Journal of Vegetation Science最新文献_第4页

The effect of neighbor species' phylogenetic and trait difference on tree growth in subtropical forests 邻近物种的系统发育和性状差异对亚热带森林树木生长的影响

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13296

Joice Klipel, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Kauane Maiara Bordin, Rayana Caroline Picolotto, Sandra Cristina Müller, Francesco de Bello

Questions

To comprehensively understand ecological dynamics within a forest ecosystem, it is vital to explore how surrounding trees influence the growth of individual trees in a community. This study investigates the importance of biotic interactions on tree growth by examining several metrics of competitive interactions and community structure and considering three classes of intrinsic growth rates among the focal individuals: slower, intermediate, and faster-growing trees. We also separated the focal trees based on their canopy position.

Location

Brazilian subtropical forests.

Methods

We assessed various factors related to the focal trees and their neighbors, including differences in traits, neighborhood crowding, phylogenetic distance, and overall trait composition within the community. We then ran linear mixed-effects models to test how these different metrics influenced the growth rates of the focal trees.

Results

Our results indicate that phylogenetic distance is linked to higher growth. Specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area (LA), and wood density (WD) are significantly related to tree growth. Trees surrounded by neighbors with higher SLA than themselves grow better, particularly smaller trees. Similarly, taller trees with smaller LA than their neighbors grow better. Trees in the intermediary growth class grow better when they have higher WD than their neighbors. Conversely, smaller trees benefit from greater WD difference between the focal trees and their neighbors, while height difference negatively impacts faster-growing trees. Moreover, communities with higher SLA and WD positively impact the growth of faster-growing trees.

Conclusions

We conclude that the interactions between trees are mediated by their ecological differences, but the performance and responses to surrounding competitors vary along with their grow class and position within a community. This study has revealed that the tree's intrinsic growth rate mediates the effect of traits and phylogeny of surrounding trees on individual tree growth.

问题为了全面了解森林生态系统中的生态动态，探索周围树木如何影响群落中单个树木的生长至关重要。本研究通过考察竞争性相互作用和群落结构的几个指标，并考虑焦点个体的三类内在生长率：生长较慢、中等和较快的树木，研究了生物相互作用对树木生长的重要性。我们评估了与焦点树及其邻居相关的各种因素，包括性状差异、邻居拥挤程度、系统发育距离以及群落内的总体性状组成。结果我们的结果表明，系统发育距离与较高的生长率有关。比叶面积（SLA）、叶面积（LA）和木质密度（WD）与树木生长有显著关系。被比自身 SLA 更高的邻居包围的树木生长得更好，尤其是较小的树木。同样，LA 小于其邻居的高大树木生长得更好。处于中间生长等级的树木，如果其 WD 比邻居高，则生长得更好。相反，较小的树木会从焦点树木与其邻居之间较大的 WD 差异中受益，而高度差异则会对生长较快的树木产生负面影响。此外，具有较高 SLA 和 WD 的群落会对生长速度较快的树木的生长产生积极影响。这项研究揭示了树木的内在生长速度介导了周围树木的性状和系统发育对树木个体生长的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Beta diversity of restored river dike grasslands is strongly influenced by uncontrolled spatio-temporal variability 恢复后的河堤草地的 Beta 多样性受到不受控制的时空变化的强烈影响

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13293

Markus Bauer, Jakob K. Huber, Johannes Kollmann

Aims

Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of restoration outcomes is crucial to improve predictability of restoration. High beta diversity of species-rich communities is sought because it increases overall biodiversity and improves ecosystem stability and multifunctionality. For predictive restoration, it is important to identify the significance of drivers like site characteristics but also uncontrolled factors such as spatial effects, historical factors, and year effects.

Location

Dikes at river Danube, SE Germany.

Methods

We studied dike grasslands 4–19 years after restoration over five years (2017–2021, 41 plots in 12 sites). We calculated beta diversity indices to describe spatial variation and temporal turnover, including their additive components ‘replacement’ and ‘nestedness’, or ‘gains’ and ‘losses’. We analysed the main drivers of beta diversity like local site characteristics, landscape, and historical factors.

Results

Spatial variation of the restored dike grasslands was dominated by the replacement component and showed no homogenisation despite a significant temporal turnover. The replacement drivers changed over time, although replacement was mainly affected by slope aspect and landscape factors. Historical factors were inconsistent over time, and no statistically clear drivers of nestedness were found. The dike grasslands exhibited a year-to-year turnover in species composition of 37 ± 11%. Gains and losses were balanced over time, although the ratio changed and was most pronounced on south-facing slopes.

