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There's "magic" in comparative cognition. 比较认知有 "魔力"。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00634-3
Michael J Beran

Among the many important empirical and theoretical contributions in her career Clayton and her colleagues advanced the idea that comparative cognition researchers would benefit from considering the role of magic and the techniques of the magician in some areas of cross-species cognitive study. They provided compelling and exciting studies using the techniques of the magician and demonstrated how those affect nonhuman animals that rely on vision, showing that there are similarities and dissimilarities in how susceptible some nonhuman species are to the magician's effects that typically work so well on human observers.

克莱顿和她的同事们在其职业生涯中做出了许多重要的经验和理论贡献,其中包括提出了比较认知研究人员将受益于考虑魔术和魔术师技术在某些跨物种认知研究领域中的作用这一观点。他们利用魔术师的技巧进行了令人信服和激动人心的研究,并展示了这些技巧是如何影响依赖视觉的非人类动物的,表明一些非人类物种在易受魔术师效应影响的程度上既有相似之处,也有不同之处,而魔术师效应通常对人类观察者非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
Rats show up to 72 h of significant retention for spatial memory in the radial maze. 大鼠在径向迷宫中的空间记忆保持时间长达 72 小时。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00633-4
Chiaki Tanaka, Tohru Taniuchi

This study explored long-term retention of spatial memory in rats using an eight-arm radial maze. Crystal and Babb (Learning and motivation, 39(4), 278-284, 2008) previously demonstrated that rats could retain spatial memory for up to 25 h in the radial maze. Notably, they found performance improved with 48-h intertrial intervals compared with 24-h intervals. Our study investigated the effects of extending intertrial intervals on long-term retention of spatial memory by reducing the potential for proactive interference. Each trial comprised a learning phase, during which subjects were required to sequentially visit four randomly selected arms, followed by a free-choice test that included all eight arms, conducted after increasing the retention and intertrial intervals. The retention intervals were systematically increased from 1 h to 24, 48, and, ultimately, 72 h, with corresponding intertrial intervals expanding from 24 to 48, 120, and 144 h. Performance significantly surpassed chance levels across all conditions, demonstrating that rats are capable of retaining spatial memory for up to 72 h.

本研究利用八臂径向迷宫探索大鼠空间记忆的长期保持。Crystal 和 Babb(《学习与动机》,39(4), 278-284, 2008 年)曾证明,大鼠在径向迷宫中可以保持长达 25 小时的空间记忆。值得注意的是,他们发现与 24 小时的试验间隔相比,48 小时的试验间隔能提高大鼠的表现。我们的研究通过减少潜在的主动干扰,探讨了延长试验间隔对空间记忆长期保持的影响。每次试验由学习阶段和自由选择测试组成,前者要求受试者依次访问随机选择的四个臂膀,后者包括所有八个臂膀。在所有条件下,大鼠的表现都大大超过了偶然水平,这证明大鼠能够将空间记忆保持长达 72 小时。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory replay. 外显记忆重放啮齿动物模型的验证
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00632-5
Cassandra L Sheridan, Danielle Panoz-Brown, Richard M Shiffrin, Jonathon D Crystal

Vivid episodic memories in humans have been described as the replay of the flow of past events in sequential order. Recently, Panoz-Brown et al. Current Biology, 28, 1628-1634, (2018) developed an olfactory memory task in which rats were presented with a list of trial-unique odors in an encoding context; next, in a distinctive memory assessment context, the rats were rewarded for choosing the second to last item from the list while avoiding other items from the list. In a different memory assessment context, the fourth to last item was rewarded. According to the episodic memory replay hypothesis, the rat remembers the list items and searches these items to find the item at the targeted locations in the list. However, events presented sequentially differ in memory trace strength, allowing a rat to use the relative familiarity of the memory traces, instead of episodic memory replay, to solve the task. Here, we directly manipulated memory trace strength by manipulating the odor intensity of target odors in both the list presentation and memory assessment. The rats relied on episodic memory replay to solve the memory assessment in conditions in which reliance on memory trace strength is ruled out. We conclude that rats are able to replay episodic memories.

