Legal Medicine最新文献_第4页

Legal age estimation using developing mandibular third molar roots of various developmental stages in Malaysian population: a CBCT study 利用马来西亚人口不同发育阶段的下颌第三磨牙根进行法定年龄估计：一项CBCT研究

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102742

Ghassan Ali Abbas , Rabiah Al-Adawiyah Rahmat , Amir Hazwan Abdul Rahim , Mariam Abdullah , Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini , Muhammad Khan Asif , Arofi Kurniawan , Phrabhakaran Nambiar , Norliza Ibrahim

Impacted mandibular third molars (IMTM) are often excluded from dental age estimation due to limited accessibility and morphological variability. This study aimed to develop an age estimation model based on the apical surface area (ASA) of IMTM roots using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 446 CBCT images of Malaysians aged 15–25 years (243 females, 203 males) from Malay and Chinese ethnicities were retrospectively analyzed. ASA measurements were obtained using Mimics and 3-matic software (Materialise NV, Belgium). Impaction levels were classified via a modified Pell and Gregory system, and impaction types using Quek’s modification of Winter’s classification. IMTM angulation, root number, and orientation across three planes were assessed. ASA means were compared by sex and ethnicity using t-tests, and ANOVA was used to evaluate differences across impaction levels, types, and root numbers. General linear regression was applied to identify significant predictors of chronological age and to develop the model, which was validated using an additional 123 CBCT scans. ASA showed a strong inverse correlation with age (r = –0.73). Significant sex-based differences in ASA were observed (male: p = 0.02; female: p = 0.03), with no significant differences between ethnicities. ASA, sex, number of roots, and impaction type were significant predictors of age. The model achieved an R² of 0.607 and mean absolute error ranging from 0.85 to 4.87 years across age groups. This study underscores the use of IMTM from CBCT data as a feasible method for legal age estimation in the Malaysian population, particularly in distinguishing juveniles from adults.

下颌阻生第三磨牙（IMTM）通常被排除在牙龄估计之外，因为其可及性和形态的可变性有限。本研究旨在利用锥形束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）建立一种基于IMTM根根尖表面积（ASA）的年龄估计模型。回顾性分析了马来族和华人15-25岁马来西亚人（243名女性，203名男性）共446张CBCT图像。ASA测量使用Mimics和3-matic软件（Materialise NV，比利时）获得。撞击等级通过改进的Pell和Gregory系统进行分类，撞击类型使用Quek对Winter分类的修改。评估IMTM成角、根数和三个平面的方向。使用t检验比较性别和种族的ASA平均值，并使用方差分析评估影响水平、类型和根数之间的差异。一般线性回归应用于确定实足年龄的重要预测因素并建立模型，并使用额外的123次CBCT扫描验证该模型。ASA与年龄呈显著负相关（r = -0.73）。ASA存在显著的性别差异（男性：p = 0.02；女性：p = 0.03），种族间无显著差异。ASA、性别、根数和嵌塞类型是年龄的显著预测因子。模型在各年龄组间的R2为0.607，平均绝对误差为0.85 ~ 4.87岁。这项研究强调使用来自CBCT数据的IMTM作为马来西亚人口法定年龄估计的可行方法，特别是在区分青少年和成年人方面。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanism of postmortem drastic increase of blood myoglobin concentration: its permeability through vascular wall 死后血肌红蛋白浓度急剧升高的机制：其通过血管壁的渗透性

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102763

Sella Takei , Masanobu Miura , Takehiko Murase , Hiroshi Kinoshita , Satoru Miyaishi