Conclusions

The restored grasslands exhibited spatial variation by site characteristics but also by spatial factors which were not controlled by restorations. Moreover, high non-directional temporal turnover occurred, caused most likely by weather fluctuations, slightly varying management, and stochastic biotic dynamics. Thus, flexible targets are recommended for restoration monitoring, by defining a set of desired states within a certain range. Furthermore, the dominance of the replacement component of spatial variation should move the focus from defining one precise restoration approach to defining a set of possible methods which together would foster beta diversity.

目的了解恢复结果的时空模式对于提高恢复的可预测性至关重要。人们追求物种丰富群落的高贝塔多样性，因为它能增加整体生物多样性，提高生态系统的稳定性和多功能性。对于预测性恢复而言，重要的是要确定场地特征等驱动因素的重要性，以及空间效应、历史因素和年份效应等不可控因素的重要性。地点德国东南部多瑙河畔的堤坝。方法我们对恢复后 4-19 年的堤坝草地进行了为期五年的研究（2017-2021 年，12 个地点的 41 个地块）。我们计算了贝塔多样性指数，以描述空间变化和时间更替，包括其加法成分 "替换 "和 "嵌套"，或 "收益 "和 "损失"。我们分析了贝塔多样性的主要驱动因素，如当地地点特征、景观和历史因素。结果恢复后的堤坝草地的空间变化以替换成分为主，尽管有显著的时间更替，但没有出现同质化现象。替换驱动因素随时间而变化，但替换主要受坡度和景观因素的影响。历史因素随着时间的推移而不一致，在统计上也没有发现明显的嵌套驱动因素。堤坝草地的物种组成年际更替率为 37 ± 11%。随着时间的推移，物种的增加和减少是平衡的，尽管比例发生了变化，并且在朝南的斜坡上最为明显。结论恢复后的草地表现出不同地点特征的空间变化，但也受到不受恢复控制的空间因素的影响。此外，还出现了高度的非定向时间更替，这很可能是由天气波动、略有不同的管理和随机的生物动态造成的。因此，建议在恢复监测中采用灵活的目标，在一定范围内确定一组理想状态。此外，由于空间变化中的置换成分占主导地位，因此应将重点从确定一种精确的恢复方法转移到确定一系列可能的方法上，这些方法将共同促进贝塔多样性。

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引用次数: 0

The importance of considering temporal intraspecific trait variation in Campos grasslands 考虑坎波斯草原种内性状时间变异的重要性

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13294

Nicolas Caram, Felipe Casalás, Marcelo O. Wallau, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Pablo Soca, Mónica Cadenazzi, Pablo Boggiano

Aims

Changes in species composition and intraspecific trait variation are recognized as potential drivers of population and community temporal dynamics but their independent and overlapping effects have not been distinguished conclusively. Our goal was to quantify the relevance of temporal vs spatial changes in species composition and intraspecific trait variations when assessing community responses to seasonality, grazing pressure and above-ground biomass gradients.

Location

Campos grassland in northeastern Uruguay.

Methods

Leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, leaf width and tensile strength of dominant grass species were assessed across summer–autumn, winter, and spring seasons, under two grazing pressures. Species composition and above-ground biomass were estimated in 20 × 20-cm permanent quadrats within each season. Species trait variability was decomposed across space and time using hierarchical linear mixed models, while the spatio-temporal community functional variation was decomposed into species turnover (abundance and/or species identity shifts) and intraspecific trait variation. Additionally, we explored the relevance of including or not including temporal intraspecific trait variation on community responses to seasonality, above-ground biomass and grazing pressure using linear mixed models.

Results

Intraspecific trait variation explained 22.4%–66.5% of total trait variability, and it was generally more important across time than space, which accounted for 12.2%–57.7% of total variability. The within-species trait variability was generally more important than species turnover in explaining the community spatio-temporal functional variation. In general, seasonality more strongly caused intraspecific changes while the above-ground biomass gradient caused species turnover. Functional community responses to grazing pressure, above-ground biomass and seasonality were affected by considering or not considering intraspecific trait variation.

Conclusions

Trait variation within species across seasons is at least equally important as variation within species across space. Its influence in the functional changes of vegetation should not be considered only along environmental gradients but also through time.

