Journal of Vegetation Science最新文献_第5页

Unraveling local and regional determinants of high plant diversity at marine rocky outcrops in Uruguay 揭示乌拉圭海洋岩石露头植物多样性高的地方和区域决定因素

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13284

Patricia Mai, Eduardo Marchesi, Antonella Pollero, María Zabaleta, Laura Cappuccio, Sebastián Fernández, Ninoska Idjiloff, Matías Arim

Questions

Marine rocky outcrops are model systems of community assembly under harsh conditions. The prevailing environmental conditions that determine a coast–inland gradient of stress and disturbance impose a strong environmental filter on community assembly. However, the Atlantic rocky outcrops of Uruguay challenge this assumption as they exhibit high plant diversity at small spatial scales. We investigated this study system to answer: (1) which environmental factors determine diversity at the local scale; (2) and how does the regional pool influence species composition along the coast–inland gradient?

Methods

We analyzed the local and regional determinants of plant community assembly in four rocky sites along the Uruguayan coast. Through a random sampling approach stratified by distance to the coast, we recorded species occurrences and microenvironmental conditions. Observed taxa were assigned into different species assemblages according to their typical vegetation type. Generalized Linear Model (GLM)–Poisson regression, quantile regressions and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to identify the factors underlying local richness and the spatial vegetation structure.

Results

Nine different vegetation types generate a mass effect that enhances local diversity. Unexpectedly, 56% of the species are from non-marine environments — e.g. grasslands or hydrophilous herblands. Species assemblages were spatially clustered, with a turnover of these clusters along the coast–inland gradient. Elevation, distance to the coast and vegetation cover promoted richness, likely due to an attenuation of marine filters. Meanwhile, substrate availability reduced richness, likely due to competitive exclusion as a result of more resources and homogeneous microenvironmental conditions.

Conclusions

The high local diversity along the marine rocky outcrops of Uruguay is best explained by a functionally diverse regional species pool, which interacts with local heterogeneity, and by conditions that enhance or attenuate the effect of marine stress. Effective conservation and management strategies are key to minimize the detrimental effects of urbanization, fragmentation, and non-native plant invasions on these diverse habitats.

问题海洋岩石露头是严酷条件下群落组合的示范系统。当前的环境条件决定了沿海到内陆的压力和干扰梯度，对群落的组合产生了强大的环境过滤作用。然而，乌拉圭的大西洋岩石露头对这一假设提出了挑战，因为它们在较小的空间范围内表现出较高的植物多样性。我们对这一研究系统进行了调查，以回答：(1) 哪些环境因素决定了当地尺度的多样性；(2) 区域集合如何影响沿海-内陆梯度的物种组成？方法我们分析了乌拉圭沿海四个岩石地点植物群落组合的当地和区域决定因素。通过按距离海岸的远近分层随机取样的方法，我们记录了物种出现情况和微观环境条件。观察到的分类群根据其典型植被类型被归入不同的物种群。采用广义线性模型（GLM）-泊松回归、量回归和分层聚类分析来确定当地物种丰富度和空间植被结构的基础因素。结果九种不同的植被类型产生的群体效应增强了当地的多样性。出乎意料的是，56%的物种来自非海洋环境，如草地或亲水草地。物种组合在空间上呈集群状，这些集群沿着海岸-内陆梯度更替。海拔高度、与海岸的距离和植被覆盖度提高了物种的丰富度，这可能是由于海洋过滤器的衰减作用。同时，基质的可利用性降低了丰富度，这可能是由于更多的资源和均质的微环境条件导致了竞争排斥。结论乌拉圭海洋岩石露头沿岸具有高度的地方多样性，其最好的解释是该地区物种库功能多样，与当地的异质性以及增强或减弱海洋压力效应的条件相互作用。有效的保护和管理策略是将城市化、破碎化和非本地植物入侵对这些多样化栖息地的不利影响降至最低的关键。

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引用次数: 0

Current and future patterns of vascular plant species richness across a forest–grassland–desert transect in East Asia 东亚森林-草原-沙漠横断面维管植物物种丰富度的当前和未来模式

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13285

Binghe Li, Enzai Du

Questions

Rapid climate change has profoundly altered the spatial distribution of terrestrial plants especially in arid and semi-arid biomes. However, it remains poorly documented how climate shapes the current and future patterns of plant diversity within and across these vulnerable vegetation types.

Location

Parts of Mongolia, southeastern Russia, and northern China (94.78°–126.78°E, 34.60°–54.27°N).

