Abstract Salt stress is a major cause of crop failure worldwide. The co-evolution of soil microbes and plants is essential for coping with extreme abiotic environments. In this study, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain B. cereus BC56 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cucumber. BC56 has the ability to produce NH 3 and siderophore, and to solubilize phosphorus to promote cucumber growth. Under 100 mM NaCl treatment, BC56 significantly increased shoot length (1.28-fold), root length (1.16-fold), shoot fresh weight (1.19-fold), root fresh weight (1.54-fold), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter of ABS/CS m (1.19-fold), TR 0 /CS m (1.22-fold), ET 0 /CS m (1.52-fold), SPAD (1.12-fold) of cucumber seedlings compared to the cucumber without BC56 inoculation. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that BC56 could increase the content of total soluble sugars (TSS, 1.36-fold) in cucumber seedlings. BC56 also increased peroxidase (POD, 1.17-fold) and glutathione reductase (GR, 2.59-fold) activity of cucumber seedlings, which has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) to reduce salt toxicity. However, cucumber seedlings inoculated with BC56 showed a 0.59-fold decrease in abscisic acid (ABA) compared to those uninoculated with BC56. RNA-seq results showed that BC56 induced changes in the expression of a significant number of genes related to photosynthesis, phytohormones, transcriptional regulation, metabolite synthesis and metabolism, and cellular components in cucumber under salt stress, suggesting its role in reducing the deleterious effects of salinity. We concluded that BC56 can alleviate salt stress in cucumber seedlings by affecting photosynthesis, phytohormone levels, osmotic and antioxidant regulation.
{"title":"Rhizosphere inoculation of PGPR strain Bacillus cereus BC56 enhances salt tolerance of cucumber","authors":"Hanru Song, Gengwei Wu, Huasen Wang, Ruizhi Huang, Xue Gong, Hua Wang","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3590751/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3590751/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Salt stress is a major cause of crop failure worldwide. The co-evolution of soil microbes and plants is essential for coping with extreme abiotic environments. In this study, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain B. cereus BC56 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cucumber. BC56 has the ability to produce NH 3 and siderophore, and to solubilize phosphorus to promote cucumber growth. Under 100 mM NaCl treatment, BC56 significantly increased shoot length (1.28-fold), root length (1.16-fold), shoot fresh weight (1.19-fold), root fresh weight (1.54-fold), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter of ABS/CS m (1.19-fold), TR 0 /CS m (1.22-fold), ET 0 /CS m (1.52-fold), SPAD (1.12-fold) of cucumber seedlings compared to the cucumber without BC56 inoculation. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that BC56 could increase the content of total soluble sugars (TSS, 1.36-fold) in cucumber seedlings. BC56 also increased peroxidase (POD, 1.17-fold) and glutathione reductase (GR, 2.59-fold) activity of cucumber seedlings, which has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) to reduce salt toxicity. However, cucumber seedlings inoculated with BC56 showed a 0.59-fold decrease in abscisic acid (ABA) compared to those uninoculated with BC56. RNA-seq results showed that BC56 induced changes in the expression of a significant number of genes related to photosynthesis, phytohormones, transcriptional regulation, metabolite synthesis and metabolism, and cellular components in cucumber under salt stress, suggesting its role in reducing the deleterious effects of salinity. We concluded that BC56 can alleviate salt stress in cucumber seedlings by affecting photosynthesis, phytohormone levels, osmotic and antioxidant regulation.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"7 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The twin-wire directed energy deposition-arc (TW-DED-arc) method is a low-cost and efficient in-situ alloying process for producing γ-TiAl alloy, a new generation material for aero-engine blades. Its characteristic of “twin-wire-one-drop” can successfully avoid the phenomenon of discordant melting and ineffective mixing. In this study, the mixing effect of “twin-wire-one-drop” was analysed, and droplets of different diameters were used for fabricating Ti52Al48 walls. It was found that the mixing effect in the droplet was great, but there were still local unmixed areas, and a completely uniform Ti52Al48 wall could be obtained by using small droplets mode. Meanwhile, incompletely mixing regions with composition difference greater than 5% appeared in many places on the sides of the Ti48Al wall in huge droplet mode. A numerical model is established to simulate the mixing process after the droplet enters the molten pool. It is found that the secondary droplets generated in huge droplet mode is the main reason for the element inhomogeneity phenomenon. Therefore, keeping the droplet interval short and uniform is beneficial to the element in-situ alloying.
