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Forensic and ecological significance of necrophagous insects: Insights from animal carcasses, human cadavers, and myiasis patients 食尸昆虫的法医学和生态学意义：从动物尸体、人类尸体和蠅蛆病患者身上获得的启示

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102544

Swaima Sharif , Chetan Pratap Singh , Bushra Athar , Mohd Kaleem Khan , Ayesha Qamar

Necrophagous insects, including flies and beetles, play pivotal roles in decomposition, ecology, and forensics. Their diversity and activities vary across environments, necessitating comprehensive studies for understanding and management. The aim of the study is to investigate insect infestation on animal carcasses, human cadavers, and myiasis patients to enhance ecological, forensic, and medical entomological understanding, aiding in ecosystem management, forensic investigations, and disease control.

Various species of flies and beetles were found associated with animal carcasses, human cadavers, and myiasis patients, as indicated by the comprehensive study. On animal carcasses, notable fly species included Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1842), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830), and Sarcophaga sp., while beetles such as Dermestes maculatus (De Geer, 1774), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius, 1781), Saprinus quadrigatattus (Fabricius, 1798), Saprinus splendens (Paykull, 1811), Saprinus optabilis (Marseul, 1855), Saprinus chalcites (Iliger, 1807), and Omorgus sp. (Erichson, 1847) were also observed. Similarly, human cadavers exhibited a presence of flies like Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1842), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), and Sarcophaga dux (Thomson, 1869). In cases of myiasis patients, flies including Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858), and Chrysomya bezziana (Villeneuve, 1914) were identified.

These findings underscore the diverse range of insect species involved in carcass decomposition, forensic investigations, and medical entomology, illustrating their crucial roles in ecological processes, forensic assessments, and disease management.

包括苍蝇和甲虫在内的食尸昆虫在分解、生态学和法医学中发挥着举足轻重的作用。它们的多样性和活动因环境而异，因此有必要进行全面研究，以便了解和管理。这项研究的目的是调查动物尸体、人类尸体和蠅蛆病患者身上的昆虫侵扰情况，以加深对生态学、法医学和医学昆虫学的了解，从而有助于生态系统管理、法医调查和疾病控制。在动物尸体上，值得注意的苍蝇种类包括 Chrysomya rufifacies（Macquart，1842 年）、Chrysomya megacephala（Fabricius，1794 年）、Lucilia cuprina（Wiedemann，1830 年）和 Sarcophaga sp.、同时还观察到 Dermestes maculatus（De Geer，1774 年）、Necrobia rufipes（Fabricius，1781 年）、Saprinus quadrigatattus（Fabricius，1798 年）、Saprinus splendens（Paykull，1811 年）、Saprinus optabilis（Marseul，1855 年）、Saprinus chalcites（Iliger，1807 年）和 Omorgus sp.（Erichson，1847 年）等甲虫。同样，在人体尸体上也发现了一些苍蝇，如 Chrysomya albiceps（Wiedemann，1819 年）、Chrysomya rufifacies（Macquart，1842 年）、Chrysomya megacephala（Fabricius，1794 年）和 Sarcophaga dux（Thomson，1869 年）。这些发现强调了参与尸体分解、法医调查和医学昆虫学的昆虫种类的多样性，说明了它们在生态过程、法医评估和疾病管理中的重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring health professionals’ knowledge of end of life in Italy 探讨意大利医疗专业人员对生命终结的认识。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102542

Casella Claudia, Capasso Emanuele, Marisei Mariagrazia, Di Donna Gaetano, Di Lorenzo Pierpaolo, Niola Massimo

The evolution of medicine and technologies applied to medical knowledge has made it possible to extend patients’ life expectancy by changing the prognosis of certain pathologies and often transforming their outcome. This has made it possible not only to keep a patient alive after acute events (e.g. cerebrovascular accidents, critical conditions linked to major traumas or road accidents) but also to ’chronicise’ certain pathologies. These reflections are within the grasp of health professionals, legal scholars, politicians and ordinary citizens. This study aims to explore health professionals knowledge on terms pertaining to “end of life”, that are often used improperly and interchangeably. It also offers an overview of the degree of knowledge and attitudes of health professionals and students of Medicine and Surgery and of the classes of the health professions, through a cognitive survey carried out by means of a digitalized survey on a Google platform administered by e-mail through the Order of Surgeons and Dentists of Salerno, Naples and Caserta, the Professional Order of Nurses of Naples and the student associations. The results point to the need for end-of-life organic legislation and for the implementation of training and continuing education programmes. It is desirable for the widest possible sample to take part in the survey in order to obtain more meaningful statistical information.