人类生动的外显记忆被描述为按顺序重放过去事件的流程。最近,Panoz-Brown 等人在 Current Biology, 28, 1628-1634, (2018) 中开发了一项嗅觉记忆任务,在该任务中,大鼠在编码情境中被呈现出一个试验独特气味的列表;接下来,在一个独特的记忆评估情境中,大鼠从列表中选择倒数第二项而避开列表中的其他项目会得到奖励。在另一种记忆评估情境中,大鼠选择倒数第四项获得奖励。根据外显记忆重放假说,大鼠会记住列表中的项目,并搜索这些项目以找到列表中目标位置的项目。然而,依次出现的事件在记忆痕迹强度上有所不同,这使得大鼠可以利用记忆痕迹的相对熟悉程度而不是外显记忆重放来完成任务。在这里,我们通过在列表呈现和记忆评估中操纵目标气味的气味强度来直接操纵记忆痕迹强度。在排除对记忆痕迹强度依赖的条件下,大鼠依靠外显记忆重放来完成记忆评估。我们的结论是,大鼠能够重放外显记忆。
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引用次数: 0
Fellowship of the fin: Fish empathy and oxytocin. 鳍的友谊:鱼的移情作用和催产素。
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00593-1
Adam R Reddon, William T Swaney

Zebrafish exhibit fear contagion, a basic form of empathy, and when observing social fellows that have been exposed to predation cues, will themselves exhibit similar distress behaviours. As in mammals, the nonapeptide hormone oxytocin is essential for this empathic response, and homologous areas of the brain are involved, suggesting that the mechanistic basis of empathy may be conserved among vertebrates.

斑马鱼表现出恐惧传染,这是移情的一种基本形式,当观察到受到捕食暗示的社会同伴时,斑马鱼自己也会表现出类似的痛苦行为。与哺乳动物一样,非肽激素催产素对这种移情反应至关重要,而且大脑的同源区域也参与其中,这表明移情的机理基础可能在脊椎动物中是保守的。
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引用次数: 0
Some like it "local": A review of hierarchical processing in non-human animals. 有些人喜欢它是“局部的”:对非人类动物的分级处理的回顾。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00605-0
Maria Santacà

When seeing a visual image, humans prioritize the perception of global features, which is followed by the assessment of the local ones. This global precedence has been investigated using hierarchical stimuli that consist of a large, global shape formed by the spatial arrangement of small local shapes. Comparing non-human animals to humans, research on global and local processing has revealed a heterogeneous pattern of results with some species exhibiting a local precedence and others a global one. Many factors have been proposed to influence the global and local processing: internal factors (e.g., age, sex) and external elements or perceptual field variables (e.g., stimulus size, visual angle, eccentricity, sparsity). In this review, studies showing that different non-human species process hierarchical stimuli in the same (global precedence) or reverse (local precedence) direction as humans are first collated. Different ecological, perceptual, and anatomical features that may influence global and local processing are subsequently proposed based on a detailed analysis of these studies. This information is likely to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the perceptual organization and visual processing, and could explain the observed differences in hierarchical processing between species.

当看到视觉图像时,人类会优先考虑对全局特征的感知,然后再评估局部特征。这种全局优先已经使用层次刺激进行了研究,该层次刺激由小的局部形状的空间排列形成的大的全局形状组成。将非人类动物与人类进行比较,对全球和局部处理的研究揭示了一种异质的结果模式,一些物种表现出局部优先,另一些则表现出全球优先。已经提出了许多因素来影响全局和局部处理:内部因素(如年龄、性别)和外部因素或感知场变量(如刺激大小、视角、偏心率、稀疏性)。在这篇综述中,研究表明,不同的非人类物种以与人类相同(全局优先)或相反(局部优先)的方向处理层次刺激,这是首次整理的。基于对这些研究的详细分析,随后提出了可能影响全局和局部处理的不同生态、感知和解剖特征。这些信息可能会提高我们对感知组织和视觉处理背后机制的理解,并可以解释观察到的物种之间层次处理的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Ants on featureless saltpans build tall nest mounds. 蚂蚁在毫无特色的盐盘上筑起高高的巢丘。
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00596-y
Ken Cheng