目的物种组成和种内性状变异被认为是种群和群落时间动态的潜在驱动因素，但它们的独立和重叠效应尚未得到明确区分。我们的目标是在评估群落对季节性、放牧压力和地上生物量梯度的响应时，量化物种组成和种内性状变化的时间与空间变化的相关性。方法在两种放牧压力下，评估夏秋、冬春三季主要草种的叶干物质含量、比叶面积、叶宽和抗张强度。在每个季节中，在 20 × 20 厘米的永久性四分格中估算物种组成和地上生物量。物种性状变异采用分层线性混合模型进行跨时空分解，而群落功能的时空变异则分解为物种更替（丰度和/或物种身份转变）和种内性状变异。此外，我们还利用线性混合模型探讨了种内性状变异与群落对季节性、地上生物量和放牧压力反应的相关性。结果种内性状变异解释了总性状变异的 22.4%-66.5%，它在时间上的重要性通常高于空间，后者占总变异的 12.2%-57.7%。在解释群落时空功能变异时，种内性状变异通常比物种更替更重要。一般来说，季节性对种内变化的影响更大，而地上生物量梯度对物种更替的影响更大。考虑或不考虑种内性状变异都会影响群落对放牧压力、地上生物量和季节性的功能响应。其对植被功能变化的影响不应只考虑环境梯度，还应考虑时间上的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Trait correlation and the assembly of island plant communities: Evidence from the Southwest Pacific 性状相关性与岛屿植物群落的组合：西南太平洋的证据

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13291

Riccardo Ciarle

Aims

Predictable and consistent differences between island and mainland organisms arising from biased colonization/establishment are known as insular assembly rules. Baker's rule is a long-standing assembly rule predicting that the incidence of dioecy among early island colonizers should be lower than that of the mainland source pool. While Baker's rule is an established pattern of island floras, whether it results from trait correlation or factors other than insularity remains poorly understood. Here, I investigated the relative roles of insularity, climate, and dioecy-correlated traits in regulating the incidence of dioecy across islands.

Location

Southwest Pacific.

Methods

I amassed a data set of 485 plant species distributed across eight archipelagos surrounding New Zealand. Trait correlation was estimated using an association rule algorithm. I then used a null model and undirected network models to test for Baker's rule and to disentangle the relative roles of insularity, climate, and dioecy-correlated traits in filtering dioecy among undifferentiated island colonizers.

Results

Some archipelagos conformed to Baker's rule, but the incidence of dioecy was not directly linked to insularity. Instead, it was directly regulated by dioecy-related traits, that is, fleshy-fruitedness and woody habit, which in turn were primarily driven by climate.

Conclusions

Island assembly rules can result from trait correlation. While results were partially consistent with predictions by Baker's rules, this resulted from dioecy-related traits being largely excluded from island colonization/establishment because of climatic factors, not insularity. Geographic variation in this plant breeding system can be determined endogenously, rather than by being filtered directly by the characteristics of islands per se.

目的岛屿生物与大陆生物之间因偏向定殖/建群而产生的可预测的一致差异被称为岛屿集合规则。贝克规则是一个由来已久的集合规则，它预测早期岛屿殖民者的雌雄异体发生率应低于大陆源池的发生率。虽然贝克规则是岛屿植物区系的既定模式，但人们对它是由性状相关性还是岛屿性以外的其他因素造成的仍知之甚少。在此，我研究了岛屿性、气候和雌雄异体相关性状在调节岛屿间雌雄异体发生率中的相对作用。使用关联规则算法估算了性状相关性。结果一些群岛符合贝克规则，但雌雄异株的发生率与岛屿的孤岛性没有直接联系。相反，它直接受与雌雄同株相关的性状（即肉果性和木质习性）的调节，而这些性状又主要受气候的影响。虽然结果与贝克规则的预测部分一致，但这是由于与雌雄异体相关的性状在很大程度上被排除在岛屿殖民/建立之外，原因在于气候因素，而非岛屿性。这种植物育种系统中的地理变异是由内生因素决定的，而不是由岛屿本身的特征直接筛选出来的。

{"title":"Trait correlation and the assembly of island plant communities: Evidence from the Southwest Pacific","authors":"Riccardo Ciarle","doi":"10.1111/jvs.13291","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvs.13291","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Predictable and consistent differences between island and mainland organisms arising from biased colonization/establishment are known as insular assembly rules. Baker's rule is a long-standing assembly rule predicting that the incidence of dioecy among early island colonizers should be lower than that of the mainland source pool. While Baker's rule is an established pattern of island floras, whether it results from trait correlation or factors other than insularity remains poorly understood. Here, I investigated the relative roles of insularity, climate, and dioecy-correlated traits in regulating the incidence of dioecy across islands.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Southwest Pacific.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>I amassed a data set of 485 plant species distributed across eight archipelagos surrounding New Zealand. Trait correlation was estimated using an association rule algorithm. I then used a null model and undirected network models to test for Baker's rule and to disentangle the relative roles of insularity, climate, and dioecy-correlated traits in filtering dioecy among undifferentiated island colonizers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some archipelagos conformed to Baker's rule, but the incidence of dioecy was not directly linked to insularity. Instead, it was directly regulated by dioecy-related traits, that is, fleshy-fruitedness and woody habit, which in turn were primarily driven by climate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Island assembly rules can result from trait correlation. While results were partially consistent with predictions by Baker's rules, this resulted from dioecy-related traits being largely excluded from island colonization/establishment because of climatic factors, not insularity. Geographic variation in this plant breeding system can be determined endogenously, rather than by being filtered directly by the characteristics of islands per se.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49965,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vegetation Science","volume":"35 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Taxonomic and functional changes in mountain meadow communities four years after transplantation to a lowland environment 移植到低地环境四年后高山草甸群落的分类和功能变化