双线定向能沉积电弧(tw - d -arc)法是一种低成本、高效率的原位合金化工艺，可用于生产新一代航空发动机叶片材料γ-TiAl合金。其“双线一滴”的特点，成功地避免了熔化不协调和混合无效的现象。本研究分析了“双线一滴”的混合效果，并采用不同直径的液滴制备了Ti52Al48壁。结果发现，液滴内混合效果很好，但仍存在局部未混合区域，采用小液滴模式可获得完全均匀的Ti52Al48管壁。同时，在大液滴模式下，Ti48Al壁面两侧多处出现成分差异大于5%的不完全混合区。建立数值模型，模拟液滴进入熔池后的混合过程。发现在大液滴模式下产生的二次液滴是造成元件不均匀现象的主要原因。因此，保持液滴间距短而均匀有利于元素原位合金化。
{"title":"The mechanism of element inhomogeneity in TW-DED-arc fabricated γ-TiAl Alloy","authors":"Jianwen Xin, Fang Li, Dongsheng Wu, Chen Shen, Hisaya Komen, Manabu Tanaka, Xueming Hua","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3530290/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3530290/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The twin-wire directed energy deposition-arc (TW-DED-arc) method is a low-cost and efficient in-situ alloying process for producing γ-TiAl alloy, a new generation material for aero-engine blades. Its characteristic of “twin-wire-one-drop” can successfully avoid the phenomenon of discordant melting and ineffective mixing. In this study, the mixing effect of “twin-wire-one-drop” was analysed, and droplets of different diameters were used for fabricating Ti52Al48 walls. It was found that the mixing effect in the droplet was great, but there were still local unmixed areas, and a completely uniform Ti52Al48 wall could be obtained by using small droplets mode. Meanwhile, incompletely mixing regions with composition difference greater than 5% appeared in many places on the sides of the Ti48Al wall in huge droplet mode. A numerical model is established to simulate the mixing process after the droplet enters the molten pool. It is found that the secondary droplets generated in huge droplet mode is the main reason for the element inhomogeneity phenomenon. Therefore, keeping the droplet interval short and uniform is beneficial to the element in-situ alloying.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"7 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3313832/v1
PENG WANG, Felipe Martins Gomes, Fernando Gustavo Warchomicka, Wolfgang Ernst, Rudolf Vallant, Maria Cecilia Poletti, Norbert Enzinger
Abstract Grain refinement by plastic deformation attempts to compensate for the loss of mechanical properties of welded joints during conventional TIG welding. We performed thermomechanical welding (TMW) tests on the S700MC steel with welding combinations of the TIG arc heating and frequent hammering over three target cooling times (t 8/5 = 5s, 15s and 25s). Additionally, we analysed the effect of initial microstructures on the weld joint quality by testing three materials conditions: hot-rolled (as-received), and cold-rolled with 10% and 30% thickness reductions. We separately studied the effects of plastic deformation, and the mechanical vibration on the grain refinement. Optical microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and Vickers hardness were used to characterise the weld microstructure heterogeneity. We correlated the weld width and depth, and the mean grain size as the function of cooling time t 8/5 . The results show that the weld dimensions increase as increasing the t 8/5 . The weld microstructures transformed from the mixed martensite and bainite into the mixed ferrite and bainite with increasing mean grain size as increasing the t 8/5 time. The TMW welds exhibit smaller grains compared to TIG welds due to the coupled effects of the mechanical vibration and plastic deformation. The mechanical vibration contributes to weld metal homogenisation, accelerating TiN precipitation in the fusion zone. The proposed TMW process can refine the weld microstructures of S700MC steel, enhancing its mechanical properties.