医学和应用于医学知识的技术的发展，通过改变某些病症的预后并往往改变其结果，延长了病人的预期寿命。这不仅使急性病（如脑血管意外、与重大创伤或交通事故有关的危重病）后的病人得以存活，也使某些病症 "慢性化 "成为可能。这些思考是医疗专业人员、法律学者、政治家和普通公民都能掌握的。本研究旨在探讨医疗专业人员对 "生命终结 "相关术语的认识，这些术语经常被不恰当地交替使用。本研究还通过在谷歌平台上进行的认知调查，对萨勒诺、那不勒斯和卡塞塔的外科医生和牙科医生协会、那不勒斯护士职业协会以及学生协会进行了一次认知调查，通过电子邮件了解了卫生专业人员、内科和外科学生以及卫生专业班级的知识水平和态度。结果表明，有必要制定临终有机立法，并实施培训和继续教育计划。为了获得更有意义的统计信息，最好有尽可能多的样本参加调查。

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引用次数: 0

Unusual pattern of firearm injury to trunk and limbs: Two case reports and review 躯干和四肢受枪伤的不寻常模式：两例报告和回顾

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102543

Hisham Zein-Elabdin , Maha Abd Al Hamied Ghanem

This article presents two cases of fatal injuries from rifled weapons with unconventional shapes of inlets and exits mismatched with the distance of firing. According to forensic literature, in long-distance ranges, we expected to see rounded entry wounds smaller than bullet size, circular in shape without associates with limited damage in the tissues. In the first case, there were large wounds which did not match a distance of more than 2 m, while in the second case, the distance was more than 30 m with large wounds 21 × 10 cm and massive damage to bones and lungs. In the first case, a 25-year-old male, he had multiple wounds in the front of the chest, the first one over the sternum end measuring 9 × 7 cm rounded in shape with fracture of the ribs, sternum and lung laceration. The second wound was 3 × 5 cm in the lateral aspect – mid axillary line and it was superficial due to tangential passage of the missile. In the left thigh, two inlets, each approximately 5 × 7 cm, were seen, the first one over the left iliac bone rounded and the second inlet was in the midshaft of the femur. The exit was below the left gluteus, rounded in shape 5 × 7 cm. The second case a 19-year-old male, he showed single oval wound in the middle third of the back, and it measured 21 × 10 cm. The missile passed tangentially and led to broken ribs and the vertebral column with a lung laceration.

本文介绍了两例膛线武器造成的致命伤，这些武器的进弹口和出弹口形状非常规，与射击距离不匹配。根据法医文献，在远距离射击中，我们预计会看到小于子弹大小的圆形入口伤口，伤口呈圆形，不伴有组织的有限损伤。在第一起案件中，出现了与 2 米以上距离不符的大伤口，而在第二起案件中，距离超过 30 米，出现了 21 × 10 厘米的大伤口，骨骼和肺部严重受损。第一例是一名 25 岁的男性，他的前胸有多处伤口，第一处伤口位于胸骨末端，呈 9 × 7 厘米的圆形，肋骨、胸骨骨折，肺裂伤。第二处伤口位于外侧--腋中线，面积为 3 × 5 厘米，由于导弹切向穿过，伤口较浅。在左大腿上，可以看到两个入口，每个约 5 × 7 厘米，第一个在左髂骨圆形上方，第二个入口在股骨中轴。出口在左臀下方，呈 5 × 7 厘米的圆形。第二个病例是一名 19 岁的男性，背部中三分之一处有一个椭圆形伤口，大小为 21 × 10 厘米。导弹从切线方向穿过，导致肋骨和脊椎骨断裂，肺部撕裂。

