Legal Medicine最新文献_第4页

Overall equation for complete oxidation of ingested alcohol (ethanol) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) 摄入的酒精（乙醇）完全氧化为二氧化碳（CO2）和水（H2O）的总方程式。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102738

Norihiro Shinkawa, Eiji Kakizaki, Ai Sonoda, Nobuhiro Yukawa

Ingested alcohol (ethanol) is oxidized in the liver to acetic acid, which is then transferred to other organs where it is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. However, to the best of our knowledge, no overall equation for this process has yet been described in the forensic literature, despite its physiological relevance. Here we present such an overall equation, derived by summing the reactions involved in the complete oxidation of ethanol: oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, conversion to acetyl-coenzyme A, oxidation via the citric acid cycle, and utilization of the resulting reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and ubiquinol to fully reduce molecular oxygen. The overall equation is expressed as a pair of equations because inorganic phosphate takes two forms, H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻, with a pKa of approximately 6.8. The pair of equations indicates that no H⁺ is generated if inorganic phosphate is present as H₂PO₄⁻, whereas one H⁺ is formed if inorganic phosphate is present as HPO₄²⁻. The actual ratio of [HPO₄²⁻]/[H₂PO₄⁻] is approximately 1, 1.6, and 2.5 at pH 6.8, 7.0, and 7.2, respectively, indicating that complete oxidation of one ethanol molecule forms approximately 0.6 (0.5–0.7) H⁺. Evidence of H⁺ formation contradicts the general notion that complete oxidation neither generates nor consumes H⁺. The implications of H⁺ generation merit clarification, particularly given the prevalence of metabolic acidosis in heavy drinkers.

摄入的酒精（乙醇）在肝脏被氧化成乙酸，然后被转移到其他器官，在那里被完全氧化成二氧化碳和水。然而，据我们所知，在法医文献中还没有描述这个过程的总体方程，尽管它的生理相关性。在这里，我们提出了这样一个整体方程，通过将乙醇完全氧化所涉及的反应相加得出：乙醇被乙醇和醛脱氢酶氧化成乙酸，转化为乙酰辅酶A，通过柠檬酸循环氧化，并利用所产生的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸和泛醇的还原形式来充分还原分子氧。由于无机磷酸盐有H2PO4-和HPO42-两种形式，其pKa约为6.8，所以将整个方程表示为一对方程。这对方程表明，当无机磷酸盐以H2PO4-形式存在时，不会生成H+，而当无机磷酸盐以HPO42-形式存在时，会生成一个H+。[HPO42-]/[H2PO4-]在pH为6.8、7.0和7.2时的实际比值分别约为1,1.6和2.5，表明一个乙醇分子完全氧化形成约0.6 (0.5-0.7)H+。氢离子形成的证据与完全氧化既不产生也不消耗氢离子的一般观念相矛盾。H+产生的影响值得澄清，特别是考虑到重度饮酒者代谢性酸中毒的患病率。

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引用次数: 0

Postmortem diagnosis of fatal venous air embolism due to sigmoid sinus rupture associated with a basilar skull fracture 乙状结肠窦破裂并发颅底骨折致致命静脉空气栓塞的死后诊断。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102734

Motoo Yoshimiya, Ikuto Takeuchi, Atsushi Ueda, Yu Kakimoto

Background

Venous air embolism (VAE) secondary to basilar skull fractures is rare but potentially fatal. While VAE is a known complication in central venous catheter management, traumatic VAE—particularly in forensic contexts—remains underreported. In forensic medicine, few case reports have detailed the use of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) to diagnose VAE.