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13280

Sylvia Haider, Carolin Schaub, Susanne Lachmuth

Aims

Climate warming at high altitudes occurs at an above-average rate. Due to short geographical distances, warm-adapted species might establish rapidly in mountain communities, while cold-adapted specialists are likely to locally disappear, sometimes after a lag phase. Here, we investigate changes not only of the community composition of species-rich mountain meadows, but also resulting alterations of their functional identity and diversity. Thereby, we hypothesize that transplantation to a warmer lowland environment leads to a shift towards a more acquisitive resource-use strategy, caused by the immigration of lowland species. Temporarily this leads to an increase in functional diversity through the lagged extinction of high-altitude species with conservative resource-use strategies.

Location

European Alps, Germany.

Methods

Using a space-for-time substitution, we conducted a community transplant experiment at a high- and low-elevation common garden site, where we compared the development of highland communities transplanted to the warmer low-elevation site and control plant communities locally replanted at both sites over a period of 4 years after transplantation. In situ, we collected functional leaf morphological and biochemical traits based on which we calculated community weighted mean traits as well as community functional richness and functional divergence.

Results

Species richness of the communities transplanted to the low-elevation site increased over time, resulting from more species invasions than disappearances. This led to increasing similarity between transplanted highland communities and local lowland communities, and to greater functional richness and divergence 4 years after transplantation, although mean community traits did not diverge yet.

Conclusions

Although the exposure to warmer temperatures did not immediately lead to the extinction of typical mountain meadow species, substantial community changes are expected through immigration of warm-adapted species. Resulting changes in the functional characteristics of mountain communities are likely to modify competition regimes within these communities, which might accelerate the local extinction of mountain specialists.

目的高海拔地区的气候变暖速度高于平均水平。由于地理距离短，适应暖气候的物种可能会在山区群落中迅速立足，而适应寒冷气候的特异物种则可能会在当地消失，有时会经过一个滞后阶段。在这里，我们不仅要研究物种丰富的高山草甸群落组成的变化，还要研究其功能特性和多样性的变化。因此，我们假设，移植到较温暖的低地环境后，低地物种的迁入会导致资源利用策略的转变。方法我们在高海拔和低海拔的共同园地进行了群落移植实验，比较了移植到较温暖的低海拔园地的高原群落和在两个园地当地重新种植的对照植物群落在移植后 4 年内的发展情况。结果移植到低海拔地区的群落物种丰富度随着时间的推移而增加，物种入侵多于物种消失。这导致移植的高地群落与当地低地群落之间的相似性不断增加，并在移植 4 年后出现了更大的功能丰富度和分化，尽管平均群落特征尚未分化。山地群落功能特征的变化很可能会改变这些群落内部的竞争机制，这可能会加速山地特异物种在当地的灭绝。

{"title":"Taxonomic and functional changes in mountain meadow communities four years after transplantation to a lowland environment","authors":"Sylvia Haider, Carolin Schaub, Susanne Lachmuth","doi":"10.1111/jvs.13280","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvs.13280","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Climate warming at high altitudes occurs at an above-average rate. Due to short geographical distances, warm-adapted species might establish rapidly in mountain communities, while cold-adapted specialists are likely to locally disappear, sometimes after a lag phase. Here, we investigate changes not only of the community composition of species-rich mountain meadows, but also resulting alterations of their functional identity and diversity. Thereby, we hypothesize that transplantation to a warmer lowland environment leads to a shift towards a more acquisitive resource-use strategy, caused by the immigration of lowland species. Temporarily this leads to an increase in functional diversity through the lagged extinction of high-altitude species with conservative resource-use strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>European Alps, Germany.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a space-for-time substitution, we conducted a community transplant experiment at a high- and low-elevation common garden site, where we compared the development of highland communities transplanted to the warmer low-elevation site and control plant communities locally replanted at both sites over a period of 4 years after transplantation. In situ, we collected functional leaf morphological and biochemical traits based on which we calculated community weighted mean traits as well as community functional richness and functional divergence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Species richness of the communities transplanted to the low-elevation site increased over time, resulting from more species invasions than disappearances. This led to increasing similarity between transplanted highland communities and local lowland communities, and to greater functional richness and divergence 4 years after transplantation, although mean community traits did not diverge yet.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the exposure to warmer temperatures did not immediately lead to the extinction of typical mountain meadow species, substantial community changes are expected through immigration of warm-adapted species. Resulting changes in the functional characteristics of mountain communities are likely to modify competition regimes within these communities, which might accelerate the local extinction of mountain specialists.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49965,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vegetation Science","volume":"35 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvs.13280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Elevational shifts in tree community composition in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest related to climate change 与气候变化有关的巴西大西洋森林树木群落组成的高程变化