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引用次数: 0

Research trends on forensic entomology for five decades worldwide 五十年来全球法医昆虫学的研究趋势。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102539

Idha Arfianti Wiraagni , Melodia Rezadhini , Jajar Setiawan , Fajar Sofyantoro , Dwi Sendi Priyono , Nur Indah Septriani , Dyah Aryani Perwitasari

Forensic entomology, the study of insects and arthropods in criminal investigations, is crucial for estimating postmortem intervals, determining changes in corpse positioning, and identifying causes of death. This study analyzes global research trends in forensic entomology using data from the Scopus database spanning 1970 to 2024, with data visualized through VOSviewer. A total of 2,261 articles were identified, with an average productivity of 42 papers per year. The leading countries in forensic entomology research are the United States (n = 444), Brazil (n = 266), China (n = 198), the United Kingdom (n = 194), and Germany (n = 156). Current hot topics in the field include pupae, feeding behavior, beetles, and genetics. These findings underscore the ongoing interest and advancements in forensic entomology, highlighting its significance and diverse applications in criminal investigations.

法医昆虫学是在刑事调查中对昆虫和节肢动物的研究，对于估计死后间隔时间、确定尸体定位的变化以及查明死亡原因至关重要。本研究利用Scopus数据库中1970年至2024年的数据分析了法医昆虫学的全球研究趋势，并通过VOSviewer对数据进行了可视化处理。共鉴定了 2,261 篇文章，平均每年发表 42 篇论文。法医昆虫学研究的主要国家是美国（444 篇）、巴西（266 篇）、中国（198 篇）、英国（194 篇）和德国（156 篇）。目前该领域的热门话题包括蛹、取食行为、甲虫和遗传学。这些发现凸显了人们对法医昆虫学的持续关注和不断进步，突出了法医昆虫学在刑事调查中的重要意义和多样化应用。

引用次数: 0

Development of Piophila megastigmata (Diptera: Piophilida) at seven constant temperatures 在七种恒定温度下巨喙雉（双翅目：喙雉科）的发育过程

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102541

Yinghui Wang, Jiangfeng Wang, Chengtao Kang, Gengwang Hu, Yi Guo, Yu Wang

In forensic entomology, the time-related growth and development of carrion insects allows for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min). Piophila megastigmata (Diptera: Piophilidae) is of great significance in estimating PMI_min in the late stage of corpse decay. In this paper, the development of P. megastigmata was investigated under the seven constant temperatures of 16–34 °C. The total development time at each temperature was 970.38, 824.50, 593.13, 498.25, 392.00, 385.63 and 405.87 h, respectively. The isomorphen diagram shows the trend of development during different developmental stages at different temperatures. By using a revised linear regression model, the estimated lower lethal developmental thresholds (T_L) and thermal summation constant (K) were found to be 10.57 °C and 6936.78 degree hours, respectively. According to a nonlinear model, the T_L, upper lethal developmental thresholds (T_H), and intrinsic optimum temperature (T_Φ) were determined to be 7.53, 34.68, and20.43 °C, respectively. Also, logistic function and an isomegalen diagram were constructed according to the continuous changes in larval body length, and illustrates the time required to develop to a certain length at different temperatures. The obtained results offer crucial fundamental developmental information regarding P. megastigmata, which can be applied in PMI_min estimation.

在法医昆虫学中，根据腐尸昆虫与时间相关的生长发育情况，可以估算出尸体腐烂后的最小间隔时间（PMImin）。巨翅狰狞虫（双翅目：狰狞虫科）对估算尸体腐烂后期的最小死后间隔期具有重要意义。本文研究了巨翅狰狞在 16-34 °C七个恒定温度下的发育过程。各温度下的总发育时间分别为 970.38、824.50、593.13、498.25、392.00、385.63 和 405.87 h。等值线图显示了不同温度下不同发育阶段的发育趋势。通过使用修正的线性回归模型，发现估计的致死发育下限（TL）和热和常数（K）分别为 10.57 °C 和 6936.78 度小时。根据非线性模型，TL、致死发育上限（TH）和固有最适温度（TΦ）分别为 7.53、34.68 和 20.43 °C。此外，还根据幼虫体长的连续变化构建了对数函数和等值线图，并说明了在不同温度下发育到一定长度所需的时间。所获结果提供了有关巨口蟾蜍的重要基本发育信息，可用于估计 PMImin。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges of the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) estimation in forensic scenarios: Is dental histology an alternative? 法医场景中最小死后间隔（PMImin）估算所面临的挑战：牙科组织学是一种替代方法吗？