We provide the first direct experimental evidence that myoglobin (Mb) diffuses through vascular walls and enters the blood after death. Postmortem Mb concentration in the blood increases rapidly; however, up to this date, no one has reported the responsible mechanism. We hypothesized the direct diffusion of Mb from skeletal muscle into the blood through the vessel wall is causing this concentration change, and proved this morphologically and biochemically, through experiments using animal samples. Firstly, IHC Mb staining of the artery which was directly contacted with skeletal muscle on the adventitia, revealed that the Mb diffuses from adventitia to the intima with time. Then, Mb quantification using ELISA showed Mb exudes through vascular walls into the vessel lumen. For this experiment, a diffusion model was established by sandwiching the artery between gelatin discs with or without Mb. The Mb concentration increased in a time-dependent manner, with approximately 16 % of Mb in its source exuding into the lumen within 5 days. This rate increased significantly when vein was used instead of aorta. These findings clarify a fundamental mechanism of postmortem biochemical redistribution and may enhance the reliability of interpreting postmortem blood protein levels in forensic practice.

我们提供了第一个直接的实验证据，证明肌红蛋白（Mb）在死亡后通过血管壁扩散并进入血液。死后血中Mb浓度迅速升高；然而，到目前为止，还没有人报告负责机制。我们假设Mb从骨骼肌通过血管壁直接扩散到血液中是导致这种浓度变化的原因，并通过动物样本的实验从形态学和生物化学上证明了这一点。首先，对外膜上与骨骼肌直接接触的动脉进行免疫组化Mb染色，发现Mb随时间从外膜向内膜扩散。酶联免疫吸附测定结果显示，Mb可通过血管壁进入血管腔。在本实验中，通过将动脉夹在含有或不含Mb的明胶盘之间建立扩散模型。Mb浓度随时间增加，其来源中约有16%的Mb在5天内渗出到管腔。当使用静脉而不是主动脉时，这一比率显著增加。这些发现阐明了死后生物化学再分配的基本机制，并可能提高法医实践中解释死后血液蛋白水平的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Proposal for a new medico-legal methodology in medical liability 医疗保健中的人工智能：医疗责任中新的医学-法律方法论的建议。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102764

Rossana Cecchi , Francesco Calabrò , Jessika Camatti , Anna Laura Santunione , Michela Sperti , Eric Adriano Zizzi , Marco Agostino Deriu

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare promises significant benefits but also raises unprecedented ethical, clinical, and legal challenges. Current medico-legal frameworks, primarily designed for human decision-making, are often inadequate to address liability issues arising from algorithmic errors or opaque “black box” models. This paper introduces a novel medico-legal methodology that combines proactive and reactive approaches to risk assessment, originally developed within European forensic medicine, and adapts it to the context of AI in healthcare. By systematically analyzing data collection, dataset validation, error identification, and causal reconstruction, the proposed framework provides a structured path for evaluating medical liability when AI systems are involved. This dual approach not only supports clinicians, developers, and policymakers in preventing harm, but also establishes a robust forensic tool for liability assessment. The methodology offers a step toward internationally applicable standards for addressing the medico-legal implications of AI in medicine.

人工智能（AI）与医疗保健的快速融合带来了巨大的好处，但也带来了前所未有的伦理、临床和法律挑战。目前的医疗法律框架主要是为人类决策而设计的，往往不足以解决由算法错误或不透明的“黑箱”模型引起的责任问题。本文介绍了一种新的医学法律方法，该方法结合了欧洲法医学中最初开发的主动和被动风险评估方法，并使其适应医疗保健中的人工智能背景。通过系统地分析数据收集、数据集验证、错误识别和因果重构，该框架为涉及人工智能系统时的医疗责任评估提供了结构化路径。这种双重方法不仅支持临床医生、开发人员和政策制定者预防伤害，而且还为责任评估建立了强大的法医工具。该方法为解决人工智能在医学中的医学法律影响的国际适用标准迈出了一步。

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引用次数: 0

High-resolution mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of residual botulinum concentrations in a mouse model of botulism 高分辨率质谱法和酶联免疫吸附法检测肉毒杆菌中毒小鼠模型中的残留肉毒杆菌浓度

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102758

Dongqing Li , Junyan Liang , Ying Chen , Xianglei Wu

Background

Botulinum toxin type A is widely used to block acetylcholine release in the treatment of chronic sialorrhea, muscle spasticity, and dystonia. We aim to develop a user-friendly method for detecting cases of medical botulinum toxin poisoning.

