为识别病变类型和将损伤归因于特定动物物种以及重建攻击的整体动态提供了客观支持-这是法医专家分析的重要方面。

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引用次数: 0

Retrospective study on solitary deaths (kodoku-shi) from the aspects of forensic and social medicine 从法医学和社会医学角度对孤独死亡进行回顾性研究。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102712

Yumiko Hashizume, Akiko Ishigami, Yuko Ishida, Mizuho Nosaka, Yumi Kuninaka, Hiroki Yamamoto, Satoshi Hata, Jumpei Matsuki, Haruki Yasuda, Tatsunori Takayasu, Fukumi Furukawa, Akihiko Kimura, Toshikazu Kondo

This retrospective study evaluated 637 forensic autopsy cases of solitary deaths (kodoku-shi in Japanese) and clarified the current status of solitary deaths from the viewpoint of forensic medicine. Of the 637 cases of solitary death, 471 were men and 166 were women, indicating that solitary death predominantly occurred in men. This tendency increased from the age of 40 years in men to 60 years in women. Among these, 349 and 199 were natural and external deaths, respectively. Ischemic heart disease and fire-related fatalities were the most common causes of natural and external death, respectively. Suicidal deaths were more frequent among women than men. We found two peaks of postmortem interval until finding (PMI-f): <1 day (182 cases, 28.6 %) and 7 days to < 1 month (164 cases, 25.7 %). The PMI-f was significantly shorter in women than in men. The PMI-f of external death cases was significantly shorter than that of natural death cases. Kushimoto and Shingu, located in Southern Japan (Kinan region), had a high solitary death rate in forensic autopsy cases because of the high aging rate and high rate of individuals in single-person households aged ≥ 65 years. Few cases of solitary deaths in the Kinan region (non-urban area) were welfare recipients, and 23 of the 36 welfare recipients lived in Wakayama City, indicating that the economic state contributed more to the occurrence of solitary deaths in Wakayama City (urban area). We identified several risk factors and regional characteristics of solitary deaths. Our observations could contribute to administrative welfare measures for the prevention of solitary deaths.

本研究回顾性分析了637例单独死亡的法医尸检案例，从法医学角度阐明了目前单独死亡的现状。在637例单独死亡中，471例为男性，166例为女性，表明单独死亡主要发生在男性中。这种趋势在男性40岁到女性60岁之间增加。其中自然死亡349人，外部死亡199人。缺血性心脏病和火灾相关死亡分别是自然死亡和外部死亡的最常见原因。自杀死亡在女性中比男性更常见。我们发现在发现前的死后时间间隔有两个峰值（PMI-f）：

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引用次数: 0