Methods

Using a random forest model trained by a comprehensively compiled database on vascular plant species richness (i.e., the number of species within a defined plot area) and corresponding climate variables, soil conditions and vegetation types (forest, grassland, desert), we assessed the current pattern of vascular plant species richness across a typical forest–grassland–desert transect in East Asia. We further predicted future changes in vascular plant species richness under three climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5).

Results

Vascular plant species richness generally showed a decrease from northeast to southwest across the transect, mainly explained by spatial variations in growing-season precipitation and the minimum temperature of the coldest month. More than half of the transect area will likely experience a loss in vascular plant species richness in 2041–2070 under all three scenarios. The decrease in vascular plant species richness will likely occur in a smaller area under the low-emission scenario (SSP1-2.6). We also predict distinct changes in vascular plant species richness for different vegetation types, including a slight increase in forests but an overall decrease in both grasslands and deserts.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a dominant role of growing-season precipitation in shaping the spatiotemporal patterns of vascular plant species richness across the forest–grassland–desert transect and highlight a risk of plant diversity loss in the regional dryland ecosystems in response to future climate change.

问题迅速的气候变化深刻地改变了陆生植物的空间分布，尤其是在干旱和半干旱生物群落中。然而，在这些脆弱的植被类型中，气候如何影响当前和未来的植物多样性模式，目前仍鲜有记载。地点蒙古部分地区、俄罗斯东南部和中国北部（94.78°-126.78°E，34.60°-54.27°N）。方法我们利用由维管束植物物种丰富度（即在确定的地块区域内的物种数量）及相应的气候变量、土壤条件和植被类型（森林、草地、荒漠）数据库全面编制的随机森林模型，评估了东亚典型的森林-草地-荒漠横断面上目前的维管束植物物种丰富度模式。我们进一步预测了三种气候情景（SSP1-2.6、SSP3-7.0 和 SSP5-8.5）下维管束植物物种丰富度的未来变化。结果整个横断面的维管束植物物种丰富度总体上从东北向西南呈下降趋势，主要原因是生长季降水量和最冷月最低气温的空间变化。在所有三种情景下，2041-2070 年横断面一半以上地区的维管植物物种丰富度可能会下降。在低排放情景下（SSP1-2.6），维管植物物种丰富度下降的区域可能会更小。我们还预测不同植被类型的维管植物物种丰富度会发生不同的变化，包括森林略有增加，但草原和沙漠总体上会减少。结论我们的研究结果表明，生长季降水在形成森林-草原-沙漠横断面维管植物物种丰富度的时空模式中起着主导作用，并强调了未来气候变化可能导致区域干旱地区生态系统植物多样性丧失的风险。

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引用次数: 0

Red-deer dung increases species diversity but does not influence species composition of open grasslands 红鹿粪便可增加物种多样性，但不会影响开阔草地的物种构成

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13283

Barbora Lepková, Eva Horčičková, Tomáš Herben

Questions

Free-ranging herbivores are often seen as important endozoochorous dispersal vectors for plant propagules. Dispersal by free-ranging animals, in contrast to domestic animals, and its effects on vegetation have rarely been studied. We ask what are the effects of deposition of dung on open landscape vegetation, how does it influence vegetation development after disturbance by soil removal, and does it change species richness or composition?

Location

The Doupov Mountains, Czech Republic.

Methods

We established a six-year experiment in 2015 to study the effects of dung deposition on vegetation of an open grassland landscape. The experiment comprised 300 plots distributed across five fenced site locations and treatments were implemented in partially crossed design, with soil removed (disturbance) and dung pellets deposited; treatments were applied once to five replicates, from June to October 2015. We recorded plant species cover at the beginning of the vegetation seasons of 2016, 2017 and 2021.

Results

Dung deposition increased species richness and Ellenberg Indicator Values for nutrients, and these effects were stronger in disturbed plots; however, these effects diminished with time. There were no effects of dung deposition on species composition. In contrast, disturbance affected species diversity, composition, Ellenberg Indicator Values for nutrients, proportion of dung-dispersed species, but not species richness. Surprisingly, there were no effects of timing of dung deposition.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that endozoochorous seed dispersal by red deer impacts vegetation dynamics of this open grassland landscape, but effects are weak and diminish with time. Considering the large seed load in dung, it is possible that endozoochorous seeds from wild herbivores are incorporated into the soil seed bank, where they persist until appropriate ecological conditions for germination arise.