Methods

The mice poisoning model was established by injecting or gavage with Botulax®, and the poisoning dose and symptoms were observed. The residual levels of toxin in poisoned mice were detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry and sandwich ELISA, respectively.

Results

Two hours after poisoning, no residual botulinum toxin was found by mass spectrometry (MS) under our specific untargeted workflow and sample preparation conditions, but ELISA detected residual toxin in various tissues of mice. Among them, the muscle tissue had the highest level. There is no noticeable difference in the levels of toxin residues in the same organs of mice, regardless of the route of poisoning. The sandwich ELISA method is user-friendly for detecting medical botulinum toxin poisoning. The presence of toxin residues can be detected in various tissues two hours after exposure, with muscle being the optimal sampling tissue.

Conclusions

Our research indicates that under specific sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and untargeted detection conditions, mass spectrometry may not be effective for detecting Botulinum toxin at concentrations below the ng/ml level. The study demonstrates that ELISA is a sensitive and practical alternative for early detection. Positive results can be detected within 2 h of poisoning, especially when taken from muscle tissue.

背景A型肉毒杆菌毒素被广泛用于阻断乙酰胆碱的释放，用于治疗慢性唾液分泌、肌肉痉挛和肌张力障碍。我们的目的是开发一种用户友好的方法来检测病例的医用肉毒杆菌毒素中毒。方法采用肉毒毒素®注射或灌胃法建立小鼠中毒模型，观察中毒剂量和中毒症状。分别采用高分辨率质谱法和夹心ELISA法检测中毒小鼠体内毒素残留水平。结果在特定的非靶向工作流程和样品制备条件下，中毒2 h后，质谱法（MS）未检测到肉毒毒素残留，而ELISA法在小鼠各组织中检测到肉毒毒素残留。其中，肌肉组织中含量最高。无论中毒途径如何，在小鼠的同一器官中，毒素残留水平没有明显差异。夹心ELISA法是检测医用肉毒毒素中毒的简便方法。暴露后两小时可在各种组织中检测到毒素残留物的存在，肌肉是最佳取样组织。结论在特定的样品制备、色谱分离和非靶向检测条件下，质谱法可能无法检测ng/ml以下浓度的肉毒杆菌毒素。该研究表明，ELISA是一种灵敏、实用的早期检测方法。中毒后2小时内可检测出阳性结果，特别是从肌肉组织中提取时。

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引用次数: 0

Postmortem computed tomography reconstructed a lethal orbitocranial-penetrating injury: A case report 死后电脑断层重建致命的眶颅穿透伤：1例报告

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102768

Shigeki Tsuneya , Go Inokuchi , Maiko Yoshida , Yohsuke Makino , Masatoshi Kojima , Suguru Torimitsu , Fumiko Chiba , Yumi Hoshioka , Yukiko Uemura , Hirotaro Iwase

In forensic pathology, identifying weapons and injury mechanisms is often necessary. Computed tomography (CT) can be used to detect intracerebral hemorrhage due to penetrating injury; however, reports on CT-based estimation of weapons and injury mechanisms are limited. In this case study, we aimed to reconstruct a case using postmortem CT (PMCT) images and an object file of the suspected knife.

A male in his 30 s died following arrival at the hospital after a fight. PMCT and autopsy revealed that an orbitocranial-penetrating injury severed the right anterior cerebral artery and inflicted lethal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Both PMCT and targeted PMCT angiography (PMCTA) depicted bone fractures and a wound in the brain as hemorrhage or contrast leakage.

Herein, the suspected knife was converted into an object file (.stl) and fitted to the PMCTA images on a workstation. The results showed that the knife image was fitted with the bone fractures and intracerebral hemorrhage to the fullest extent, although some minor discrepancies persisted.

Notably, this is the first report of CT-based precise reconstruction of transcranial penetration. Altogether, the findings highlight the importance of radiological modalities, including CT, for estimating weapon and injury mechanisms in forensic pathology.

