Background: Chronic low-back pain affects majority of the population worldwide. A paucity of data on the morphology of basivertebral foramen of S1 vertebra hampers the understanding of vertebrogenic cause of chronic low-back pain. The aim of the study was to investigate normal adult basivertebral foramen (S1) morphometry and discuss its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: One hundred sacra that consisted of dry bone and computed tomography scans were included in the study. All the morphometric analyses on dry sacra were performed using sliding caliper. Topographic location of the basivertebral foramen was studied based on its distance from the upper rim of the S1 body and the closest distance from the nearest point of origin of pedicles. Shape, number, height, and depth of the basivertebral foramen were noted. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism version 7 for Windows, (GraphPad Software, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Results: The basivertebral foramina was found in the posterior aspect of the body of the S1 vertebra. The shape of the foramina varied from round, tear-shaped, slit-like, and comma-shaped. The mean depth of the foramen correlated with the anterior-posterior diameter of the body of the S1 vertebra. Conclusions: Detailed knowledge of these foramen could be important for medical education because they could cause changing operation techniques during surgeries and in the treatment of chronic low-back pain.
背景：慢性腰背痛影响着全球大多数人。有关 S1 椎体椎底孔形态的数据很少，这妨碍了对慢性腰背痛椎体成因的了解。本研究旨在调查正常成人椎弓根(S1)椎孔的形态，并探讨其临床意义。材料和方法：研究纳入了 100 个由干骨和计算机断层扫描组成的骶骨。所有干骨的形态分析均使用滑动卡尺进行。椎基底孔的地形位置是根据其与 S1 体上缘的距离以及与最近的椎弓根起源点的最近距离进行研究的。基底椎孔的形状、数量、高度和深度均被记录下来。使用 GraphPad Prism version 7 for Windows（GraphPad Software，波士顿，马萨诸塞州，美国）对收集的数据进行统计分析。结果椎基底孔位于 S1 椎体的后方。椎孔形状各异，有圆形、撕裂形、裂缝形和逗号形。椎孔的平均深度与 S1 椎体的前后直径相关。结论是对这些椎孔的详细了解对医学教育非常重要，因为它们可能会改变手术和治疗慢性腰背痛的操作技术。
{"title":"Anatomical study and clinical significance of basivertebral foramen of S1 vertebra","authors":"Roshni Sadashiv, Suresh Managutti, Anil Bargale, Pooja Nimbal, Preetam Patil","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_8_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_8_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic low-back pain affects majority of the population worldwide. A paucity of data on the morphology of basivertebral foramen of S1 vertebra hampers the understanding of vertebrogenic cause of chronic low-back pain. The aim of the study was to investigate normal adult basivertebral foramen (S1) morphometry and discuss its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: One hundred sacra that consisted of dry bone and computed tomography scans were included in the study. All the morphometric analyses on dry sacra were performed using sliding caliper. Topographic location of the basivertebral foramen was studied based on its distance from the upper rim of the S1 body and the closest distance from the nearest point of origin of pedicles. Shape, number, height, and depth of the basivertebral foramen were noted. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism version 7 for Windows, (GraphPad Software, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Results: The basivertebral foramina was found in the posterior aspect of the body of the S1 vertebra. The shape of the foramina varied from round, tear-shaped, slit-like, and comma-shaped. The mean depth of the foramen correlated with the anterior-posterior diameter of the body of the S1 vertebra. Conclusions: Detailed knowledge of these foramen could be important for medical education because they could cause changing operation techniques during surgeries and in the treatment of chronic low-back pain.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"7 1","pages":"217 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The relationship between rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and morphological features of the shoulder joint has yet to be fully explained. The earlier studies were usually done with two-dimensional radiography images, but joint positions and bone formations could not be thoroughly evaluated in two-dimensional images. This study aims to assess the relationship between RCTs and critical shoulder angle (CSA) and acromial index (AI) values in three dimensions. Methods: In our study, computerized tomography of 24 RCTs (RCT group) and 20 Bankart lesions, and no RCTs (control group) were examined. CSA and AI were measured on three-dimensional (3D) glenohumeral joint models obtained by 3D reconstructions of computed tomography examinations. Results: The RCT group's CSA was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.002). AI values did not differ significantly (P = 0.151) between the groups. In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation between the AI and CSA values and the age of patients with RCTs (r = 0.309, r = 0.367). Conclusion: This study differs from earlier studies in some significant respects, such as AI values were not found to be associated with RCTs. CSA values were associated with RCTs in parallel with earlier studies. This difference may be because we performed our study on 3D models. We anticipate that our results will guide clinicians in revealing the etiology of rotator cuff degeneration and determining the surgical method for treatment.