问题自由放养的食草动物通常被视为植物繁殖体的重要内吸传播媒介。与家养动物相比，散放动物的传播及其对植被的影响很少被研究。我们的问题是：粪便沉积对开阔地植被有哪些影响？在土壤被移除造成干扰后，粪便如何影响植被的发展？地点捷克共和国杜波夫山脉。方法我们于 2015 年开展了一项为期六年的实验，研究粪便沉积对开阔草地植被的影响。实验由分布在五个围栏地点的 300 个地块组成，采用部分交叉设计实施处理，清除土壤（干扰）并沉积粪便颗粒；2015 年 6 月至 10 月期间，在五个重复中施用一次处理。我们在 2016 年、2017 年和 2021 年植被季节开始时记录了植物物种覆盖率。结果粪便沉积增加了物种丰富度和养分的艾伦伯格指标值，这些影响在受干扰的地块中更为强烈；然而，随着时间的推移，这些影响逐渐减弱。粪便沉积对物种组成没有影响。相反，干扰会影响物种多样性、物种组成、艾伦伯格营养指标值、粪便散布物种的比例，但不会影响物种丰富度。令人惊讶的是，粪便堆放的时间没有影响。结论我们的研究结果表明，赤鹿的内吸式种子散播会影响这片开阔草地的植被动态，但影响较弱，且随着时间的推移会逐渐减弱。考虑到粪便中含有大量种子，野生食草动物的内吸性种子有可能被纳入土壤种子库中，并在那里一直存活到适合发芽的生态条件出现为止。

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引用次数: 0

Combining chronosequences and multi-census approaches to understand patterns of succession in subtropical montane forests of NW Argentina 结合年代序列和多重普查方法了解阿根廷西北部亚热带山地森林的演替模式

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13281

Sergio Javier Ceballos, Agustina Malizia, Julieta Carilla, Ricardo Grau, Oriana Osinaga Acosta, Cecilia Blundo

Question

How does the diversity of successional forests evolve with stand age, and to what extent do permanent plots validate the previously studied successional patterns of tree diversity and composition observed through chronosequences? To evaluate the role of successional forests as reservoirs for many species, it is essential to examine how biodiversity recovers with the age of the stand. We studied patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as species composition during forest succession, by combining chronosequences and permanent plot monitoring.

Location

Subtropical montane forests in NW Argentina.

Methods

We used data from two chronosequences of plots monitored for 30 years in lower and upper montane forests dominated by native trees (LMF-Native and UMF-Native), and one chronosequence of plots dominated by the exotic tree Ligustrum lucidum, monitored for 10 years in low montane forests (LMF-Invaded). We analyzed changes in taxonomic (species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity) and functional diversity, as well as composition with forest age.

Results

Taxonomic and functional diversity increased between 30 and 70 years of succession in LMF-Native and UMF-Native. Successional LMF-Native forests reached the diversity of mature forests earlier than UMF-Native. In LMF-Invaded, taxonomic and functional diversity decreased in the same period because of the increasing dominance of the exotic species Ligustrum lucidum. In non-invaded chronosequences (LMF-Native and UMF-Native) we observed a convergence towards the composition of mature forests; however, each successional forest kept its identity for 30 years.

Conclusions

Diversity and composition followed different successional trajectories depending on the type of forest. We found that successional patterns, such as changes in taxonomic and functional diversity, predicted with the chronosequence approach, were confirmed with data from plot monitoring. The effects of pre-abandonment conditions persist in the diversity and composition of successional forests monitored between 10 and 30 years.

问题演替森林的多样性是如何随着林分年龄而演变的？永久性地块在多大程度上验证了之前通过年代序列观察到的树木多样性和组成的演替模式？为了评估演替森林作为许多物种储藏库的作用，必须研究生物多样性是如何随着林分年龄的增长而恢复的。我们结合年代序列和永久性地块监测，研究了森林演替过程中分类和功能多样性以及物种组成的模式。地点阿根廷西北部的亚热带山地森林。方法我们使用了在以本地树木为主的低山地森林和高山地森林（LMF-Native 和 UMF-Native）中监测了 30 年的两个年代序列地块的数据，以及在低山地森林（LMF-Invaded）中监测了 10 年的以外来树种女贞为主的一个年代序列地块的数据。我们分析了分类（物种丰富度、香农多样性、辛普森多样性）和功能多样性的变化，以及森林年龄的组成。结果 LMF-Native和UMF-Native的分类和功能多样性在演替的30至70年间有所增加。LMF-原生林比UMF-原生林更早达到成熟林的多样性。在 LMF-Invaded 中，由于外来物种女贞（Ligustrum lucidum）的优势日益明显，同期的分类和功能多样性都有所下降。在未受入侵的时序（LMF-原生和 UMF-原生）中，我们观察到成熟森林的组成趋于一致；然而，每个演替森林在 30 年内都保持了自己的特征。结论根据森林类型的不同，多样性和组成遵循不同的演替轨迹。我们发现，用时序法预测的演替模式，如分类和功能多样性的变化，在小区监测数据中得到了证实。在 10 至 30 年的监测中，遗弃前条件对演替森林多样性和组成的影响持续存在。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term effects of meadow management on seed bank diversity and composition 草地管理对种子库多样性和组成的长期影响