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102538

Cindy Maki Sato , Victor Jacometti , Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol , Karina Fittipaldi Bombonato-Prado , Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva , João Paulo Mardegan Issa

Postmortem interval (PMI) estimates the time since death. Teeth are perennial elements capable of remaining intact in taphonomic environmental circumstances. The objective was to evaluate the feasibility of estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min) through histological analyses of dental tissues exposed to burial and drowning conditions, simulating common scenarios in forensic practice. A total of n = 99 teeth were analyzed and divided into four groups: control (T0), one month (T1), three months (T2), and six months (T3). The control sample comprised 10 teeth, while T1, T2 e T3 were divided into three different subgroups: controlled environment, buried, and drowned. For each subgroup, ten samples were used. Following exposure to taphonomic conditions, the specimens were processed, and histological sections were obtained. The two-way ANOVA test and the Tukey’s post-hoc test were employed for the quantitative analysis of dentin collagen fibrils, revealing statistically significant differences (α = 5 %). This allowed for the estimation of the PMI_min at three months by observing pixel counts exceeding 13e+05 in drowned teeth and greater than 8e+05 in buried teeth. Qualitative analysis revealed that the PMI_min of drowned teeth was estimated at one month due to the absence of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and at six months due to the absence of predentin and partial degradation of the cementum. For buried teeth, the three-month PMI_min was indicated by the absence of PDL and partial cementum degradation. The absence of pulp and remnants of predentin characterized the six-month PMI_min. Qualitative and quantitative histological characteristics and parameters are potential to estimate PMI_min in forensic scenarios spanning up to six months.

死后间隔（PMI）估计的是死亡后的时间。牙齿是一种常年存在的元素，能够在不同的环境条件下保持完整。研究的目的是模拟法医实践中的常见情况，通过对暴露在掩埋和溺水条件下的牙齿组织进行组织学分析，评估估算最小死后间隔时间（PMImin）的可行性。共分析了 n = 99 颗牙齿，并将其分为四组：对照组（T0）、一个月组（T1）、三个月组（T2）和六个月组（T3）。对照组样本包括 10 颗牙齿，而 T1、T2 和 T3 则分为三个不同的子组：受控环境组、埋藏组和溺水组。每个分组使用 10 个样本。在暴露于岩石学条件下后，对标本进行处理，并获得组织学切片。在对牙本质胶原纤维进行定量分析时，采用了双向方差分析和 Tukey 后检验，结果显示差异具有统计学意义（α = 5%）。通过观察被淹没牙齿的像素计数超过 13e+05 和被掩埋牙齿的像素计数超过 8e+05，可以估算出三个月时的 PMImin。定性分析显示，由于没有牙周韧带 (PDL)，溺水牙的 PMImin 是在一个月时估算的，而六个月时的 PMImin 则是由于没有前牙素和部分骨水泥降解而估算的。对于埋入式牙齿，三个月的 PMImin 是由牙周韧带缺失和部分牙骨质退化决定的。六个月 PMImin 的特征是没有牙髓和前牙素残留。定性和定量的组织学特征和参数有可能在长达六个月的法医场景中估算出PMImin。

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引用次数: 0

Case of a fatal congenital transmesenteric hernia in infancy 一例致命的婴儿先天性跨肠管疝。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102540

Veljko Milošević, Tijana Petrović, Irina Banjanin, Bojana Radnić, Milenko Bogdanović