{"title":"Evaluation of the relationship between critical shoulder angle and acromial index measurements with rotator cuff rupture on three-dimensional models","authors":"Merve Ince, R. Gözil, U. Kanatlı, M. Bahcelioglu","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_20_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_20_23","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The relationship between rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and morphological features of the shoulder joint has yet to be fully explained. The earlier studies were usually done with two-dimensional radiography images, but joint positions and bone formations could not be thoroughly evaluated in two-dimensional images. This study aims to assess the relationship between RCTs and critical shoulder angle (CSA) and acromial index (AI) values in three dimensions. Methods: In our study, computerized tomography of 24 RCTs (RCT group) and 20 Bankart lesions, and no RCTs (control group) were examined. CSA and AI were measured on three-dimensional (3D) glenohumeral joint models obtained by 3D reconstructions of computed tomography examinations. Results: The RCT group's CSA was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.002). AI values did not differ significantly (P = 0.151) between the groups. In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation between the AI and CSA values and the age of patients with RCTs (r = 0.309, r = 0.367). Conclusion: This study differs from earlier studies in some significant respects, such as AI values were not found to be associated with RCTs. CSA values were associated with RCTs in parallel with earlier studies. This difference may be because we performed our study on 3D models. We anticipate that our results will guide clinicians in revealing the etiology of rotator cuff degeneration and determining the surgical method for treatment.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"4 1","pages":"246 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Suaidi, M. Alshawsh, S. Hoe, Mohd Mokhtar, Siti Rosmani Md Zin
Introduction: Toxicity data that focus on the exposure within the range of allowable human limits of technical xylene (dimethylbenzene) on the female reproductive system and prenatal development are rarely updated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the outcomes of maternal exposure to technical xylene during the preimplantation period in pregnant rats. Materials and Methods: Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were exposed to 0 (0 mg/kg), 100 (0.172 mg/kg), 500 (0.86 mg/kg), and 1000 (1.72 mg/kg) parts per million (ppm) of technical xylene via intraperitoneal injection from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD3. Clinical signs, maternal weight gain, and food intake were monitored daily. On GD5, the females were sacrificed to assess the early implantations and other reproductive parameters. Results: Technical xylene caused significant decreases in the number of implantation sites, maternal body weight gain, and food intake at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Significant increases in the serum total protein and potassium were also observed. Although there was no difference in the relative organ weights, increases in the uterus and liver weights were observed. Histological examination revealed systemic inflammatory changes in the uterus, liver, lungs, and kidney from all treated groups. Discussion and Conclusion: This study suggested that technical xylene causes maternal and prenatal toxicities associated with organ inflammation when exposed at the early gestational phase. Further studies of xylene toxicity at different stages of pregnancy are required to improve safety guidelines for technical xylene exposure.