{"title":"The effect of thermomechanical welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S700MC steel welds","authors":"PENG WANG, Felipe Martins Gomes, Fernando Gustavo Warchomicka, Wolfgang Ernst, Rudolf Vallant, Maria Cecilia Poletti, Norbert Enzinger","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3313832/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3313832/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Grain refinement by plastic deformation attempts to compensate for the loss of mechanical properties of welded joints during conventional TIG welding. We performed thermomechanical welding (TMW) tests on the S700MC steel with welding combinations of the TIG arc heating and frequent hammering over three target cooling times (t 8/5 = 5s, 15s and 25s). Additionally, we analysed the effect of initial microstructures on the weld joint quality by testing three materials conditions: hot-rolled (as-received), and cold-rolled with 10% and 30% thickness reductions. We separately studied the effects of plastic deformation, and the mechanical vibration on the grain refinement. Optical microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and Vickers hardness were used to characterise the weld microstructure heterogeneity. We correlated the weld width and depth, and the mean grain size as the function of cooling time t 8/5 . The results show that the weld dimensions increase as increasing the t 8/5 . The weld microstructures transformed from the mixed martensite and bainite into the mixed ferrite and bainite with increasing mean grain size as increasing the t 8/5 time. The TMW welds exhibit smaller grains compared to TIG welds due to the coupled effects of the mechanical vibration and plastic deformation. The mechanical vibration contributes to weld metal homogenisation, accelerating TiN precipitation in the fusion zone. The proposed TMW process can refine the weld microstructures of S700MC steel, enhancing its mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"6 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3576918/v1
Rickinder Sethi, Brendan Lyver, Jaswanth Gorla, Robin Forbes, Kathleen A Sheehan, Christian Schulz-Quach
Abstract Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic created an urgent need for an innovative method of care delivery for psychosocial oncology. The psychosocial oncology services at the University Health Network in Toronto, Canada transitioned expeditiously to digital technologies that were readily available and accessible for patients and clinicians, facilitating care provision while reducing the transmission of COVID-19. This study aims to provide a validated framework for transitioning to digital delivery methods of care. Methods. A quality improvement team was established and tasked with successfully transitioning services from primarily in-person to digital delivery methods of care quickly and seamlessly. This included analyzing the psychosocial oncology workflow, planning and implementing a digital transition, and collecting data and feedback on the impact of this digital workflow through the use of surveys. Results. The average response rate of the surveys was 69.1%. Feedback and data collection demonstrated that more than 90% of psychosocial oncology processes were completed with digital tools following the transition with limited impact on clinical delivery. The clinicians reported feeling confident and satisfied providing care using digital workflow tools. Conclusion. The psychosocial oncology quality improvement team at the University Health Network provides a validated framework for transitioning to new methods of delivering care. As technology continues to develop, guidance on transitioning clinics and departments to new digital tools will be crucial for healthcare institutions. The framework provided in this study can be utilized to ensure the successful implementation of new technologies.
{"title":"Quality Improvement Project to Transition Psychosocial Oncology Clinical Care to a Telehealth Workflow during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Quasi-Experimental Study","authors":"Rickinder Sethi, Brendan Lyver, Jaswanth Gorla, Robin Forbes, Kathleen A Sheehan, Christian Schulz-Quach","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3576918/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3576918/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic created an urgent need for an innovative method of care delivery for psychosocial oncology. The psychosocial oncology services at the University Health Network in Toronto, Canada transitioned expeditiously to digital technologies that were readily available and accessible for patients and clinicians, facilitating care provision while reducing the transmission of COVID-19. This study aims to provide a validated framework for transitioning to digital delivery methods of care. Methods. A quality improvement team was established and tasked with successfully transitioning services from primarily in-person to digital delivery methods of care quickly and seamlessly. This included analyzing the psychosocial oncology workflow, planning and implementing a digital transition, and collecting data and feedback on the impact of this digital