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13289

Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Vinicius Augusto Galvão Bastazini, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Kauane Maiara Bordin, Joice Klipel, Vanderlei Júlio Debastiani, Alexander Christian Vibrans, Rafael Loyola, Sandra Cristina Müller

Question

Climate change induces shifts in species distributions, ultimately changing community composition. Mountains are especially sensitive to climate change, and tree species are predicted to move towards higher elevations, but observed changes are not always unidirectional. The diversity and complexity of tropical and subtropical systems limits our understanding of climate-induced responses of subtropical mountain forests. Here, we investigated migration trends in tree community composition along an elevational gradient, and between the transition from lowland to montane forests in subtropical forests.

Location

Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Methods

We used thermal affiliations of 627 tree species to calculate community temperature scores (CTS) for different life-history stages of trees in 96 permanent plots. We compared CTS of different life-history stages across space and time.

Results

Most tree communities (58%) did not show a significant difference of CTS between life-history stages, indicating a non-migration trend. On the other hand, 27% of tree communities showed upward migration and 15% downward migration. Upward migration was more common in montane forests, and downward migration in lowland forests. Our temporal analysis shows significant changes in CTS values for juvenile communities with 0.36°C decrease in lowland forests and 0.34°C increase in montane forests.

Conclusions

Contrasting results between lowland and montane forest communities indicate that the transition zone influences migration patterns and may reflect differences in species’ thermal limitations, as well as by non-thermal factors such as biotic interactions. Our findings provide the first evidence of climate change-induced community shifts in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We demonstrated that upward migration trends were predominantly observed in montane–upper mountain forests, while downward migrations were noted in lowland–submontane forests. The thermophilization of montane forests may suggest an increased risk of reduction for cold-demanding species under climate change scenarios.

问题气候变化会引起物种分布的变化，最终改变群落组成。山区对气候变化尤为敏感，预计树种会向高海拔地区迁移，但观测到的变化并不总是单向的。热带和亚热带系统的多样性和复杂性限制了我们对亚热带山地森林由气候引起的反应的了解。在这里，我们研究了树木群落组成沿着海拔梯度的迁移趋势，以及亚热带森林从低地森林向山地森林过渡的趋势。方法我们利用 627 种树木的热隶属关系，计算了 96 个永久性地块中不同生命史阶段树木的群落温度得分（CTS）。结果大多数树木群落（58%）在不同生命史阶段的群落温度得分（CTS）之间没有显著差异，表明没有迁移趋势。另一方面，27%的树木群落表现出向上迁移，15%向下迁移。在山地森林中，向上迁移更为常见，而在低地森林中，向下迁移则更为常见。我们的时间分析表明，幼树群落的 CTS 值发生了显著变化，低地森林的 CTS 值下降了 0.36°C，而山地森林的 CTS 值上升了 0.34°C。结论低地森林群落和山地森林群落之间的对比结果表明，过渡带影响了迁移模式，可能反映了物种热限制的差异，以及生物相互作用等非热因素的影响。我们的研究结果首次证明了气候变化引起的巴西大西洋森林群落迁移。我们证明，在高山-高山森林中主要观察到向上迁移的趋势，而在低地-次高山森林中则观察到向下迁移的趋势。高山森林的嗜热化可能表明，在气候变化情况下，冷需求物种减少的风险增加。

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引用次数: 0

Habitat loss and isolation threaten specialist flora in Baltic coastal meadows 栖息地丧失和隔离威胁波罗的海沿岸草地的特种植物区系

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13290

Lukas Rimondini, Adam Kimberley, Sara A. O. Cousins

Questions

Baltic coastal meadows are ecologically unique habitats that have been severely impacted by habitat loss and environmental change. To determine the effects of habitat loss and isolation on their plant communities, we analysed the relationships between species richness and habitat size and amount. Because coastal meadows host species with a vast array of traits, we expected responses to vary between species groups.