We present a case of transmesenteric hernia resulting in the death of a 3-month-old female infant, the seventh such autopsy case reported so far. A three-month-old female infant, who initially presented with two episodes of vomiting, cramps, and constipation, was admitted to the hospital. She received symptomatic therapy and was released home. Immediately after she had been put to bed at home, she stopped breathing. There was no record of previous illnesses in the infant’s medical history. At autopsy, a necrotic segment of ileum and jejunum, length about 50 cm, was found herniated through an oval defect in the mesentery and multiply strangulated. The shock caused by small intestinal obstruction with consequent intestinal necrosis due to strangulation of the small intestine through a congenital mesenteric defect was considered to be the cause of death. In clinical practice, cases of transmesenteric hernias are uncommon, especially in the population of infants and toddlers; however, these can potentially be the cause of serious intestinal obstruction, with a high mortality rate in cases left untreated. Despite the low incidence of this condition, we believe that the clinicians should keep this diagnosis in mind as a potential cause of acute abdomen and pay special attention to revealing the cause of presented symptoms.

我们报告了一例导致一名 3 个月大女婴死亡的经肠管疝气病例，这是迄今为止报告的第七例此类尸检病例。一名三个月大的女婴最初因两次呕吐、痉挛和便秘而入院。她接受了对症治疗后出院回家。她在家中就寝后，立即停止了呼吸。在婴儿的病史中，没有以往患病的记录。尸检发现，一段长度约为 50 厘米的坏死回肠和空肠通过肠系膜上的椭圆形缺损疝出并多处绞窄。先天性肠系膜缺损导致的小肠梗阻引起的休克和随后的肠坏死被认为是死亡原因。在临床实践中，经肠系膜疝的病例并不常见，尤其是在婴幼儿群体中；然而，这些病例有可能导致严重的肠梗阻，如果不及时治疗，死亡率很高。尽管这种疾病的发病率很低，但我们认为临床医生应将其作为急腹症的潜在病因，并特别注意揭示引起症状的原因。

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引用次数: 0

Development of two step reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) for simultaneous identification of saliva and semen 开发用于同时鉴定唾液和精液的两步逆转录液滴数字 PCR (RT-ddPCR)

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102536

So Eun Lee , Un Na Koh , Rita Fakhr , Si-Keun Lim

Determination of the type of body fluids is essential for crime scene reconstruction and for improving the reliability of expert testimonies. Messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has been used in forensic genetics, particularly for body fluid identification. It is a relative quantification method that compares the Ct values of target and reference gene. Thus, the method is unsuitable for determining exact copy numbers of the target gene. To address this limitation, this study performed body fluid-specific mRNA analysis using two-step reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR), which is capable of absolute quantification. We found that RT-ddPCR was accurate and sensitive enough to detect as little as 1.5 copies/μl of complementary DNA (cDNA), making it suitable for application using casework samples. It was also highly specific for body fluids, as non-specific amplification did not occur. In addition, saliva-semen mixtures with ratios ranging from 1:50 to 50:1 were successfully identified. When comparing the results of RT-qPCR and RT-ddPCR, some samples were difficult to interpret because of the high Ct values of RT-qPCR. However, when the same samples were analyzed using RT-ddPCR, saliva and semen were distinctly identified. Thus, RT-ddPCR is useful for mixed samples (e.g., in sexual assault cases) with low amounts of DNA, which often leads to ambiguous results when using RT-qPCR. Other body fluids (e.g., vaginal fluid and menstrual blood) can also be identified by including additional markers. This study demonstrates the potential of RT-ddPCR for applications in forensic science.