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13282

Alida A. Hábenczyus, Iva Weiterová, Kacper Foremnik, Aljaž Jakob, Siddharth Khopkar, Agnishikhe Kumar, Anamaria Lazăr, Bruno Paganeli, Kenz Raouf Samraoui, Jeni Sidwell, Jan Hrček, Jan Lepš, Jules Segrestin

Aims

Oligotrophic grasslands are habitats that host among the most diverse plant communities in Europe. Altering management regimes by either intensifying or ceasing management is known to decrease plant diversity. Yet, despite its importance for the recovery of plant communities after disturbances, little is known about whether seed banks are also affected by changes in management. Here, we investigate the effect of management practices on a meadow seed bank using a long-term manipulative experiment. We focus on the response of the seed bank to the treatments, and the relationship between the seed bank and the vegetation response.

Methods

The study was conducted in a species-rich wet meadow. The experiment consists of a factorial combination of fertilization, mowing, and removal of the dominant species. After 20 years of management, the seed bank was sampled seasonally at two soil layer depths. Standing vegetation was recorded in June at the peak of vegetation.

Results

All seed bank characteristics varied between soil layers. Mowing decreased seed density and diversity, while fertilization significantly affected the species composition. Dominant removal had no effect on the seed bank. While seed bank diversity was not correlated to vegetation diversity, individual species' responses to mowing and fertilization were positively correlated in the seed bank and the vegetation.

Conclusions

Our results show that long-term management influences the seed bank down to 10 cm of soil depth. Whereas mowing apparently reduced seed density and diversity, the effects of fertilization on these characteristics were harder to interpret. After 20 years, most species had concordant responses to both mowing and fertilization, indicating a low legacy of previous management regimes on the seed bank. Our study reveals that the intensification of grassland management has a profound effect on plant diversity by directly affecting plant communities and their seed-bank-driven recovery potential.

目的低营养草地是欧洲植物群落最多样化的栖息地之一。众所周知，通过加强或停止管理来改变管理制度会降低植物多样性。然而，尽管种子库对于植物群落在受到干扰后的恢复非常重要，但人们对种子库是否也会受到管理变化的影响却知之甚少。在这里，我们通过一个长期操纵实验来研究管理措施对草地种子库的影响。我们的重点是种子库对处理方法的反应，以及种子库与植被反应之间的关系。方法研究在物种丰富的湿草甸上进行。实验包括施肥、除草和移除优势物种的因子组合。经过 20 年的管理后，按季节在两个土层深度对种子库进行采样。在植被高峰期的 6 月份记录常绿植被。结果不同土层的种子库特征各不相同。除草降低了种子密度和多样性，而施肥则对物种组成有显著影响。清除优势物种对种子库没有影响。虽然种子库多样性与植被多样性不相关，但在种子库和植被中，单个物种对除草和施肥的反应呈正相关。结论我们的研究结果表明，长期管理对种子库的影响可达 10 厘米深的土壤。除草明显降低了种子密度和多样性，而施肥对这些特征的影响则难以解释。20 年后，大多数物种对除草和施肥的反应一致，这表明以前的管理制度对种子库的影响较小。我们的研究表明，加强草地管理会直接影响植物群落及其由种子库驱动的恢复潜力，从而对植物多样性产生深远影响。

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引用次数: 0

Topographic gradient influences vascular epiphyte occurrence in a small watershed covered by a mature coniferous/broadleaf evergreen mixed forest in Japan 地形梯度对日本成熟针叶林/常绿阔叶混交林覆盖的小流域中维管束附生植物出现的影响

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13279

Mifumi Seto, Motoki Higa

Aim

At fine scales (<10 km in spatial resolution), only a few studies have evaluated the relationships between abiotic factors and the horizontal occurrence of vascular epiphytes. At fine scales, variation in abiotic variables can be attributed to topographic heterogeneity. For example, air humidity and wind speed are likely to vary along ridge–valley gradients, and differences in slope aspect cause variation in light intensity as well as temperature gradient along an elevation. We tested the hypothesis that the horizontal epiphyte occurrence at fine scales is influenced more by topographic gradients related to abiotic factors than by host tree size and species. We also assessed air humidity variation along the ridge–valley gradient at our study site as a way to explore its possible correlation with the epiphyte occurrence.