Location

Swedish Baltic coast.

Methods

We inventoried the presence of vascular plant species in twenty-eight 1-m² plots placed along edaphically defined transects in fifteen coastal meadows. We determined the richness of three species groups: all species, halophytes and inland grassland specialists. We then mapped the habitat for coastal grassland plants using GIS overlay analysis. Using this habitat map, we calculated two variables: “habitat size” and “habitat amount”. We tested correlations between species richness measures and habitat variables, as well as determining the distribution of species traits within meadows.

Results

We recorded 174 plant species, of which 6 were halophytes and 35 were inland grassland specialists. Species traits coincided with edaphic sea-to-land gradients. Halophyte and inland grassland specialist richness were significantly correlated with both habitat variables (r = 0.52–0.71). No correlations were found with total species richness. Our habitat map showed that there are 8,900 ha of managed Baltic coastal meadow left in Sweden, mostly in the south.

Conclusions

Species traits and distribution play a major role in determining persistence in the face of habitat loss and environmental change. This is especially true for some halophyte populations, which are more susceptible to habitat size and isolation because of their specialisation. Furthermore, they risk being squeezed between the dual threats of encroaching succession and sea-level rise. Preventing habitat loss, restoring meadows and increasing connectivity is crucial for the persistence of specialist plant species.

问题波罗的海沿岸草甸是生态独特的栖息地，受到栖息地丧失和环境变化的严重影响。为了确定栖息地丧失和隔离对其植物群落的影响，我们分析了物种丰富度与栖息地大小和数量之间的关系。地点瑞典波罗的海沿岸。方法我们在 15 个沿岸草甸中沿气候条件确定的横断面设置的 28 个 1 平方米的地块中调查了维管植物物种的存在情况。我们确定了三个物种群的丰富度：所有物种、卤代植物和内陆草地专类植物。然后，我们利用 GIS 叠加分析绘制了沿海草地植物的生境图。利用这张栖息地地图，我们计算出了两个变量："栖息地大小 "和 "栖息地数量"："栖息地大小 "和 "栖息地数量"。我们测试了物种丰富度测量值与栖息地变量之间的相关性，并确定了草地内物种特征的分布。物种特征与从海洋到陆地的气候梯度相吻合。盐生植物和内陆草地专性植物的丰富度与两个生境变量有明显的相关性（r = 0.52-0.71）。与总物种丰富度没有相关性。我们的栖息地地图显示，瑞典还有 8,900 公顷受管理的波罗的海沿岸草地，主要在南部。对于一些卤叶植物种群来说尤其如此，因为它们的特异性更容易受到栖息地面积和隔离的影响。此外，它们还有可能被蚕食演替和海平面上升的双重威胁所挤压。防止栖息地丧失、恢复草地和增加连通性对于专性植物物种的持续生存至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Exotic wild boars and native wild guinea pigs maintain plant diversity in Argentinean coastal grasslands by decreasing plant dominance 外来野猪和本地野生豚鼠通过降低植物优势保持阿根廷沿海草地的植物多样性

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13287

Camila Rocca, Jesús Pascual, Clara Diaz de Astarloa, Pedro Daleo, Oscar Iribarne, Juan Alberti

Question

In productive grasslands highly dominated by a single plant species, herbivores can promote overall plant diversity. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) often decrease species diversity, alter regeneration and change community composition in their native and invader ranges while digging and uprooting vegetation for feeding. In addition, wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea), a small vertebrate herbivore native to South America, concentrate their feeding activities in open patches where they also affect plant diversity, biomass and composition. In this context, can wild-boar disturbances promote plant diversity in herbaceous systems characterized by a highly dominant species? Can native wild guinea pigs magnify these impacts?

Location

Coastal grasslands and salt marshes of the northeastern part of the temperate Argentine pampas, that are dominated by native or exotic herbaceous species.

Methods

We first analyzed alpha- and beta-diversity of plant assemblies in three natural coastal herbaceous areas, invaded by wild boars, through samplings (comparing disturbed and undisturbed areas) and experiments (using exclosures and control plots). Then, we analyzed whether wild guinea pigs could affect patch recovery (alpha- and beta-diversity) after wild-boar disturbances in one site.

Results

Wild boars enhanced alpha-diversity (compared to undisturbed areas) but had no significant effect on beta-diversity. Nevertheless, wild guinea pigs feeding on wild-boar disturbances increased between-patch heterogeneity in species composition (i.e., beta-diversity).