workflow through the use of surveys. Results. The average response rate of the surveys was 69.1%. Feedback and data collection demonstrated that more than 90% of psychosocial oncology processes were completed with digital tools following the transition with limited impact on clinical delivery. The clinicians reported feeling confident and satisfied providing care using digital workflow tools. Conclusion. The psychosocial oncology quality improvement team at the University Health Network provides a validated framework for transitioning to new methods of delivering care. As technology continues to develop, guidance on transitioning clinics and departments to new digital tools will be crucial for healthcare institutions. The framework provided in this study can be utilized to ensure the successful implementation of new technologies.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"116 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3591846/v1
Armand K. Ekra, Constant A. V. Edi, Guy Constant N. Gbalegba, Julien Z. B. Zahouli, Mathias Danho, Benjamin G. Koudou
Abstract Background Anopheles mosquito resistance to insecticide remains a serious threat to malaria vector control affecting several sub-Sahara African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire where high pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphate resistance are reported. Since 2017, new insecticide, namely neonicotinoids (e.g.; clothianidin) and pyrroles (e.g.; chlorfenapyr) have been World Health Organization (WHO) pre-qualified for use in public health to manage insecticide resistance for disease vector control. Methods Clothianidin and chlorfenapyr were tested against the field-collected An. gambiae populations from Gagnoa, Daloa and Abengourou using the WHO standard insecticide susceptibility biossays. Anopheles gambiae larvae were collected from several larval habitats, pooled and reared to adulthood in each site in July 2020. Non-blood-fed adult female mosquitoes aged two to five days were exposed to diagnostic concentration deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, bendiocarb, and pirimiphos-methyl. Clothianidin 2% treated papers were locally made and tested using WHO tube bioassay while chlorfenapyr (100 µg/bottle) was evaluated using WHO bottle assays. Furthermore, subsamples of exposed mosquitoes were identified to species and genotyped for insecticide resistance markers including the knock-down resistance ( kdr ) west and east acetylcholinesterase ( Ace -1) using molecular techniques. Results High pyrethroid resistance was recorded at all study sites. Complete mortality (100% mortality) was recorded with clothianidin in Daloa, 94.9% in Gagnoa and 96.6% in Abengourou, while susceptibility (mortality > 98%) to chlorfenapyr 100 µg/bottle was recorded at all sites and to pirimiphos-methyl in Gagnoa and Abengourou. Kdr-west mutation was present at high frequency (0.58 to 0.73) in the three sites and Kdr -east mutation frequency was recorded at a very low frequency of 0.02 in both Abengourou and Daloa samples and absent in Gagnoa. The Ace -1 mutation was present at frequencies between 0.19 and 0.29 in these areas. Anopheles coluzzii represented 100% of mosquito collected in Daloa and Gagnoa, and 72% in Abengourou. Conclusions This study showed that clothianidin and chlorfenapyr insecticides induce high mortality in the natural and pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae populations in Côte d’Ivoire suggesting that clothianidin and chlorfenapyr could be good candidate insecticides to manage insecticide resistance following a strategic intervention deployments.
{"title":"Can neonicotinoid and pyrrole insecticides manage malaria vector resistance in high pyrethroid resistance areas in Côte d'Ivoire?","authors":"Armand K. Ekra, Constant A. V. Edi, Guy Constant N. Gbalegba, Julien Z. B. Zahouli, Mathias Danho, Benjamin G. Koudou","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3591846/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3591846/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Anopheles mosquito resistance to insecticide remains a serious threat to malaria vector control affecting several sub-Sahara African countries, including Côte d’Ivoire where high pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphate resistance are reported. Since 2017, new insecticide, namely neonicotinoids (e.g.; clothianidin) and pyrroles (e.g.; chlorfenapyr) have been World Health Organization (WHO) pre-qualified for use in public health to manage insecticide resistance for disease vector control. Methods Clothianidin and chlorfenapyr were tested against the field-collected An. gambiae populations from Gagnoa, Daloa and Abengourou using the WHO standard insecticide susceptibility biossays. Anopheles gambiae larvae were collected from several larval habitats, pooled and reared to adulthood in each site in July 2020. Non-blood-fed adult female mosquitoes aged two to five days were exposed to diagnostic concentration deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, bendiocarb, and pirimiphos-methyl. Clothianidin 2% treated papers were locally made and tested using WHO tube bioassay while chlorfenapyr (100 µg/bottle) was evaluated using WHO bottle