Case presentation

A man in his 30 s sustained a head injury at a construction site when his head was caught between a 500-kg steel plate and the ground. Despite resuscitation attempts, spontaneous circulation was not restored, and death was confirmed. PMCT performed 90 h postmortem revealed a basilar skull fracture, facial bone fractures, and approximately 430 mL of gas in the right heart and major systemic veins. Only mild decomposition was noted. Autopsy confirmed a rupture of the right sigmoid sinus and basal dura mater, a skull fracture extending from the right occipital bone to the anterior cranial fossa, and no trauma in the neck or chest. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was observed on the occipital lobes and cerebellar surface, without herniation or cerebral contusion. Brain sectioning showed only small hemorrhages in the brainstem and left basal ganglia. The cause of death was determined to be VAE due to air entry through the right sigmoid sinus.

Conclusion

We report a fatal case of VAE caused by air entry through a basilar skull fracture with confirmed rupture of the right sigmoid sinus. This condition may be overlooked without PMCT. Vigilance is essential in severe head trauma cases.

背景：颅底骨折继发的静脉空气栓塞（VAE）是罕见的，但可能致命。虽然VAE是中心静脉导管管理的一种已知并发症，但外伤性VAE——特别是在法医方面——仍然被低估。在法医学中，很少有病例报告详细介绍了使用尸体计算机断层扫描（PMCT）来诊断VAE。案例介绍：一名30多岁的男子在建筑工地，头部被500公斤的钢板和地面夹住，头部受伤。尽管进行了复苏尝试，但自发性循环仍未恢复，最终确认死亡。死后90小时进行PMCT检查，发现颅底骨折，面骨骨折，右心脏和全身主要静脉中约有430毫升气体。只发现了轻微的分解。尸检证实右侧乙状窦和基底硬脑膜破裂，颅骨骨折从右侧枕骨延伸至前颅窝，颈部和胸部无外伤。枕叶及小脑表面蛛网膜下腔出血，无疝出及脑挫伤。脑部切片显示脑干和左侧基底神经节只有少量出血。由于空气从右乙状窦进入，死亡原因被确定为VAE。结论：我们报告了一例经颅底骨折空气进入导致的VAE致命病例，并证实右侧乙状结肠窦破裂。如果没有PMCT，这种情况可能会被忽视。在严重的头部创伤病例中，保持警惕是必不可少的。

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引用次数: 0

Tissue distribution of morphine and levetiracetam in a forensic autopsy case of a terminal cancer patient 吗啡和左乙拉西坦在晚期癌症患者法医尸检中的组织分布。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102736

Brian Waters, Masayuki Kashiwagi, Aya Matsusue, Shin-ichi Kubo

This study investigates the postmortem tissue distribution of morphine, its main metabolites, and levetiracetam in a terminal cancer patient. A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy method was developed and applied to blood and tissue samples collected during a forensic autopsy. Samples were processed using protein precipitation with acetonitrile and lipid removal cartridges. The analysis revealed peripheral blood concentrations of 0.220, 1.19, and 16.6 μg/mL for morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide/morphine-6-glucuronide, and levetiracetam, respectively. The highest concentrations of each drug were found in the urine. The concentration of free morphine in the blood was elevated, but higher levels have been reported in terminal cancer patients undergoing long periods of pain management with morphine. Levetiracetam blood levels were in the therapeutic range. The results align with existing literature on morphine’s postmortem redistribution and provide new insights into the tissue distribution of levetiracetam. These data can serve as a reference for future studies and contribute to the development of guidelines for the use of these medications in end-of-life care. The study concludes that while the drug concentrations were not high enough to solely attribute the cause of death to intoxication, the comprehensive tissue distribution analysis offers valuable information for forensic and clinical applications. To our knowledge, this is the first report to document the simultaneous analysis and tissue distribution of morphine and levetiracetam in postmortem samples.