Location

A coniferous/broadleaf evergreen mixed forest in a humid temperate zone of Kochi, southwest Japan.

Methods

We surveyed epiphyte occurrence on 310 trees and recorded host tree size and species within a 52-ha watershed with an elevational range of 378–777 m a.s.l. Epiphyte occurrence was modeled using three topographic variables (ridge–valley gradient, slope aspect differences and elevational gradient), host tree size and species. The effect sizes of each variable were then compared. Air humidity was measured on the valley bottom, slope and ridge throughout the year.

Results

Epiphyte occurrence probability increased toward the valley bottom and on larger host trees; it also varied among host tree species. Slope aspect differences and elevational gradient were less effective. The ridge–valley gradient had a greater effect than host tree size on epiphyte occurrence. Air humidity was highest at the valley bottom and lowest on the ridge.

Conclusions

Horizontal epiphyte occurrence was driven more by topographic gradient than by host tree size and species in a small watershed covered by a warm-temperate broadleaf forest. This finding suggests the importance of forests at valley bottoms to support epiphyte occurrence.

目的在精细尺度（空间分辨率为 10 公里）上，只有少数研究评估了非生物因素与维管附生植物水平分布之间的关系。在精细尺度上，非生物变量的变化可归因于地形的异质性。例如，空气湿度和风速很可能会沿着山脊-山谷梯度变化，而坡度的差异会导致光照强度的变化以及沿海拔高度的温度梯度变化。我们测试了一个假设，即水平附生植物在精细尺度上的出现更多受到与非生物因素相关的地形梯度的影响，而不是受到寄主树木大小和种类的影响。我们还评估了研究地点沿山脊-山谷梯度的空气湿度变化，以探讨其与附生植物出现的可能相关性。地点日本西南部高知市温带湿润地区的针叶/常绿阔叶混交林。方法我们在海拔 378-777 米的 52 公顷流域内调查了 310 棵树上的附生植物发生情况，并记录了寄主植物的大小和种类。附生植物发生情况利用三个地形变量（山脊-山谷梯度、坡度差异和海拔梯度）、寄主植物大小和种类进行建模。然后比较了每个变量的影响大小。全年在谷底、山坡和山脊测量空气湿度。结果附生植物在谷底和较大寄主树上的出现概率增加；寄主树种之间也存在差异。坡度差异和海拔梯度的影响较小。山脊-山谷梯度对附生植物出现的影响要大于寄主树的大小。谷底的空气湿度最高，山脊的空气湿度最低。结论在一个被暖温带阔叶林覆盖的小流域中，水平附生植物的出现更多地受到地形梯度的影响，而不是寄主树的大小和种类。这一发现表明，谷底的森林对支持附生植物的出现非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Seed-predation and dispersal by ants determine plant-species dominance and diversity in a semi-arid grassland 蚂蚁的采食和散播决定了半干旱草原上植物物种的优势和多样性

IF 2.8 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13278

Diego García-Meza, Leticia Ríos-Casanova, Alejandro Zavala-Hurtado, Carlos Martorell

Question

Granivorous ants may affect plants negatively by diminishing their numbers, or positively by dispersing seeds, reducing aggregation and thus competition. We assessed whether, and how, ants affect plant populations and community diversity.

Location

Semi-arid grassland in southern Mexico.

Methods

Over 5 years, using ant exclosures, we compared plant diversity in plots where ants were present or not using Hill numbers. Furthermore, we determined whether the effects of ants on plant species depend on the relative dominance or rarity of plants. We tested whether ants cause greater reductions in the abundance of the plant species they prefer most. We also determined whether plant species whose aggregation was reduced by ants increased in numbers.

Results

Six plant species increased their numbers when ants were present, and four experienced reductions. Ants reduced richness, although evidence was inconclusive; however, they clearly increased dominant species diversity (²D). Although the overall effect that ants exerted on plant species did not depend on their dominance or rarity, four of the five most abundant species were favored by ants. Ants’ preferences did not determine their effect on species’ abundance. The species that benefited from ants were those whose spatial aggregation increased when exposed to ants.