在法医病理学中，识别武器和伤害机制往往是必要的。计算机断层扫描（CT）可用于检测穿透性损伤引起的脑出血；然而，关于基于ct的武器和伤害机制估计的报告有限。在这个案例研究中，我们的目的是利用死后CT （PMCT）图像和疑似刀具的目标文件来重建一个病例。一名30多岁的男性在一场打斗后被送往医院后死亡。PMCT和尸检显示眶颅穿透伤切断了右大脑前动脉并造成了致命的蛛网膜下腔出血。PMCT和靶向PMCT血管造影（PMCTA）都将骨折和脑内伤口描述为出血或造影剂泄漏。在这里，可疑的刀被转换成一个目标文件（.stl），并拟合到工作站的PMCTA图像。结果表明，刀形图像与骨折和脑出血的吻合程度最高，但仍存在轻微差异。值得注意的是，这是首次报道基于ct的经颅穿透精确重建。总之，研究结果强调了包括CT在内的放射学模式在法医病理学中评估武器和损伤机制的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Hypoxia-induced LONP1 overexpression and mtDNA damage may serve as biomarkers for death from mechanical asphyxia 缺氧诱导的LONP1过表达和mtDNA损伤可能是机械性窒息死亡的生物标志物

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102769

Tianpu Wu , Heng Zhang , Dongchuan Zhang , Yikai Hu , Lu Tian , Wencan Li , Fu Zhang , Bi Xiao , Jianlong Ma , Yi Shi , Yue Chen , Hanfeng Jiang , Xinbiao Liao , Kaijun Ma , Long Chen

Due to the absence of reliable signs, the authentication of death from mechanical asphyxia (DMA), commonly seen in forensic pathology, can be rather challenging especially when the criminal case is obscure. Lon protease-1 (LONP1) is an ATP-dependent serine protease located in mitochondria that participates in maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial genome and regulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication. In this research, cerebral tissues of corpses with different causes of death were collected to compare the expression of LONP1 and the changes of mtDNA to see the authenticating value of these markers. It was found that LONP1 was up-regulated in the cerebral tissue of DMA corpses while the integrity of mtDNA was destroyed conditionally. In neuroblastoma cancer cell line SH-SY5Y, LONP1 would suppress the repair and replication of mtDNA under hypoxia and partly lead to mitochondrial damage. In general, LONP1 is responsible for longer duration of hypoxic mtDNA damage and the repression of the replication of mtDNA. LONP1 and mtDNA integrity can both serve as biomarkers for DMA.

由于缺乏可靠的迹象，法医病理学中常见的机械性窒息（DMA）死亡的鉴定可能相当具有挑战性，特别是在刑事案件模糊不清的情况下。LONP1是一种atp依赖性丝氨酸蛋白酶，位于线粒体中，参与维持线粒体基因组的完整性和调节线粒体DNA （mtDNA）的复制。本研究收集不同死因尸体的脑组织，比较LONP1的表达和mtDNA的变化，看看这些标记物的鉴定价值。我们发现，在DMA尸体脑组织中，LONP1表达上调，mtDNA的完整性被有条件地破坏。在神经母细胞瘤细胞系SH-SY5Y中，LONP1会在缺氧条件下抑制mtDNA的修复和复制，部分导致线粒体损伤。一般来说，LONP1负责较长时间的缺氧mtDNA损伤和mtDNA复制的抑制。LONP1和mtDNA完整性都可以作为DMA的生物标志物。

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引用次数: 0

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry as part of an integrated multidisciplinary approach in a complex cadaver case 扫描电子显微镜与能量色散光谱作为一个综合多学科方法的一部分，在一个复杂的尸体案件。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2026.102775

Alberto Delia , Marcello Seligardi , Marco Di Paolo , Isabella Spinetti , Sara Bortolini , Valentina Bugelli