本研究探讨了晚期癌症患者死后组织中吗啡及其主要代谢物和左乙拉西坦的分布。建立了一种有效的液相色谱-串联质谱方法，并将其应用于法医尸检过程中收集的血液和组织样本。样品用乙腈和除脂筒进行蛋白质沉淀处理。吗啡、吗啡-3-葡糖苷/吗啡-6-葡糖苷和左乙拉西坦的外周血浓度分别为0.220、1.19和16.6 μg/mL。每种药物在尿液中的浓度最高。血液中游离吗啡的浓度升高，但据报道，在长期使用吗啡治疗疼痛的晚期癌症患者中，游离吗啡的浓度更高。左乙拉西坦血药浓度在治疗范围内。该结果与现有文献关于吗啡在死后的再分布一致，并为左乙拉西坦的组织分布提供了新的见解。这些数据可以作为未来研究的参考，并有助于制定这些药物在临终关怀中的使用指南。该研究的结论是，虽然药物浓度不足以将死亡原因单独归因于中毒，但综合组织分布分析为法医和临床应用提供了有价值的信息。据我们所知，这是第一个记录死后样本中吗啡和左乙拉西坦的同时分析和组织分布的报告。

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引用次数: 0

Fatal plaque rupture of mild atherosclerotic coronary artery following basketball-related blunt chest trauma: A case report with forensic disputes 篮球相关的钝性胸部创伤导致的轻度动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉致命斑块破裂：一例法医纠纷报告。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102737

Huine Liu , Meichen Pan , Chuxiong Ma , Chenguang Yang , Hongmei Dong

The rupture of coronary artery plaque is a pathological mechanism leading to acute coronary syndrome, typically associated with severe atherosclerosis and high hemodynamic stress, while cases induced by blunt chest trauma (BCT) are exceedingly rare. This report presents an unusual case of a young male who died shortly after an informal basketball game. Postmortem examination revealed mild atherosclerotic plaque with a lacerated fibrous cap, along with complete thrombotic occlusion in the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Some areas of the thrombus were in direct contact with the lipid and necrotic components of the plaque. Witness testimony indicated the presence of BCT. Moreover, focal epicardial hemorrhage around the LAD artery, along with microscopically identified subcutaneous hemorrhage in the chest wall skin further supported the occurrence of BCT. Ultimately, the cause of death was determined to be BCT-related plaque rupture and the subsequent thrombus formation in the LAD artery. Given the rarity of this phenomenon, the association between BCT and plaque rupture requires careful clarification and may lead to forensic disputes. This report aims to remind forensic pathologists to consider the possibility of plaque rupture following BCT when faced with similar cases.

冠状动脉斑块破裂是导致急性冠状动脉综合征的病理机制，通常伴有严重的动脉粥样硬化和高血流动力学应激，而由钝性胸外伤（BCT）引起的病例极为罕见。本报告提出了一个不寻常的案例，一位年轻男性在一场非正式的篮球比赛后不久死亡。死后检查发现轻度动脉粥样硬化斑块伴纤维帽撕裂，左前降支近端伴完全血栓闭塞。血栓的一些区域与斑块的脂质和坏死成分直接接触。证人的证词表明BCT的存在。此外，LAD动脉周围局灶性心外膜出血，以及显微镜下发现的胸壁皮肤皮下出血，进一步支持了BCT的发生。最终，死亡原因被确定为bct相关斑块破裂以及随后LAD动脉血栓形成。鉴于这种现象的罕见性，BCT与斑块破裂之间的关系需要仔细澄清，并可能导致法医纠纷。本报告旨在提醒法医病理学家在面对类似病例时考虑BCT后斑块破裂的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Diatom testing for closed organs should be carefully performed and interpreted: the effect of post-mortem change and resuscitation 对封闭器官的硅藻检测应谨慎进行并解释：对死后改变和复苏的影响。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102735

Shigeki Tsuneya , Makoto Nakajima , Yukiko Uemura , Suguru Torimitsu , Yui Takahagi , Go Inokuchi , Hirotaro Iwase , Yohsuke Makino

Introduction

Diatoms inhaled with a drowning medium are thought to reach closed organs, including the kidney and liver, through circulation; however, this is uncertain. Thus, to assess this doubt, we evaluated the relationship between resuscitation or decomposition and diatom concentration in closed organs (kidney and liver) (Cc).