Conclusions

Ants do not maintain richness, but instead may reduce it by favoring a few dominant species. The lack of a relationship between ants’ preferences and their effect on plant populations may arise from a mixture of positive and negative effects on the preferred seeds. Ants may increase aggregation by enhancing seedling performance near their nests, where conditions may be improved, and by dispersing seeds into these areas. This is in line with our finding that common species are favored by ants, because, at our study site, they are more likely to be dispersed.

问题：食粒蚁可能通过减少植物数量对植物产生负面影响，也可能通过传播种子、减少聚集从而减少竞争对植物产生正面影响。我们评估了蚂蚁是否以及如何影响植物种群和群落多样性。地点墨西哥南部半干旱草原。方法在 5 年的时间里，我们利用蚂蚁围栏，用希尔数比较了有蚂蚁或没有蚂蚁的地块的植物多样性。此外，我们还确定了蚂蚁对植物物种的影响是否取决于植物的相对优势或稀有程度。我们测试了蚂蚁是否会导致它们最喜欢的植物物种数量减少更多。我们还测定了被蚂蚁减少聚集的植物物种的数量是否增加。结果蚂蚁出现时，6 种植物的数量增加，4 种减少。蚂蚁降低了物种丰富度，但证据并不明确；不过，它们明显增加了优势物种的多样性（2D）。虽然蚂蚁对植物物种的总体影响并不取决于它们的优势或稀有程度，但在五种数量最多的物种中，有四种受到了蚂蚁的青睐。蚂蚁的喜好并不决定它们对物种丰度的影响。从蚂蚁那里获益的物种是那些在蚂蚁面前空间聚集度提高的物种。结论蚂蚁不会维持物种丰富度，反而可能会通过偏爱少数优势物种来降低物种丰富度。蚂蚁的偏好与蚂蚁对植物种群的影响之间缺乏关系，这可能是因为蚂蚁对偏好的种子既有积极影响，也有消极影响。蚂蚁可能会通过提高巢穴附近的幼苗表现来增加聚集，因为那里的条件可能会得到改善，蚂蚁也可能会把种子散播到这些地区。这与我们的发现一致，即常见物种受到蚂蚁的青睐，因为在我们的研究地点，它们更有可能被散播出去。

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引用次数: 0

Elevation differentially shapes functional diversity patterns in understorey forest communities when considering intraspecific and interspecific trait variability 在考虑种内和种间性状变异时，海拔高度对林下群落功能多样性模式的影响各不相同

IF 2.8 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13277

Arianna Ferrara, Alessandro Bricca, Davide Alberti, Francesco Maria Sabatini, Alessandro Chiarucci

Questions

What is the relative importance of interspecific and intraspecific trait variation and their covariation in the herb layer of European temperate beech forests, and how do they vary with elevation? Is there evidence of interspecific trait convergence at higher elevations, as postulated by the habitat-filtering hypothesis, and is this convergence enhanced or counteracted by intraspecific variation?

Location

National Park “Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona and Campigna”, Italy.

Methods

We measured four functional traits – plant height, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf area – across 775 individuals from 60 herb-layer species in 28 forest plots (10 m × 10 m) spanning an 800 m elevation gradient. For each trait in each plot, we computed community-weighted means (CWMs) and the standardized effect size of functional diversity (SES-FD). We decomposed total trait variation into its interspecific and intraspecific components, and their covariation. We run linear regression models to assess the impact of elevation on these three components of functional variation. Lastly, we investigated whether higher elevation communities exhibited lower SES-FD, indicating functional convergence that could hint to a stronger habitat filtering.

Results

Interspecific trait variation was more important than the intraspecific counterpart both for CWMs and SES-FD. Only CWMs calculated for plant height and LDMC showed a significant relationship with elevation. Low-elevation communities featured taller, more-conservative species, whereas shorter, faster-growing species were more common at higher elevations. SES-FD remained consistently negative for species turnover and total variation, suggesting stable functional convergence across the gradient.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that interspecific and intraspecific trait variability can be decoupled along an elevation gradient, stressing the importance of individually considering each component of trait variation when studying community composition. Elevation significantly influenced various components of plant community trait variation, with habitat filtering playing a substantial role in selecting plants with specific traits across elevations.