Conclusion

Wild boars remove vegetation in patches that, without subsequent wild-guinea-pig herbivory, dominant species rapidly recover. Wild-guinea-pig herbivory allows different subordinate species to peak at different disturbed patches, contributing to larger species richness at larger scales in areas otherwise occupied by highly dominant plant species. In a wider context, these results imply that the joint action of different-sized exotic and native herbivores can help to maintain plant species diversity in highly plant-dominated grasslands.

问题在以单一植物物种为主的高产草地上，食草动物可以促进植物的整体多样性。野猪（Sus scrofa）在其原生地和入侵地觅食时，往往会减少物种多样性、改变再生和群落组成。此外，野生豚鼠（Cavia aperea）是一种原产于南美洲的小型脊椎食草动物，它们的觅食活动集中在空旷地带，也会影响植物的多样性、生物量和组成。在这种情况下，野豚鼠的干扰能否促进以高度优势物种为特征的草本系统中的植物多样性？本地野生豚鼠是否会放大这些影响？地点阿根廷温带潘帕斯草原东北部的沿海草地和盐沼，这些草地和盐沼以本地或外来草本物种为主。方法我们首先通过取样（比较受干扰区域和未受干扰区域）和实验（使用围栏和对照地块），分析了受野猪入侵的三个天然沿海草本植物区植物组合的α-和β-多样性。然后，我们在一个地点分析了野豚鼠是否会影响野猪干扰后的斑块恢复（α-和β-多样性）。结果野猪提高了α-多样性（与未受干扰的区域相比），但对β-多样性没有显著影响。然而，以野猪扰动区为食的野生豚鼠增加了斑块间物种组成的异质性（即贝塔多样性）。结论野猪清除的植被斑块，如果没有随后的野豚鼠食草，优势物种会迅速恢复。野生几内亚猪的食草行为使不同的从属物种在不同的受干扰斑块上达到高峰，从而使原本被高度优势植物物种占据的区域在更大范围内物种更加丰富。从更广泛的角度来看，这些结果表明，不同大小的外来和本地食草动物的共同作用有助于维持高度以植物为主的草地的植物物种多样性。

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引用次数: 0

A spatiotemporal comparison of interobserver error in vegetation sampling 植被采样中观察者间误差的时空比较

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13286

Lloyd W. Morrison, Sherry A. Leis, Mary F. Short, Michael D. DeBacker

Questions

We asked how interobserver error in sampling vegetation (excluding trees) varied over time, space and habitat type; determined whether there were any obvious correlates of observer error; and evaluated evidence of bias among observers.

Location

Nine national park units in the Midwestern USA.

Methods

We quantified observer error in the context of a long-term monitoring program employing three observers, evaluating interobserver error across 11 locations in the Midwestern USA over five years. The vegetation (excluding trees) was sampled independently by two teams of observers at prairie and woodland locations (n = 94 plots total).

Results

Total pseudoturnover ranged between 20.2% and 22.1% at prairie locations, and between 16.8% and 28.6% at woodland locations. The overlooking component of pseudoturnover accounted for 75% or more of total pseudoturnover, with misidentification and cautious components each contributing 19% or less of the total, depending on location. The percentage of comparisons in which both observers recorded the same cover class ranged from 71.3% to 78.5% at the prairie locations and 56.9% to 85.6% at woodland locations. When observers did not agree on cover class, they were off by more than one class less than 6% of the time. Overlooking error was more likely to occur for species with less cover, while estimation error was more likely to occur for species with greater cover. A bias existed among observers, as the least experienced observer recorded 6.2%–11.8% more species than the other two observers. Interobserver bias also existed for rates of estimation error, as one observer consistently recorded higher cover classes.

Conclusions

Observer error is a pervasive aspect of vegetation sampling. Continued training and experience yielded limited increases in precision. Elements of the sampling design probably reduced observer error to a certain degree, although some level of interobserver error in vegetation surveys is unavoidable.