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed our diatom test results in 62 natural water- and five bathtub-water drowning consecutive forensic autopsies. Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test and multiple regression analysis were performed in natural water-drowning cases, to evaluate the relationship between Cc and three groups of post-mortem changes (PC): no or little, moderate, or severe PC. Furthermore, Welch’s t-test and multiple regression analyses were performed for natural water cases with no or little PC, to examine the effect of resuscitation on Cc. The Cc in natural and bathtub cases were compared using Welch’s t-test.

Results

Severe PC significantly increased the Cc in both analyses. Resuscitation caused no significant changes in Cc in either analysis. Natural water-drowning did not increase Cc compared with bathtub-drowning.

Conclusion

Our results suggest a post-mortem increase in Cc and diatom detection in non-drowning cases owing to natural load or laboratory contamination. Thus, the probability of Cc increasing during drowning or resuscitation was very low, Therefore, diatom testing of closed-organ samples should be carefully performed, and the results should be interpreted cautiously, especially in cases with severe post-mortem changes.

导读：用溺死介质吸入的硅藻被认为通过循环到达封闭器官，包括肾和肝；然而，这是不确定的。因此，为了评估这种怀疑，我们评估了复苏或分解与封闭器官（肾脏和肝脏）硅藻浓度之间的关系（Cc）。材料和方法：我们回顾性地回顾了62例天然水和5例浴缸水溺水连续法医尸检的硅藻检测结果。对自然溺水病例进行Tukey诚实显著差异（HSD）检验和多元回归分析，评估Cc与三组死后改变（无或轻微、中度或重度PC）之间的关系。此外，采用Welch’st检验和多元回归分析对无PC或很少PC的天然水病例进行复苏对Cc的影响，并采用Welch’st检验比较天然水病例和浴缸病例的Cc。结果：在两种分析中，重度PC显著增加Cc。在两种分析中，复苏均未引起Cc的显著变化。自然溺水与浴缸溺水相比，Cc没有增加。结论：我们的研究结果表明，由于自然负荷或实验室污染，非溺水病例的死后Cc和硅藻检测增加。因此，对封闭器官样本进行硅藻检测应谨慎进行，对结果应谨慎解释，特别是在死后发生严重变化的病例中。

{"title":"Diatom testing for closed organs should be carefully performed and interpreted: the effect of post-mortem change and resuscitation","authors":"Shigeki Tsuneya , Makoto Nakajima , Yukiko Uemura , Suguru Torimitsu , Yui Takahagi , Go Inokuchi , Hirotaro Iwase , Yohsuke Makino","doi":"10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Diatoms inhaled with a drowning medium are thought to reach closed organs, including the kidney and liver, through circulation; however, this is uncertain. Thus, to assess this doubt, we evaluated the relationship between resuscitation or decomposition and diatom concentration in closed organs (kidney and liver) (Cc).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>We retrospectively reviewed our diatom test results in 62 natural water- and five bathtub-water drowning consecutive forensic autopsies. Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test and multiple regression analysis were performed in natural water-drowning cases, to evaluate the relationship between Cc and three groups of post-mortem changes (PC): no or little, moderate, or severe PC. Furthermore, Welch’s <em>t</em>-test and multiple regression analyses were performed for natural water cases with no or little PC, to examine the effect of resuscitation on Cc. The Cc in natural and bathtub cases were compared using Welch’s <em>t</em>-test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Severe PC significantly increased the Cc in both analyses. Resuscitation caused no significant changes in Cc in either analysis. Natural water-drowning did not increase Cc compared with bathtub-drowning.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results suggest a post-mortem increase in Cc and diatom detection in non-drowning cases owing to natural load or laboratory contamination. Thus, the probability of Cc increasing during drowning or resuscitation was very low, Therefore, diatom testing of closed-organ samples should be carefully performed, and the results should be interpreted cautiously, especially in cases with severe post-mortem changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49913,"journal":{"name":"Legal Medicine","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102735"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Testing age progression technique: evaluation of reliability and accuracy 试验年龄递进技术：可靠性和准确性评价