问题在欧洲温带山毛榉林的草本植物层中，种间和种内性状变异及其协变的相对重要性是什么？是否有证据表明，正如生境过滤假说所推测的那样，在海拔较高的地方存在种间性状趋同现象？地点：意大利 "Foreste Casentinesi、Monte Falterona 和 Campigna "国家公园。方法我们在海拔梯度为 800 米的 28 个森林小区（10 米 × 10 米）中对 60 种草本植物的 775 个个体进行了植物高度、比叶面积（SLA）、叶干物质含量（LDMC）和叶面积四项功能性状的测量。对于每个小区的每个性状，我们都计算了群落加权平均值（CWMs）和功能多样性的标准化效应大小（SES-FD）。我们将总性状变异分解为种间和种内成分及其协变。我们运行线性回归模型来评估海拔高度对功能变异的这三个组成部分的影响。最后，我们研究了海拔较高的群落是否表现出较低的 SES-FD，这表明功能趋同可能暗示着较强的生境过滤作用。结果在CWMs和SES-FD方面，种间性状变异比种内性状变异更重要。只有植株高度和 LDMC 计算的 CWMs 与海拔高度有显著关系。低海拔群落中的物种更高、更保守，而高海拔群落中的物种更矮、生长更快。SES-FD 在物种更替和总变异方面始终为负值，表明整个梯度上存在稳定的功能趋同。结论我们的研究结果表明，在海拔梯度上，种间和种内的性状变异是可以分离的，这强调了在研究群落组成时单独考虑性状变异的每个组成部分的重要性。海拔高度对植物群落性状变异的各个组成部分都有很大影响，生境过滤在跨海拔选择具有特定性状的植物方面发挥了重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Fire stimulates seedling recruitment from the seed bank in the Cerrado 火灾刺激了塞拉多地区种子库中幼苗的新陈代谢

IF 2.8 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13268

Mariana Dairel, Alessandra Fidelis

Questions

Fire is an important ecological factor influencing plant communities in many fire-prone ecosystems. Savannas in the Cerrado are resilient to fire, with plants exhibiting fire-related traits, allowing them to persist in post-fire environments. Therefore, excluding fire may result in changes in plant community dynamics, thus affecting their resilience. We investigated the effect of the reintroduction of fire in savannas where fire has been excluded for longer periods (>12 years) on seedling recruitment. We asked the following questions: (i) how does fire affect seed bank germination in sites with different fire histories; and (ii) how did fire exclusion affect species composition of the seed bank?

Location

Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI), Southeastern Brazil.

Methods

Two sites with different fire histories were selected: FE1985 – fire exclusion for more than 30 years, with one fire event in 1985; and FE2009 – fire exclusion for 12 years, with three fire events since 1985, the last one being in 2009. Both areas have low fire frequency, but different times since the last fire. Soil samples were collected before and after prescribed fires to evaluate the effects of fire after longer periods of fire exclusion in the soil seed bank. Using the seedling emergence method, we evaluate the effects of the reintroduction of fire after longer periods of fire exclusion in the soil seed bank.

Results

We found that fire significantly increased the seed bank recruitment at both sites, FE1985 and FE2009 (increase of 16% and 50% in seedling recruitment, respectively), showing that species of the Cerrado responded positively to the fire passage. The reintroduction of fire promoted different effects on seed bank recruitment: shrubs experienced a significant decrease in seedling emergence from the seed bank at FE1985, while their recruitment was not affected at FE2009. Time since last fire appears to influence the seed bank composition, showing a shift in dominance from a grassy community to a woody one.

Conclusions

After fire, more species germinated from the seed bank, showing that direct and indirect effects of fire are affecting seed germination from the seed bank, and its importance on seedling recruitment from the seed bank in the Cerrado.

问题火是影响许多火灾易发生态系统植物群落的重要生态因素。塞拉多地区的热带草原对火有很强的适应能力，植物表现出与火相关的特征，使其能够在火后环境中存活。因此，排除火灾可能会导致植物群落动态发生变化，从而影响其恢复能力。我们研究了在禁火时间较长（12 年）的热带稀树草原上重新引入火种对幼苗生长的影响。我们提出了以下问题：(i) 在具有不同火灾历史的地点，火灾如何影响种子库的萌发；(ii) 火灾排除如何影响种子库的物种组成？地点：巴西东南部伊蒂拉皮纳生态研究所（EEI）。方法选择了两个具有不同火灾历史的地点：FE1985 - 30 多年的禁火期，1985 年发生过一次火灾；FE2009 - 12 年的禁火期，1985 年以来发生过三次火灾，最后一次发生在 2009 年。这两个地区的火灾频率较低，但距离上次火灾的时间不同。我们在用火前后采集了土壤样本，以评估较长时间禁火后火对土壤种子库的影响。利用出苗法，我们评估了在土壤种子库中经过较长时间禁火后重新引入火种的效果。结果我们发现，在 FE1985 和 FE2009 两个地点，用火都能明显增加种子库的新苗（分别增加了 16% 和 50% 的新苗），这表明塞拉多物种对用火有积极的反应。火灾的重新引入对种子库的新苗采集产生了不同的影响：在 FE1985，灌木从种子库中萌发的幼苗显著减少，而在 FE2009，灌木的新苗采集未受影响。上次火灾后的时间似乎影响了种子库的组成，显示出优势群落从草类群落向木本群落的转变。结论火灾之后，更多物种从种子库中萌发，这表明火灾的直接和间接影响正在影响种子库中种子的萌发，以及其对塞拉多地区种子库中幼苗新陈代谢的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Successional dynamics of species composition, functional traits and assembly mechanisms during the 60-year long history of agricultural transformations in subarctic tundra communities 亚北极苔原群落在长达 60 年的农业转型史中物种组成、功能特征和集合机制的演替动态