问题我们询问了植被（不包括树木）采样的观察者之间的误差随时间、空间和栖息地类型的变化情况；确定了观察者误差是否存在任何明显的相关性；并评估了观察者之间存在偏差的证据。方法我们在一项长期监测计划的背景下量化了观察者误差，该计划使用了三名观察者，评估了美国中西部 11 个地点五年来观察者之间的误差。草原和林地的植被（不包括树木）由两组观察者独立采样（n = 94 个地块）。结果草原地点的总假迁移率在 20.2% 到 22.1% 之间，林地地点的假迁移率在 16.8% 到 28.6% 之间。伪迁移中的俯视成分占总伪迁移量的 75% 或更多，而误认和谨慎成分各占总迁移量的 19% 或更少，具体取决于地点。在草原地点，两名观察者记录相同覆盖等级的比较百分比从 71.3% 到 78.5% 不等，在林地地点从 56.9% 到 85.6% 不等。当观察者在植被等级上意见不一致时，偏差超过一个等级的情况不到 6%。覆盖度较低的物种更容易出现忽略误差，而覆盖度较高的物种则更容易出现估计误差。观察者之间存在偏差，经验最少的观察者比其他两位观察者多记录了 6.2%-11.8% 的物种。在估计错误率方面，观察者之间也存在偏差，因为一名观察者始终记录了较高的覆盖度等级。持续的培训和经验只能有限地提高精确度。尽管在植被调查中不可避免地存在一定程度的观察者之间的误差，但取样设计中的一些因素可能在一定程度上减少了观察者的误差。

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引用次数: 0

The convex relationship between plant cover and biomass: Implications for assessing species and community properties 植物覆盖率与生物量之间的凸性关系：对评估物种和群落特性的影响

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13288

Xiaobin Pan, Nathan D. Ferris, Markéta Applová, Johanne Gresse, Kari Sogera Iamba, Warbota Khum, Tereza Švancárová, A. Y. Ayesh Piyar Wipulasena, Jan Hrcek, Jan Lepš

Questions

Cover and biomass serve as common measures of species abundance in plant ecology. However, the underlying relationship between these two measures and its implications remain poorly understood. This makes results based on cover and biomass difficult to compare.

Locations

Wet meadow, southeast of České Budějovice, Czech Republic (48°57′ N, 14°36′ E).

Method

We developed theoretical expectations for systematic differences in characterizing vegetation using cover and biomass for species and community characteristics, including species diversity, temporal dynamics, and responses to experimental manipulations. We then tested these expectations using cover and biomass data from an experimental study of fertilization and dominant removal spanning 14 years (2001–2014).

Results

Consistent with our expectations, on average, species biomass corresponded to the power of species cover, with a power coefficient slightly below 3/2. Community diversity indices calculated using cover and biomass were tightly correlated but were higher for cover. Temporal variabilities based on cover and biomass for individual species were also correlated, but higher for biomass than cover. Though strongly correlated, cover data show much stronger asynchrony, suggesting higher importance of compensatory dynamics. However, using the sum of individual species' cover values as a measure of total community abundance or productivity is problematic. Such a measure is nearly independent of total biomass and leads to contradictory results when used to characterize temporal variability. Species- and community-level responses to treatments were congruent between the measures.

Conclusions

Our study provides theoretical background for a convex relationship between plant cover and biomass. The data analysis confirms the relationship and its consequences for describing species- and community-level properties. Most characteristics are well correlated between cover and biomass, but with one metric systematically shifted higher in many cases. Total abundance is the most sensitive measure and is well characterized by sum of biomass, but not by sum of cover. Understanding these systematic differences allows meaningful comparison of studies based on biomass and cover.

问题覆盖度和生物量是植物生态学中衡量物种丰度的常用指标。然而，人们对这两个指标之间的内在关系及其影响仍然知之甚少。地点捷克共和国České Budějovice东南部（北纬48°57′，东经14°36′）的湿草甸方法我们从理论上提出了利用植被覆盖度和生物量来描述物种和群落特征（包括物种多样性、时间动态以及对实验操作的反应）时存在系统性差异的预期。结果与我们的预期一致，平均而言，物种生物量与物种覆盖度的幂次相对应，幂次系数略低于 3/2。用覆盖度和生物量计算的群落多样性指数密切相关，但覆盖度更高。基于覆盖度和生物量计算的单个物种的时间变异性也有相关性，但生物量的相关性高于覆盖度。虽然相关性很强，但覆盖度数据显示出更强的不同步性，表明补偿动态的重要性更高。不过，用单个物种的盖度值总和来衡量群落的总丰度或生产力是有问题的。这种测量方法几乎与总生物量无关，在用于描述时间变异性时会导致相互矛盾的结果。我们的研究为植物覆盖度与生物量之间的凸性关系提供了理论背景。数据分析证实了这一关系及其对描述物种和群落水平特性的影响。大多数特征在植被覆盖度和生物量之间都有很好的相关性，但在许多情况下，其中一个指标会系统性地偏高。总丰度是最敏感的指标，它与生物量总和有很好的相关性，但与覆盖度总和没有相关性。通过了解这些系统性差异，可以对基于生物量和覆盖度的研究进行有意义的比较。

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引用次数: 0