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102731

Laura Donato , Michele Treglia , Douglas H. Ubelaker , Margherita Pallocci , Chiara De Cagna , Anna Laura Santunione , Rossana Cecchi , Jessika Camatti , Pierluigi Passalacqua , Luigi Tonino Marsella

Age progression is increasingly applied in forensic practice to assist in the identification of long-term missing persons, yet its reliability requires systematic validation.

This study analysed childhood and adult photographs of an Italian family to assess the accuracy of the technique. Eight images were examined: five portraying the parents and three children at age 2, and three depicting the parents and daughter at age 30. A morphological analysis of facial features (face shape, eyebrows, eyelid folds, nasal bridge and tip, lips) was performed to identify hereditary traits. Age progressions of the two sons were generated to age 30 and subsequently adjusted to their current ages (45 and 43 years). Reconstructions were created using Adobe® Photoshop, combining low-resolution parental photographs with high-resolution reference images.

Results showed variable accuracy: the progression of Brother 2 closely resembled his current appearance, whereas discrepancies were noted for Brother 1, particularly in nasal morphology, largely due to poor source resolution. Overall, accuracy improved with higher image quality and a larger number of reference photographs.

This validation demonstrates that age progression can approximate the real appearance of missing persons but emphasizes image quality as a critical limitation. Expanding datasets and refining morphological protocols are essential to increase its reliability in forensic casework.

年龄递进法越来越多地应用于法医实践，以协助识别长期失踪人员，但其可靠性需要系统验证。这项研究分析了一个意大利家庭的童年和成人照片，以评估这项技术的准确性。研究人员检查了八幅照片：五幅是父母和三个两岁的孩子，三幅是父母和30岁的女儿。对面部特征（脸型、眉毛、眼睑褶皱、鼻梁和鼻尖、嘴唇）进行形态学分析以确定遗传性状。这两个儿子的年龄变化被生成到30岁，然后调整到他们现在的年龄（45岁和43岁）。使用Adobe®Photoshop创建重建，将低分辨率父母照片与高分辨率参考图像相结合。结果显示不同的准确性：兄弟2的进展与他目前的外观非常相似，而兄弟1的差异，特别是在鼻形态上，主要是由于源分辨率差。总的来说，更高的图像质量和更多的参考照片提高了精度。这一验证表明，年龄进展可以近似失踪人员的真实外观，但强调图像质量是一个关键的限制。扩大数据集和完善形态学协议是必不可少的，以提高其在法医案件工作的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Congenital transmesocolic internal hernia as a cause of sudden death – autopsy case report 先天性经肠系膜内疝作为猝死原因的尸检病例报告

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102732

Veljko Milošević , Milenko Bogdanović , Milena Kontić-Žarčanin , Tijana Petrović , Bojana Radnić

Introduction

Internal abdominal hernias (IAHs) are rare causes of intestinal obstruction and unexpected death, with transmesocolic hernias being particularly uncommon and typically diagnosed in children. Autopsy-confirmed congenital cases in the elderly are exceptionally rare.

Case presentation

An 89-year-old woman presented with a three-day history of abdominal pain and constipation. Despite supportive treatment, her condition rapidly deteriorated, leading to death within nine hours of hospital admission. Autopsy revealed a 180 cm segment of necrotic small intestine herniated through a 3 cm smooth-edged defect in the transverse mesocolon, consistent with a congenital transmesocolic hernia. No prior abdominal surgeries, trauma, or intra-abdominal inflammation were noted.