assays. Furthermore, subsamples of exposed mosquitoes were identified to species and genotyped for insecticide resistance markers including the knock-down resistance ( kdr ) west and east acetylcholinesterase ( Ace -1) using molecular techniques. Results High pyrethroid resistance was recorded at all study sites. Complete mortality (100% mortality) was recorded with clothianidin in Daloa, 94.9% in Gagnoa and 96.6% in Abengourou, while susceptibility (mortality > 98%) to chlorfenapyr 100 µg/bottle was recorded at all sites and to pirimiphos-methyl in Gagnoa and Abengourou. Kdr-west mutation was present at high frequency (0.58 to 0.73) in the three sites and Kdr -east mutation frequency was recorded at a very low frequency of 0.02 in both Abengourou and Daloa samples and absent in Gagnoa. The Ace -1 mutation was present at frequencies between 0.19 and 0.29 in these areas. Anopheles coluzzii represented 100% of mosquito collected in Daloa and Gagnoa, and 72% in Abengourou. Conclusions This study showed that clothianidin and chlorfenapyr insecticides induce high mortality in the natural and pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae populations in Côte d’Ivoire suggesting that clothianidin and chlorfenapyr could be good candidate insecticides to manage insecticide resistance following a strategic intervention deployments.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"100 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3568637/v1
Nicolas Heinz von der Hoeh, Jonathan Keuchel, Phillip Pieroh, Ulrich Josef Albert Spiegl, Georg Osterhoff, Christoph-Eckhard Heyde
Abstract Background The incidence of upper cervical fractures in elderly individuals is increasing, necessitating enhanced treatment approaches. Method A retrospective study of 268 elderly patients with upper cervical fractures was conducted to assess inpatient outcomes aged 75 and older with atlas and/or axis fractures. Patient risk was evaluated using the ASA score and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). In-hospital mortality and functional outcomes were assessed, with fracture treatment strategies following AO principles. Results Patients with C1, C2 or combined fractures did not differ in age, CCI, Barthel score or length of hospital stay (p > 0.05). C2 fractures were predominant, and the majority of patients suffered at least from a severe general disease (ASA ≥ 3). Comparing operatively and conservatively treated patients, regardless of fracture localization, revealed no significant differences in mortality, both overall and time-related. Surgical patients experienced a higher frequency of general complications, notably dyspnea. The overall mortality rate was 14.9%, with 15.7% in the nonoperative group and 14.4% in the surgical group (p = 0.8628). The overall rate of general complications was 51.4% (n = 51) in the nonoperative group and 71.9% (n = 110) in the operatively treated group. Conclusion The in-hospital mortality and morbidity of elderly patients with upper cervical fractures are high but do not significantly differ between operatively and nonoperatively treated patients. The complexity of the geriatric patient population highlights the need for peri- and postinpatient geriatric complex treatment, emphasizing the importance of establishing geriatric-specialized care structures.
{"title":"Inpatient outcome of upper cervical fractures in the elderly: a retrospective analysis of 268 cases.","authors":"Nicolas Heinz von der Hoeh, Jonathan Keuchel, Phillip Pieroh, Ulrich Josef Albert Spiegl, Georg Osterhoff, Christoph-Eckhard Heyde","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3568637/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3568637/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background The incidence of upper cervical fractures in elderly individuals is increasing, necessitating enhanced treatment approaches. Method A retrospective study of 268 elderly patients with upper cervical fractures was conducted to assess inpatient outcomes aged 75 and older with atlas and/or axis fractures. Patient risk was evaluated using the ASA score and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). In-hospital mortality and functional outcomes were assessed, with fracture treatment strategies following AO principles. Results Patients with C1, C2 or combined fractures did not differ in age, CCI, Barthel score or length of hospital stay (p > 0.05). C2 fractures were predominant, and the majority of patients suffered at least from a severe general disease (ASA ≥ 3). Comparing operatively and conservatively treated patients, regardless of fracture localization, revealed no significant differences in mortality, both overall and time-related. Surgical patients experienced a higher frequency of general complications, notably dyspnea. The overall mortality rate was 14.9%, with 15.7% in the nonoperative group and 14.4% in the surgical group (p = 0.8628). The overall rate of general complications was 51.4% (n = 51) in the nonoperative group and 71.9% (n = 110) in the operatively treated group. Conclusion The in-hospital mortality and morbidity of elderly patients with upper cervical fractures are high but do not significantly differ between operatively and nonoperatively treated patients. The complexity of the geriatric patient population highlights the need for peri- and postinpatient geriatric complex treatment, emphasizing the importance of establishing geriatric-specialized care structures.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3570334/v1