The forensic investigation of severely decomposed or skeletonized human remains poses considerable diagnostic challenges, often limiting the effectiveness of traditional autopsy approaches. This study describes a homicide case involving partially skeletonized remains recovered in an abandoned rural building, demonstrating the crucial role of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) in determining cause and manner of death. The investigation was carried out using a multidisciplinary approach including post-mortem computed tomography (MSCT), entomological analysis, histology, immunohistochemistry, and SEM-EDS microanalysis. Entomological findings and the Total Decomposition Score (TDS = 14) indicated a post-mortem interval of approximately 4–5 months. Immunohistochemistry revealed extravascular positivity for Glycophorin A, confirming lesion vitality despite advanced decomposition. SEM-EDS analysis, conducted following internationally validated sampling protocols for inorganic gunshot residue (GSR) on skeletal tissues, identified characteristic particles of oxidized lead, barium, and sulphur at the orbital fracture margin, strongly indicative of a firearm entry wound. Control sampling from unaffected cranial regions was negative, confirming specificity. The colocalization of ballistic residues and fracture morphology supported the conclusion that death resulted from a cranial gunshot trauma. These findings align closely with previously published case series involving SEM-EDS analysis in similarly complex forensic contexts particularly those described by Amadasi et al. This case highlights the forensic value and reliability of SEM-EDS for detecting GSR under severe taphonomic conditions, reinforcing the necessity of integrating radiological, entomological, histological, and advanced microscopic techniques to resolve complex forensic scenarios where traditional autopsy methods are severely limited.

对严重腐烂或骨骼化的人类遗骸的法医调查提出了相当大的诊断挑战，往往限制了传统尸检方法的有效性。本研究描述了一起杀人案，涉及在一座废弃的农村建筑中发现的部分骨骼遗骸，证明了扫描电子显微镜与能量色散光谱（SEM-EDS）在确定死因和死亡方式方面的关键作用。研究采用多学科方法进行，包括死后计算机断层扫描（MSCT）、昆虫学分析、组织学、免疫组织化学和SEM-EDS显微分析。昆虫学调查结果和总分解评分（TDS = 14）表明，死亡间隔约为4-5个月。免疫组织化学显示血管外糖蛋白A阳性，证实病变尽管分解严重，但仍有活力。根据国际认可的骨骼组织无机射击残留物（GSR）取样方案进行的SEM-EDS分析，在眼眶骨折边缘发现了氧化铅、钡和硫的特征颗粒，强烈表明枪伤。来自未受影响的颅骨区域的对照取样为阴性，证实了特异性。弹道残留物和骨折形态的共定位支持了死亡是由头部枪伤造成的结论。这些发现与先前发表的案例系列密切相关，这些案例涉及类似复杂的法医背景下的SEM-EDS分析，特别是Amadasi等人描述的那些。该案例凸显了SEM-EDS在严峻的尸检条件下检测GSR的法医价值和可靠性，强调了整合放射学、昆虫学、组织学和先进显微技术来解决传统尸检方法严重受限的复杂法医场景的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

The stability of novel synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples in different storage conditions 新型合成大麻素在血液样品中不同贮存条件下的稳定性

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102762

Murat Akbaba , Oğuz Özdemir , Aysun Baransel Isır

The synthetic cannabinoids dominated the market with a detrimental effect on society. Determining the stability of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in samples is crucial for accurate detection and quantification in drug testing. Since designer narcotics emerge rather quickly, a new generation of cannabinoid-associated compounds also appears rapidly. Thus, it is crucial to identify, detect, and determine the confidence of drug testing to provide fairer judgments. In this study, we aimed to determine optimal storage conditions to prevent degradation and preserve the samples of four new-generation SCs (MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4-Fluoro MDMB-BICA, 5F-MDMB-PICA, and 5F-MDMB-PINACA) in blood samples due to the lack of available information on the stability. Blood samples were collected from 20 healthy volunteers, treated with cannabinoids at concentrations of 10 and 50 ng/mL, and stored at temperatures of room temperature, +4°C, and −20 °C over 35 days. Our findings revealed a gradual decline in cannabinoid concentrations over time, with 5F-MDMB-PINACA exhibiting the highest degradation rate. Storage temperature significantly influenced degradation rates, with the most rapid reduction observed at room temperature and the slowest degradation at −20 °C. Our findings are a reference study providing valuable insights into the preservation of the samples for the testing of the most prevalent SCs of the present day.