Discussion

Transmesocolic hernias are a rare subset of IAHs and can be life-threatening due to bowel strangulation and ischemia. Congenital mesenteric defects are typically identified in pediatric populations, making this elderly case highly unusual. The nonspecific clinical presentation often delays diagnosis, and imaging may fail to detect small mesenteric defects, contributing to high mortality rates.

Conclusion

This case represents the first reported autopsy-confirmed congenital transmesocolic hernia in an elderly individual. It emphasizes the importance of considering rare congenital anomalies in differential diagnoses of acute abdomen and unexplained sudden death, even in the absence of surgical or traumatic history.

腹内疝（IAHs）是肠梗阻和意外死亡的罕见原因，经结肠系膜疝尤其罕见，通常在儿童中诊断。尸检证实的先天性病例在老年人中非常罕见。病例介绍一名89岁女性，腹痛和便秘病史三天。尽管接受了支持性治疗，但她的病情迅速恶化，在入院后9小时内死亡。尸检发现一段180厘米的坏死小肠通过横切结肠系膜处一个3厘米边缘光滑的缺陷疝出，符合先天性结肠系膜疝。既往无腹部手术、创伤或腹内炎症记录。经肠系膜疝是IAHs的一个罕见亚群，可因肠绞窄和缺血而危及生命。先天性肠系膜缺陷通常在儿科人群中发现，使得这个老年病例非常不寻常。非特异性的临床表现往往延误诊断，成像可能无法发现小肠系膜缺陷，导致高死亡率。结论本病例是首例尸检证实的老年人先天性结肠系膜疝病例。它强调了在鉴别诊断急腹症和不明原因猝死时考虑罕见先天性异常的重要性，即使在没有手术或创伤史的情况下。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit, precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel and Sanger sequencing using Korean samples 使用韩国样品对ForenSeq mtDNA控制区试剂盒、precision ID mtDNA控制区面板和Sanger测序进行比较分析。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102733

Hee-Yeon Park , Yoonji Noh , Kyu-Sik Jeong , Myung Jin Park , Hyun-Chul Park

DNA analysis in forensic science involves short tandem repeat analysis using genomic DNA, however, it is limited by low DNA concentration. Then, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be used as an alternative. In this study, to analyze mtDNA control region, we conducted an analysis using Sanger sequencing and two NGS methods: ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit and Precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel. This study is a comparative analysis of two commercially available NGS kits for mtDNA control region analysis. MtDNA was extracted from 75 Korean samples, and sequenced using Sanger sequencing, ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit, or Precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel. Although most mtDNA control region showed identical results between Sanger sequencing and NGS, differences in particular regions were observed in 43 of 75 samples using Sanger sequencing, ForenSeq mtDNA Control Region Kit, and Precision ID mtDNA Control Region Panel. These sites were poly-C sites of 16184–16193 in HV1, 303–315 in HV2, and 568–573 in HV3 that have been observed in InDel or substitution variant frequently. Additionally, heteroplasmy that was not observed in Sanger sequencing was detected in 6 samples in the NGS analysis. Therefore, mtDNA analysis using NGS is a convenient method for analyzing a large number of samples at once and is advantageous for detecting heteroplasmy, however, in length-based variation region, as bias can occur due to potential sequencing or alignment artifacts, caution should be taken in the interpretation of repetitive regions.