Thomas Heitz, Ning He, Muhammad Jamil, Daniel Bachrathy
Abstract This research study is devoted to propose a newly developed split-wise model to predict the cutting forces. The proof-of-the-study is achieved by implementing this model in milling Al2024 for the minimum error. The developed model is based on the classical shifted linear model used in the published literature. This model includes the calculation of the milling tool considering individual teeth, which leads to the determination of 6 force coefficients of different values per tooth. The experiments were conducted on milling Al2024 for two set of experiments ( V fz = 375-675 m/min, a e = 4-12 mm, a p = 0.5-1 mm, D =16 mm) and ( V fz = 220-440 m/min, a e = 0.5- 1 mm, a p = 0.5-1mm, D =2 mm). For the first set, the comparative error determined from the split-wise and classic models is 5.6% and 7.8%, respectively. For the second set, the error is 11% and 15.7%, respectively. Therefore, the use of the split-wise model is highly recommended for the prediction of the cutting force at low tool diameters. The study findings have shown the great capacity of the model to adapt to the runout, especially at low-scale milling where the spindle runout is amplified. Currently, the proposed study uses the optimal force coefficients, which were minimized via a cost function process.
摘要本文提出了一种新开发的切割力预测模型。通过在铣削Al2024中实现该模型，获得了最小误差的研究证明。所开发的模型是基于已发表文献中使用的经典移位线性模型。该模型包括考虑单个齿的铣刀计算，从而确定每个齿的6个不同值的力系数。在Al2024上进行了两组实验(vfz = 375 ~ 675 m/min, a e = 4 ~ 12 mm, a p = 0.5 ~ 1mm, D =16 mm)和(vfz = 220 ~ 440 m/min, a e = 0.5 ~ 1mm, a p = 0.5 ~ 1mm, D =2 mm)。对于第一组，由分岔模型和经典模型确定的比较误差分别为5.6%和7.8%。第二组的误差分别为11%和15.7%。因此，在预测低刀具直径下的切削力时，强烈建议使用分划模型。研究结果表明，该模型具有很大的适应跳动的能力，特别是在小尺度铣削时，主轴跳动被放大。目前，所提出的研究使用最优力系数，并通过成本函数过程最小化。
{"title":"Development and implementation of a novel split-wise model to predict the cutting forces in milling of Al2024 for minimum error","authors":"Thomas Heitz, Ning He, Muhammad Jamil, Daniel Bachrathy","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3570334/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3570334/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research study is devoted to propose a newly developed split-wise model to predict the cutting forces. The proof-of-the-study is achieved by implementing this model in milling Al2024 for the minimum error. The developed model is based on the classical shifted linear model used in the published literature. This model includes the calculation of the milling tool considering individual teeth, which leads to the determination of 6 force coefficients of different values per tooth. The experiments were conducted on milling Al2024 for two set of experiments ( V fz = 375-675 m/min, a e = 4-12 mm, a p = 0.5-1 mm, D =16 mm) and ( V fz = 220-440 m/min, a e = 0.5- 1 mm, a p = 0.5-1mm, D =2 mm). For the first set, the comparative error determined from the split-wise and classic models is 5.6% and 7.8%, respectively. For the second set, the error is 11% and 15.7%, respectively. Therefore, the use of the split-wise model is highly recommended for the prediction of the cutting force at low tool diameters. The study findings have shown the great capacity of the model to adapt to the runout, especially at low-scale milling where the spindle runout is amplified. Currently, the proposed study uses the optimal force coefficients, which were minimized via a cost function process.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"22 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3533114/v1
Xin Yu, Rene Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Christian Reimers, Ulisse Gomarasca, Mirco Migliavacca, Dario Papale, Ana Bastos
Abstract Droughts can impact terrestrial ecosystems concurrently but also lagged in time as legacy effects. Although drought legacy effects on plants have been thoroughly shown using tree radial growth and greenness, understanding of legacy effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) remains limited. Here, we quantify for the first time drought legacy effects on GPP at 73 long-term eddy covariance sites across biomes and climate regions. We find sizeable and widespread drought legacy effects at 57 out of 59 sites experiencing strong droughts. We find drought legacy effects diverge globally, with about as many sites experiencing positive (30 sites) and negative (27 sites) legacy effects. Grasslands tend to exhibit positive legacy effects, with GPP being stimulated after drought, whereas other ecosystems such as forests show a mixture of positive, negative, or no legacy effects. We find climatological aridity and drought duration to be the most relevant factors explaining spatial variability of drought legacy effects among forest sites. Our results demonstrate that drought legacy effects on GPP are widespread but divergent and should be considered more explicitly for understanding and projecting the impacts of drought on terrestrial carbon cycling.