North African desert ants Cataglyphis fortis living on a featureless saltpan far from the shoreline build a mound at their nest entrance. Experimental manipulations show that they do this purposefully to make it easier for returning foragers to find their nest.

北非沙漠蚂蚁 Cataglyphis fortis 生活在远离海岸线、毫无特征的盐盘上,它们在巢穴入口处建造了一个土丘。实验表明,它们这样做是有目的的,目的是让返回的觅食者更容易找到它们的巢穴。
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引用次数: 0
Learning in the honey bee waggle dance. 在蜜蜂摇摆舞中学习。
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00590-4
Aimee S Dunlap

The waggle dance of honey bees is a classic example of complex behavior and communication in animals. Despite long being considered a completely fixed and innate behavior, recent work is showing a role for social learning in tuning components of the waggle dance in naïve bees.

蜜蜂的摇摆舞是动物复杂行为和交流的典型例子。尽管蜜蜂的摇摆舞长期以来一直被认为是一种完全固定的先天性行为,但最近的研究表明,社会学习在调整幼稚蜜蜂摇摆舞的组成部分方面发挥了作用。
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引用次数: 0
Memory for where and when: pigeons use single-code/default strategy. 何时何地记忆:鸽子使用单一代码/默认策略。
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00607-y
Thomas R Zentall, Daniel N Peng

Memory for what, where, and when an event took place has been interpreted as playing a critical role in episodic memory. Moreover, such memory is likely to be important to an animal's ability to efficiently forage for food. In Experiment 1 of the present study, pigeons were trained on a task in which on each trial, one lit stimulus color and location was presented and then another. A cue presented after the last stimulus location signaled that the pigeon was to choose either the first location presented, or the last location presented, to receive a reinforcer. After learning this task, in Experiment 2, the color cue was removed, requiring the pigeons to choose based on location and order alone. In Experiment 3, when a delay was inserted between presentation of the two locations, it had little effect on task accuracy. Results suggested that the pigeons had acquired the task using a single-code/default rule. When presented with the cue indicating that the last location was correct, pigeons selected the location just presented. When presented with the cue indicating that the first location was correct, pigeons chose the other location, by default. In support of this hypothesis, in Experiment 4, when a delay was inserted, prior to receiving the instructional cue, it had a disruptive effect on task accuracy proportional to the delay. Although the present results do not provide evidence for episodic memory, they do suggest that the pigeons have developed a single-code/default strategy that appears to be an efficient means of performing this task.

对事件发生的内容、地点和时间的记忆被解释为在情节记忆中起着关键作用。此外,这种记忆可能对动物有效觅食的能力很重要。在本研究的实验1中,鸽子接受了一项任务的训练,在每项试验中,都会呈现一种光刺激的颜色和位置,然后再呈现另一种。在最后一个刺激位置之后出现的提示表明鸽子要选择出现的第一个位置或出现的最后一个位置来接受加强剂。在学习了这项任务后,在实验2中,取消了颜色提示,要求鸽子仅根据位置和顺序进行选择。在实验3中,当在两个位置的呈现之间插入延迟时,它对任务准确性几乎没有影响。结果表明,鸽子使用单一代码/默认规则获得了任务。当提示最后一个位置是正确的时,鸽子选择了刚刚提示的位置。当提示第一个位置正确时,鸽子默认选择另一个位置。为了支持这一假设,在实验4中,当在接收到教学提示之前插入延迟时,它对任务准确性产生了与延迟成比例的破坏性影响。尽管目前的结果没有为情节记忆提供证据,但它们确实表明鸽子已经开发了一种单一的代码/默认策略,这似乎是执行这项任务的有效手段。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating boundary-geometry use by whip spiders (Phrynus marginemaculatus) during goal-directed navigation. 研究鞭蛛(Phrynus marginemaculatus)在目标导航过程中对边界几何的使用。
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00600-5
Vincent J Coppola, Hannah E Caram, Cecilia Robeson, Sophia M Beeler, Eileen A Hebets, Daniel D Wiegmann, Verner P Bingman