IF 2.8 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Vegetation Science

Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/jvs.13276

Alexander Borisovich Novakovskiy, Andrey Nikolaevich Panyukov, Basil Nikolaevich Yakimov

Aims

Tundra communities are known for their harsh environmental conditions and tundra is one of the most vulnerable biomes on Earth. Restoring these unique communities after anthropogenic impact is crucial for the sustainable development of northern regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the recovery of subarctic tundra after long-term agricultural use.

Location

Subarctic zone, European northeast, Vorkuta district, Komi Republic, Russia.

Methods

In the latter half of the twentieth century, large areas of tundra were plowed and cultivated with cereals to be used as fodder in livestock farms. These areas were subsequently abandoned (1990–2000) and the stage of natural recovery began. From 1960 to 2017 one of these plant communities was regularly assessed and we used these data, along with data from a reference tundra community, to examine changes in community assembly. We evaluated biodiversity indices, functional diversity using various plant traits and phylogenetic diversity.

Results

Agricultural management in tundra areas has led to the development of a meadow community that differs significantly from the typical tundra found in similar landscapes. The highest level of meadow biodiversity was observed under moderate anthropogenic pressure. The most significant changes in plant community assembly were observed after withdrawal from agricultural use. The average plant height, leaf area, and leaf dry matter content increased, while the average specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content decreased. The functional and phylogenetic clustering was replaced by overdispersion.

Conclusions

Over the 20-year period following the cessation of agricultural use, we observed a decrease in the vitality of cultivated cereals and overall biodiversity. However, there was a redistribution of species abundance rather than a complete change in species composition. Deciduous and evergreen shrubs have not become introduced in sufficient abundance to transform the artificial meadow into the typical subarctic willow–shrub tundra. This is a fundamental difference between abandoned agricultural lands of the tundra zone and those of more southern regions, which are rapidly overgrown with pioneer tree or shrub species.

目的苔原群落以其恶劣的环境条件而闻名，苔原是地球上最脆弱的生物群落之一。在人为影响之后恢复这些独特的群落对于北方地区的可持续发展至关重要。本研究旨在评估亚北极苔原在长期农业使用后的恢复情况。地点亚北极区，欧洲东北部，俄罗斯科米共和国沃尔库塔地区。方法在二十世纪后半叶，大片苔原被犁耕并种植谷物，用作畜牧场的饲料。这些地区随后被遗弃（1990-2000 年），开始进入自然恢复阶段。从 1960 年到 2017 年，我们对其中一个植物群落进行了定期评估，并利用这些数据和参考冻原群落的数据来研究群落组合的变化。我们评估了生物多样性指数、使用各种植物性状的功能多样性以及系统发育多样性。结果苔原地区的农业管理导致了草甸群落的发展，这种群落与类似地貌的典型苔原有很大不同。在中等人为压力下观察到的草甸生物多样性水平最高。从农业用途中撤出后，植物群落的组合发生了最明显的变化。平均株高、叶面积和叶片干物质含量增加，而平均比叶面积和叶片含氮量减少。功能聚类和系统发育聚类被过度分散所取代。结论在停止农业使用后的 20 年间，我们观察到栽培谷物的生命力和整体生物多样性有所下降。不过，物种丰度出现了重新分布，而不是物种组成完全改变。落叶灌木和常绿灌木的引入量不足以将人工草甸变成典型的亚北极柳灌木苔原。这是苔原区废弃农田与南方地区废弃农田的根本区别，南方地区的废弃农田会迅速长满先锋树种或灌木。

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