Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C-Applied Statistics最新文献

Motivated by the questions of risk assessment in climatology (temperature change in North America) and medicine (impact of statin usage and coronavirus disease 2019 on hospitalized patients), we address the problem of estimating the set in the domain of a function whose image equals a predefined subset of the real line. Existing methods require strict assumptions. We generalize the estimation of such sets to dense and nondense domains with protection against inflated Type I error in exploratory data analysis. This is achieved by proving that confidence sets of multiple upper, lower, or interval sets can be simultaneously constructed with the desired confidence nonasymptotically through inverting simultaneous confidence intervals. Nonparametric bootstrap algorithm and code are provided.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive and in-vivo imaging technique essential for measuring brain activity. Functional connectivity is used to study associations between brain regions, either while study subjects perform tasks or during periods of rest. In this paper, we propose a rigorous definition of task-evoked functional connectivity at the population level (ptFC). Importantly, our proposed ptFC is interpretable in the context of task-fMRI studies. An algorithm for estimating the ptFC is provided. We present the performance of the proposed algorithm compared to existing functional connectivity frameworks using simulations. Lastly, we apply the proposed algorithm to estimate the ptFC in a motor-task study from the Human Connectome Project.

The use of digital devices to collect data in mobile health studies introduces a novel application of time series methods, with the constraint of potential data missing at random or missing not at random (MNAR). In time-series analysis, testing for stationarity is an important preliminary step to inform appropriate subsequent analyses. The Dickey-Fuller test evaluates the null hypothesis of unit root non-stationarity, under no missing data. Beyond recommendations under data missing completely at random for complete case analysis or last observation carry forward imputation, researchers have not extended unit root non-stationarity testing to more complex missing data mechanisms. Multiple imputation with chained equations, Kalman smoothing imputation, and linear interpolation have also been used for time-series data, however such methods impose constraints on the autocorrelation structure and impact unit root testing. We propose maximum likelihood estimation and multiple imputation using state space model approaches to adapt the augmented Dickey-Fuller test to a context with missing data. We further develop sensitivity analyses to examine the impact of MNAR data. We evaluate the performance of existing and proposed methods across missing mechanisms in extensive simulations and in their application to a multi-year smartphone study of bipolar patients.

In many contexts, particularly when study subjects are adolescents, peer effects can invalidate typical statistical requirements in the data. For instance, it is plausible that a student's academic performance is influenced both by their own mother's educational level as well as that of their peers. Since the underlying social network is measured, the Add Health study provides a unique opportunity to examine the impact of maternal college education on adolescent school performance, both direct and indirect. However, causal inference on populations embedded in social networks poses technical challenges, since the typical no interference assumption no longer holds. While inverse probability-of-treatment weighted (IPW) estimators have been developed for this setting, they are often highly unstable. Motivated by the question of maternal education, we propose doubly robust (DR) estimators combining models for treatment and outcome that are consistent and asymptotically normal if either model is correctly specified. We present empirical results that illustrate the DR property and the efficiency gain of DR over IPW estimators even when the treatment model is misspecified. Contrary to previous studies, our robust analysis does not provide evidence of an indirect effect of maternal education on academic performance within adolescents' social circles in Add Health.

We consider unsupervised classification by means of a latent multinomial variable which categorizes a scalar response into one of the L components of a mixture model which incorporates scalar and functional covariates. This process can be thought as a hierarchical model with the first level modelling a scalar response according to a mixture of parametric distributions and the second level modelling the mixture probabilities by means of a generalized linear model with functional and scalar covariates. The traditional approach of treating functional covariates as vectors not only suffers from the curse of dimensionality, since functional covariates can be measured at very small intervals leading to a highly parametrized model, but also does not take into account the nature of the data. We use basis expansions to reduce the dimensionality and a Bayesian approach for estimating the parameters while providing predictions of the latent classification vector. The method is motivated by two data examples that are not easily handled by existing methods. The first example concerns identifying placebo responders on a clinical trial (normal mixture model) and the other predicting illness for milking cows (zero-inflated mixture of the Poisson model).

Recurrent events are common in clinical studies and are often subject to terminal events. In pragmatic trials, participants are often nested in clinics and can be susceptible or structurally unsusceptible to the recurrent events. We develop a Bayesian shared random effects model to accommodate this complex data structure. To achieve robustness, we consider the Dirichlet processes to model the residual of the accelerated failure time model for the survival process as well as the cluster-specific shared frailty distribution, along with an efficient sampling algorithm for posterior inference. Our method is applied to a recent cluster randomized trial on fall injury prevention.

Many existing methods for estimating agreement correct for chance agreement by adjusting the observed proportion agreement by the probability of chance agreement based on different assumptions. These assumptions may not always be appropriate, as demonstrated by pathologists' ratings of kidney biopsy descriptors. We propose a novel agreement statistic that accounts for the empirical probability of chance agreement, estimated by collecting additional data on rater uncertainty for each rating. A standard error estimator for the proposed statistic is derived. Simulation studies show that in most cases, our proposed statistic is unbiased in estimating the probability of agreement after removing chance agreement.