Previous studies have shown that whip spiders (Amblypygi) can use a variety of cues to navigate to and recognize a home refuge. The current study aimed to determine whether whip spiders were capable of using the boundary geometry of an experimental space (geometric information) to guide goal-directed navigation and to investigate any preferential use of geometric or feature (visual) information. Animals were first trained to find a goal location situated in one corner of a rectangular arena (geometric information) fronting a dark-green-colored wall, which created a brightness contrast with the other three white walls (feature information). Various probe trials were then implemented to determine cue use. It was found that animals were capable of directing their choice behavior towards geometrically correct corners at a rate significantly higher than chance, even when the feature cue was removed. By contrast, choice behavior dropped to random chance when geometric information was removed (test in a square arena) and only feature information remained. Choice behavior was also reduced to chance when geometric and feature information were set in conflict (by moving the feature cue to one of the longer walls in the rectangular arena). The data thus suggest that whip spiders are capable of using geometric information to guide goal-directed navigation and that geometric information is preferred over feature guidance, although a feature cue may set the context for activating geometry-guided navigation. Experimental design limitations and future directions are discussed.

以往的研究表明,鞭蜘蛛(Amblypygi)可以利用各种线索导航并识别家庭避难所。本研究旨在确定鞭毛蜘蛛是否能够利用实验空间的边界几何(几何信息)来引导目标导航,并调查几何信息或特征(视觉)信息的优先使用情况。首先训练动物找到一个目标位置,该位置位于一个矩形竞技场的一角(几何信息),竞技场正面是一面深绿色的墙壁,与其他三面白色墙壁形成亮度对比(特征信息)。然后进行了各种探究试验,以确定线索的使用情况。结果发现,即使去掉特征线索,动物也能将其选择行为指向几何上正确的角落,而且选择率明显高于偶然性。与此相反,当几何信息被移除(在正方形场地中进行测试)而只保留特征信息时,动物的选择行为会下降到随机概率。当几何信息和特征信息发生冲突时(将特征线索移到长方形竞技场中较长的墙壁上),选择行为也会降低到偶然水平。因此,这些数据表明,鞭蛛能够利用几何信息来引导目标导航,而且几何信息比特征引导更受青睐,尽管特征线索可能会为激活几何引导导航设置情境。本文讨论了实验设计的局限性和未来发展方向。
{"title":"Investigating boundary-geometry use by whip spiders (Phrynus marginemaculatus) during goal-directed navigation.","authors":"Vincent J Coppola, Hannah E Caram, Cecilia Robeson, Sophia M Beeler, Eileen A Hebets, Daniel D Wiegmann, Verner P Bingman","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00600-5","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00600-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have shown that whip spiders (Amblypygi) can use a variety of cues to navigate to and recognize a home refuge. The current study aimed to determine whether whip spiders were capable of using the boundary geometry of an experimental space (geometric information) to guide goal-directed navigation and to investigate any preferential use of geometric or feature (visual) information. Animals were first trained to find a goal location situated in one corner of a rectangular arena (geometric information) fronting a dark-green-colored wall, which created a brightness contrast with the other three white walls (feature information). Various probe trials were then implemented to determine cue use. It was found that animals were capable of directing their choice behavior towards geometrically correct corners at a rate significantly higher than chance, even when the feature cue was removed. By contrast, choice behavior dropped to random chance when geometric information was removed (test in a square arena) and only feature information remained. Choice behavior was also reduced to chance when geometric and feature information were set in conflict (by moving the feature cue to one of the longer walls in the rectangular arena). The data thus suggest that whip spiders are capable of using geometric information to guide goal-directed navigation and that geometric information is preferred over feature guidance, although a feature cue may set the context for activating geometry-guided navigation. Experimental design limitations and future directions are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10443948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are there sex differences in spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze? A large-sample experimental study. 在Morris水迷宫中,空间参考记忆是否存在性别差异?大样本实验研究。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00598-w
Candela Zorzo, Jorge L Arias, Marta Méndez