法医DNA分析主要是利用基因组DNA进行短串联重复序列分析，但受DNA浓度低的限制。然后，线粒体DNA （mtDNA）可以作为替代。在本研究中，为了分析mtDNA控制区，我们使用Sanger测序和两种NGS方法：ForenSeq mtDNA控制区Kit和Precision ID mtDNA控制区面板进行了分析。本研究是比较分析两种市售的NGS试剂盒mtDNA控制区分析。从75份韩国样品中提取MtDNA，并使用Sanger测序，ForenSeq MtDNA控制区试剂盒或Precision ID MtDNA控制区面板进行测序。尽管大多数mtDNA控制区在Sanger测序和NGS之间显示相同的结果，但使用Sanger测序，ForenSeq mtDNA控制区试剂盒和Precision ID mtDNA控制区面板，在75个样本中观察到43个特定区域的差异。这些位点为HV1的16184 ~ 16193位点、HV2的303 ~ 315位点和HV3的568 ~ 573位点，这些位点在InDel或替代变异中经常被观察到。此外，在NGS分析中，在6个样本中检测到Sanger测序中未观察到的异质性。因此，使用NGS进行mtDNA分析是一种方便的方法，可以同时分析大量样品，并且有利于检测异质性，然而，在基于长度的变异区域，由于潜在的测序或比对伪影可能会产生偏差，因此在解释重复区域时应谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanism of methamphetamine movement from the blood into the stomach 甲基苯丙胺从血液进入胃的机制

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102700

Kei Yoshitome , Fumio Moriya , Masanobu Miura

引用次数: 0

Estimation of postmortem interval in decomposed remains using insect evidence: A report of two cases 利用昆虫证据估计腐烂尸体的死亡时间：附两例报告。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102722

Siqi Liu , Yundi Gao , Jiangtao Mei , Rui Zhu , Lan Gao , Mingqing Liao , Shuixiu Xia , Yu Wang

Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is crucial in forensic cases. Forensic entomology, analyzing insect species, developmental stages, and environmental factors associated with decomposing remains, has proved to be an effective method for estimating extended PMIs, especially when traditional postmortem indicators are no longer viable. This study presents two cases demonstrating how to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min) by integrating seasonal insect activity, developmental anomalies, and environmental factors. In Case 1, the body was discovered in early spring under low-temperature conditions. However, empty puparia of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1844) were found on the corpse, indicating that the death occurred during warm weather. Additionally, the presence of developmentally abnormal pupae suggests that the insects may have been exposed to extreme weather, such as a sudden drop in temperature. Based on these observations, the PMI_min was estimated to be in late summer or early autumn of the previous year. Similarly, limited insect evidence on the remains, combined with local climatic data, supported an estimated PMI_min in early autumn of the previous year for Case 2. These findings highlight the significant influence of seasonal insect activity and environmental factors on insect development and distribution, providing critical insights for estimating longer PMIs. This study emphasizes forensic investigations should consider species-specific seasonal and geographical distribution patterns, as well as the environmental adaptability of insects. Moreover, given global climate change and resultant species migration, continuous insect succession experiments are essential for updating forensic entomological databases and improving their practical applicability.

准确的死亡间隔（PMI）估计在法医案件中至关重要。法医昆虫学分析昆虫的种类、发育阶段和与分解遗骸相关的环境因素，已被证明是估计扩展pmi的有效方法，特别是当传统的死后指标不再可行时。本研究提出了两个案例，展示了如何综合季节昆虫活动、发育异常和环境因素来估计最小死后间隔（PMImin）。在案例1中，尸体是在早春的低温条件下被发现的。然而，在尸体上发现了金蝇（Chrysomya megacephala, Fabricius, 1794）和金蝇（Chrysomya rufifacies, Macquart, 1844）的空蛹，表明死亡发生在温暖的天气。此外，发育异常的蛹的存在表明这些昆虫可能暴露在极端天气下，比如温度突然下降。根据这些观测，预估pmmin发生在前一年的夏末或初秋。同样，遗骸上有限的昆虫证据，结合当地气候数据，支持了前一年初秋对案例2的pmmin估计。这些发现强调了季节昆虫活动和环境因素对昆虫发育和分布的显著影响，为估算更长的pmi提供了重要的见解。本研究强调法医调查应考虑特定物种的季节和地理分布模式，以及昆虫的环境适应性。此外，在全球气候变化和物种迁移的背景下，持续的昆虫演替实验是更新法医昆虫学数据库和提高其实用性的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0