{"title":"Widespread but divergent drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity","authors":"Xin Yu, Rene Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Christian Reimers, Ulisse Gomarasca, Mirco Migliavacca, Dario Papale, Ana Bastos","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3533114/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3533114/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Droughts can impact terrestrial ecosystems concurrently but also lagged in time as legacy effects. Although drought legacy effects on plants have been thoroughly shown using tree radial growth and greenness, understanding of legacy effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) remains limited. Here, we quantify for the first time drought legacy effects on GPP at 73 long-term eddy covariance sites across biomes and climate regions. We find sizeable and widespread drought legacy effects at 57 out of 59 sites experiencing strong droughts. We find drought legacy effects diverge globally, with about as many sites experiencing positive (30 sites) and negative (27 sites) legacy effects. Grasslands tend to exhibit positive legacy effects, with GPP being stimulated after drought, whereas other ecosystems such as forests show a mixture of positive, negative, or no legacy effects. We find climatological aridity and drought duration to be the most relevant factors explaining spatial variability of drought legacy effects among forest sites. Our results demonstrate that drought legacy effects on GPP are widespread but divergent and should be considered more explicitly for understanding and projecting the impacts of drought on terrestrial carbon cycling.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"22 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3565604/v1
Linhai WU
Abstract Effective food safety governance relies on a social co-governance system involving multiple actors coordinating with each other. In this system, social forces composed of news media and consumers, and so on are a third-sector force that corrects government and market failures. Accordingly, this study constructs a model for the four-party evolutionary game among food companies, government agencies, news media, and consumers. The system equilibrium points are calculated and verified by Matlab numerical simulation. In addition, the impact of changes in behavioral strategies by each actor on the system evolution path is investigated. The results show that the four-party game system has three equilibrium points: {safe production, strict regulation, no coverage, participation in co-governance}, {risky production, strict regulation, coverage, participation in co-governance}, and {safe production, strict regulation, coverage, participation in co-governance}. If the input costs of government agencies exceed a critical value, the agencies will be unable to afford the high regulatory costs and have reduced motivation for strict regulation; consequently, food companies will tend to adopt risky production behaviors. The probability of food companies adopting safe production behaviors increases with the increased probability of media coverage being true. Media coverage with a low probability of being true has no deterrent effect on corporate violations. Moreover, it may even hinder regulation by government agencies by increasing the cost to verify the coverage, thus resulting in increased corporate violations. Therefore, government agencies need to improve the regulatory model and consumer rights protection mechanism to reduce the costs of strict regulation and media coverage investigation. It is also important to enhance the regulation of news media to ensure accurate coverage. In addition, government agencies need to provide consumers with optimal incentives to encourage their participation in co-governance, which also helps control the cost of government regulation.