Sex differences have been found in allocentric spatial learning and memory tasks, with the literature indicating that males outperform females, although this issue is still controversial. This study aimed to explore the behavior of male and female rats during the habituation and learning of a spatial memory task performed in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). The study included a large sample of 89 males and 85 females. We found that females searched slightly faster than males during habituation with a visible platform. During learning, both male and female rats decreased the latency and distance traveled to find the hidden platform over the days, with males outperforming females in the distance traveled. Females swam faster but did not find the platform earlier, suggesting a less directed navigational strategy. Both sexes increased time spent in the target zone over the days, with no sex differences. Although females swam more in the periphery during the first days of the task, both sexes decreased the time spent in this area. Finally, only males increased swimming in the pool's center over the days, spending more time than females in this area across the entire training. In conclusion, we need to register several variables in the MWM and analyze path strategies to obtain more robust results concerning sex differences. Research on spatial learning should include both sexes to achieve a more equitable, representative, and translational science.

在异中心空间学习和记忆任务中发现了性别差异,文献表明男性的表现优于女性,尽管这个问题仍然存在争议。本研究旨在探讨雄性和雌性大鼠在莫里斯水迷宫(MWM)中进行空间记忆任务的习惯化和学习过程中的行为。这项研究包括89名男性和85名女性的大样本。我们发现,在有可见平台的习惯化过程中,女性的搜索速度略高于男性。在学习过程中,雄性和雌性大鼠在几天内都减少了寻找隐藏平台的潜伏期和行程,雄性大鼠的行程优于雌性大鼠。雌性游得更快,但没有更早地找到平台,这表明它们的导航策略不那么直接。几天来,两性在目标区域的时间都增加了,没有性别差异。尽管在任务的头几天,雌性在外围游得更多,但两性都减少了在这一区域的时间。最后,在整个训练过程中,只有雄性在游泳池中心增加了游泳次数,在这一区域花费的时间比雌性多。总之,我们需要在MWM中注册几个变量,并分析路径策略,以获得关于性别差异的更稳健的结果。空间学习的研究应该包括两性,以实现更公平、更具代表性和更具转化性的科学。
{"title":"Are there sex differences in spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze? A large-sample experimental study.","authors":"Candela Zorzo, Jorge L Arias, Marta Méndez","doi":"10.3758/s13420-023-00598-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13420-023-00598-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex differences have been found in allocentric spatial learning and memory tasks, with the literature indicating that males outperform females, although this issue is still controversial. This study aimed to explore the behavior of male and female rats during the habituation and learning of a spatial memory task performed in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). The study included a large sample of 89 males and 85 females. We found that females searched slightly faster than males during habituation with a visible platform. During learning, both male and female rats decreased the latency and distance traveled to find the hidden platform over the days, with males outperforming females in the distance traveled. Females swam faster but did not find the platform earlier, suggesting a less directed navigational strategy. Both sexes increased time spent in the target zone over the days, with no sex differences. Although females swam more in the periphery during the first days of the task, both sexes decreased the time spent in this area. Finally, only males increased swimming in the pool's center over the days, spending more time than females in this area across the entire training. In conclusion, we need to register several variables in the MWM and analyze path strategies to obtain more robust results concerning sex differences. Research on spatial learning should include both sexes to achieve a more equitable, representative, and translational science.</p>","PeriodicalId":49914,"journal":{"name":"Learning & Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11186955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10657399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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