确定体液类型对于重建犯罪现场和提高专家证词的可靠性至关重要。通过反转录定量 PCR（RT-qPCR）分析信使 RNA（mRNA）已被用于法医遗传学，特别是体液鉴定。这是一种比较目标基因和参照基因 Ct 值的相对定量方法。因此，该方法不适合确定目标基因的确切拷贝数。为了解决这一局限性，本研究使用两步逆转录液滴数字 PCR（RT-ddPCR）进行了体液特异性 mRNA 分析，这种方法能够进行绝对定量。我们发现，RT-ddPCR 的准确性和灵敏度足以检测到低至 1.5 个拷贝/μl 的互补 DNA (cDNA)，因此适合应用于病例样本。它对体液的特异性也很高，不会出现非特异性扩增。此外，比例从 1:50 到 50:1 的唾液-精液混合物也能成功鉴定。在比较 RT-qPCR 和 RT-ddPCR 的结果时，由于 RT-qPCR 的 Ct 值较高，有些样本难以解释。然而，当使用 RT-ddPCR 对相同样本进行分析时，唾液和精液被明显地识别出来。因此，RT-ddPCR 适用于 DNA 含量较低的混合样本（如性侵犯案件），而使用 RT-qPCR 时往往会导致结果模糊不清。其他体液（如阴道分泌物和月经血）也可以通过加入额外的标记物来进行鉴定。这项研究证明了 RT-ddPCR 在法医学领域的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Anthropological and forensic significance of facial soft tissue thickness in Montenegrin population 黑山人面部软组织厚度的人类学和法医学意义

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102537

T. Tapuskovic , D. Nenezic , N. Radojevic , R. Dedeic

A lack of soft tissue leads to difficulties in facial reconstruction and further identification in the absence of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), finger print and dental data. If these data are not available, then identification based on facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) is the next reliable method. There is no data in the literature about facial soft tissue thickness in Montenegrin population. Once the measurement is performed, a software algorithm based on the multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) imaged bone structures and use of FSTT would be able to provide a useful picture of the face for identification purposes. This prospective research was performed by MDCT head examinations of 83 adults aged 18–85, living in Montenegro. The FSTT was measured at eight central points (glabella (GL), nasion (NA), rhinion (RHI), mid-philtrum (MID), upper lip (UL), lower lip (LL), mental eminence (ME), and the point beneath the chin (BC)), and five bilateral points (frontal tubers (FT), supraorbital (SO), external orbital marginal point (EX), zygomatic arch (ZY), and middle masseter (MST)). It was observed that the points RHI, MID, UL, LL, ME, FT, SO and MST are thicker in men compared to women. With an increase in BMI, FSTT in the central points also increases, as well as bilaterally at the ZY, FT, SO and MST points. With aging, there is an increase of the thickness of the FSTT at the RHI and bilaterally at the EX and ZY, while at the MID, LL and MST, the thickness decreases with aging, in both sexes.

在没有 DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）、指纹和牙齿数据的情况下，软组织的缺乏会导致面部重建和进一步鉴定的困难。如果没有这些数据，那么根据面部软组织厚度（FSTT）进行鉴定是下一个可靠的方法。文献中没有关于黑山人口面部软组织厚度的数据。一旦进行了测量，基于多载体计算机断层扫描（MDCT）成像骨骼结构的软件算法和 FSTT 的使用将能够为识别目的提供有用的面部图像。这项前瞻性研究是通过对居住在黑山的 83 名年龄在 18-85 岁之间的成年人进行 MDCT 头部检查来完成的。FSTT 在八个中心点（颧骨 (GL)、鼻翼 (NA)、鼻小柱 (RHI)、咽中线 (MID)、上唇 (UL)、下唇 (LL)、精神突起 (ME) 和颏下点 (BC)）和五个双侧点（额管 (FT)、眶上 (SO)、眶外缘点 (EX)、颧弓 (ZY) 和中颌肌 (MST)）进行测量。观察发现，与女性相比，男性的 RHI、MID、UL、LL、ME、FT、SO 和 MST 点较厚。随着体重指数的增加，中心点的 FSTT 也会增加，双侧 ZY、FT、SO 和 MST 点的 FSTT 也会增加。随着年龄的增长，RHI 点以及 EX 和 ZY 双侧的 FSTT 厚度增加，而 MID、LL 和 MST 点的厚度则随着年龄的增长而减少，男女均是如此。

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引用次数: 0

Decapitation by hanging: Insights from vertebral fractures 上吊斩首：脊椎骨折的启示

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102534

Anja Petaros

引用次数: 0