合成大麻素主导了市场，对社会产生了有害影响。确定样品中合成大麻素（SCs）的稳定性对于药物检测中的准确检测和定量至关重要。由于设计麻醉剂出现得相当快，新一代大麻素相关化合物也迅速出现。因此，识别、检测和确定药物检测的可信度，以提供更公平的判断是至关重要的。在本研究中，由于缺乏关于稳定性的可用信息，我们旨在确定最佳储存条件，以防止血液样品中四种新一代SCs （MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4-Fluoro MDMB-BICA， 5F-MDMB-PICA和5F-MDMB-PINACA）的降解和保存。收集20名健康志愿者的血液样本，用浓度为10和50 ng/mL的大麻素处理，并在室温、+4°C和- 20°C的温度下保存35天。我们的研究结果显示，随着时间的推移，大麻素浓度逐渐下降，5F-MDMB-PINACA的降解率最高。储存温度对降解率有显著影响，在室温下降解最快，在- 20℃时降解最慢。我们的研究结果是一项参考研究，为当今最普遍的sc测试的样品保存提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial toxins in forensic science: detection, classification, and biosecurity implications − a comprehensive review 微生物毒素在法医科学：检测，分类和生物安全的影响-一个全面的审查

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102761

Gunashree B.S.

Microbial toxins pose a significant threat to forensics due to their potential use in bioterrorism, unintentional exposure to pathogens, and natural outbreaks. This comprehensive review examines existing information and techniques for identifying, characterizing, and studying microbial toxins as forensic evidence. A systematic search was conducted on peer-reviewed literature related to the forensic detection of microbial toxins, classification systems for toxins, and emerging analytical technologies. Major databases were extensively searched using keywords relevant to forensic microbiology, toxin detection, and biosecurity implementation. The three main groups of microbial toxins of particular forensic interest are staphylococcal enterotoxins, clostridial toxins, and mycotoxins. Current advanced detection technologies include surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and next-generation sequencing, all offering greater sensitivity and specificity than previous methods. The CDC bioterrorism threat classification system is crucial for prioritizing threats and guiding responses. Forensic analysis of microbial toxins requires specialized analytical capabilities, rigorous quality assurance systems, and multidisciplinary expertise in microbiology, analytical chemistry, and threat assessment. Combining existing techniques with new technologies enhances both routine surveillance and emergency response capabilities.

微生物毒素可能用于生物恐怖主义、无意接触病原体以及自然暴发，因此对法医构成重大威胁。这篇全面的综述检查了现有的信息和技术，以识别、表征和研究作为法医证据的微生物毒素。系统检索了与微生物毒素法医检测、毒素分类系统和新兴分析技术相关的同行评审文献。使用与法医微生物学、毒素检测和生物安全实施相关的关键词对主要数据库进行了广泛的搜索。法医特别感兴趣的三大类微生物毒素是葡萄球菌肠毒素、梭状芽孢杆菌毒素和真菌毒素。目前先进的检测技术包括表面增强拉曼光谱、液相色谱-质谱和下一代测序，它们都比以前的方法具有更高的灵敏度和特异性。疾病预防控制中心的生物恐怖主义威胁分类系统对于确定威胁的优先次序和指导应对措施至关重要。微生物毒素的法医分析需要专门的分析能力，严格的质量保证体系，以及微生物学、分析化学和威胁评估方面的多学科专业知识。将现有技术与新技术相结合，可增强日常监测和应急响应能力。

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引用次数: 0

Regarding the “Commotio cordis: Insights from a case of blunt chest trauma and a road map for the correct diagnosis” 关于“心脏震颤：钝性胸外伤1例的启示及正确诊断路线图”

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102744

Aleksa Leković , Slobodan Nikolić

引用次数: 0