{"title":"Behavioral strategies of actors in food safety social co-governance: Analysis of a four-party evolutionary game","authors":"Linhai WU","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3565604/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3565604/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Effective food safety governance relies on a social co-governance system involving multiple actors coordinating with each other. In this system, social forces composed of news media and consumers, and so on are a third-sector force that corrects government and market failures. Accordingly, this study constructs a model for the four-party evolutionary game among food companies, government agencies, news media, and consumers. The system equilibrium points are calculated and verified by Matlab numerical simulation. In addition, the impact of changes in behavioral strategies by each actor on the system evolution path is investigated. The results show that the four-party game system has three equilibrium points: {safe production, strict regulation, no coverage, participation in co-governance}, {risky production, strict regulation, coverage, participation in co-governance}, and {safe production, strict regulation, coverage, participation in co-governance}. If the input costs of government agencies exceed a critical value, the agencies will be unable to afford the high regulatory costs and have reduced motivation for strict regulation; consequently, food companies will tend to adopt risky production behaviors. The probability of food companies adopting safe production behaviors increases with the increased probability of media coverage being true. Media coverage with a low probability of being true has no deterrent effect on corporate violations. Moreover, it may even hinder regulation by government agencies by increasing the cost to verify the coverage, thus resulting in increased corporate violations. Therefore, government agencies need to improve the regulatory model and consumer rights protection mechanism to reduce the costs of strict regulation and media coverage investigation. It is also important to enhance the regulation of news media to ensure accurate coverage. In addition, government agencies need to provide consumers with optimal incentives to encourage their participation in co-governance, which also helps control the cost of government regulation.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"23 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3584174/v1
Zhihui Wei, Hai Liu, Bo Wang, Jian Zhang, Haolong Tang, Qiang Li, Zhenfeng Shen, Haigui Yang, Dongzhi Shan, Yuanhang Zhao, Yi Zhao, Kai Wang, Xiaoyi Wang
Abstract In this paper, we propose a cavity-coupled perfect absorber (CCPA) consisting of a bottom gold layer, a SiO 2 layer, and multilayer MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) nanowires. By coupling the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavity mode with the magnetic plasmons (MPs) resonance mode in multilayer MIM structure, the MPs resonance in the multilayer MIM structure is enhanced, and leading to increased absorption of the structure. By designing and optimizing the parameters, near-perfect absorption in the mid-infrared wavelengths can be achieved. The positions of the two absorption peaks can be adjusted by changing the width of the nanowires and the thickness of the SiO2 layer, resulting in the formant excitation at any position in the mid-infrared. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the short-wave peak is only 0.076 µm, and the FWHM of the long-wave peak is only 0.46 µm. The long-wave absorption peak maintains high efficiency and stability even at large incident angles, exhibiting "omnidirectional" characteristics. The tunable mid-infrared emission peak can be matched to the characteristic spectra of gases, making it suitable for infrared radiation sources in gas detection.
{"title":"Study on coupling resonance enhancement characteristics of MPs resonance mode in multilayer MIM structure and F-P cavity mode","authors":"Zhihui Wei, Hai Liu, Bo Wang, Jian Zhang, Haolong Tang, Qiang Li, Zhenfeng Shen, Haigui Yang, Dongzhi Shan, Yuanhang Zhao, Yi Zhao, Kai Wang, Xiaoyi Wang","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3584174/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3584174/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we propose a cavity-coupled perfect absorber (CCPA) consisting of a bottom gold layer, a SiO 2 layer, and multilayer MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) nanowires. By coupling the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavity mode with the magnetic plasmons (MPs) resonance mode in multilayer MIM structure, the MPs resonance in the multilayer MIM structure is enhanced, and leading to increased absorption of the structure. By designing and optimizing the parameters, near-perfect absorption in the mid-infrared wavelengths can be achieved. The positions of the two absorption peaks can be adjusted by changing the width of the nanowires and the thickness of the SiO2 layer, resulting in the formant excitation at any position in the mid-infrared. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the short-wave peak is only 0.076 µm, and the FWHM of the long-wave peak is only 0.46 µm. The long-wave absorption peak maintains high efficiency and stability even at large incident angles, exhibiting \"omnidirectional\" characteristics. The tunable mid-infrared emission peak can be matched to the characteristic spectra of gases, making it suitable for infrared radiation sources in gas detection.","PeriodicalId":500086,"journal":{"name":"Research Square (Research Square)","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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