{"title":"Technical xylene induces maternal toxicity associated with organ inflammation during preimplantation stage in pregnant sprague-dawley rats","authors":"N. Suaidi, M. Alshawsh, S. Hoe, Mohd Mokhtar, Siti Rosmani Md Zin","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_26_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_26_23","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Toxicity data that focus on the exposure within the range of allowable human limits of technical xylene (dimethylbenzene) on the female reproductive system and prenatal development are rarely updated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the outcomes of maternal exposure to technical xylene during the preimplantation period in pregnant rats. Materials and Methods: Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were exposed to 0 (0 mg/kg), 100 (0.172 mg/kg), 500 (0.86 mg/kg), and 1000 (1.72 mg/kg) parts per million (ppm) of technical xylene via intraperitoneal injection from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD3. Clinical signs, maternal weight gain, and food intake were monitored daily. On GD5, the females were sacrificed to assess the early implantations and other reproductive parameters. Results: Technical xylene caused significant decreases in the number of implantation sites, maternal body weight gain, and food intake at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Significant increases in the serum total protein and potassium were also observed. Although there was no difference in the relative organ weights, increases in the uterus and liver weights were observed. Histological examination revealed systemic inflammatory changes in the uterus, liver, lungs, and kidney from all treated groups. Discussion and Conclusion: This study suggested that technical xylene causes maternal and prenatal toxicities associated with organ inflammation when exposed at the early gestational phase. Further studies of xylene toxicity at different stages of pregnancy are required to improve safety guidelines for technical xylene exposure.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"23 1","pages":"252 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of nutrient foramina on dry tibia bones, as well as the clinical implications. Materials and Methods: This study involved 63 tibiae (28 right and 35 left). The length of the tibia, number, direction, size, and location of nutrient foramina in relation to borders, surfaces, and soleal line, the distance between the nutrient foramina and proximal tibial end, the mediolateral, anteroposterior diameter of the tibial shaft at the level of the nutrient foramina, and the foraminal and cnemicus indexes were evaluated. The size of the nutrient foramina was classified using hypodermic needles of 14-16-18-20-22-24 gauge. Nutrient foramina with gauge sizes of 14–16, 18–20, and 22–24 were classified as large, medium, and small, respectively. Results: On the tibia, there is usually one nutrient foramina (92.06%), which may locate on the posterior surface (91.18%), lateral to the soleal line (95.17%), and in the upper 1/3 of the tibia (80.9%). The nutrient foramina was primarily 18–20 gauge (72.05%) and directed downward. Discussion and Conclusion: The morphological and morphometric features of nutrition foramina are vital to know, especially in surgical procedures and fractures of the upper 1/3 of the tibia. The sizes of NFs were evaluated detail in this study, and it was found that shorter tibiae had smaller NFs that were located more proximal than medium and large NFs. This morphological feature was described in the literature for the first time.
{"title":"Morphologic and morphometric evaluation of nutrient foramina of tibia","authors":"Mehmet Ulkir, Levend Karaçoban, Burcu Günes","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_87_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_87_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of nutrient foramina on dry tibia bones, as well as the clinical implications. Materials and Methods: This study involved 63 tibiae (28 right and 35 left). The length of the tibia, number, direction, size, and location of nutrient foramina in relation to borders, surfaces, and soleal line, the distance between the nutrient foramina and proximal tibial end, the mediolateral, anteroposterior diameter of the tibial shaft at the level of the nutrient foramina, and the foraminal and cnemicus indexes were evaluated. The size of the nutrient foramina was classified using hypodermic needles of 14-16-18-20-22-24 gauge. Nutrient foramina with gauge sizes of 14–16, 18–20, and 22–24 were classified as large, medium, and small, respectively. Results: On the tibia, there is usually one nutrient foramina (92.06%), which may locate on the posterior surface (91.18%), lateral to the soleal line (95.17%), and in the upper 1/3 of the tibia (80.9%). The nutrient foramina was primarily 18–20 gauge (72.05%) and directed downward. Discussion and Conclusion: The morphological and morphometric features of nutrition foramina are vital to know, especially in surgical procedures and fractures of the upper 1/3 of the tibia. The sizes of NFs were evaluated detail in this study, and it was found that shorter tibiae had smaller NFs that were located more proximal than medium and large NFs. This morphological feature was described in the literature for the first time.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"65 1","pages":"239 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The third ventricle is a midline, slit-like cavity which is derived from the primitive forebrain vesicle, lying in the sagittal plane below the fornix and the corpus callosum. Much of the upper part of the lateral wall is occupied by the thalamus, that bulges convexly into the ventricle. The cerebral ventricular system acts as a marker of brain development and a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The thalamus is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. Virtually all sensory systems pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex, and in turn, each part of the thalamus receives projections from the cortical area to which it projects. Materials and Methods: For the study, cranial computed tomography scans of 180 patients were studied. Anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of the third ventricle, thalamus, and intracranial cavity were measured and were compared with males and females of the studied population, and it was statistically analyzed. Results: The study showed an increase in the mean third ventricular anteroposterior and transverse diameter as age advances in the three age groups studied. There was no significant correlation in the anteroposterior or transverse diameter of the cranial cavity between the three age groups studied. Both anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the cranial cavity were larger in males when compared with females. Conclusion: The study in Indian adults is on morphometry of the third ventricle and thalamus by computerized tomography might help clinicians and radiologists to diagnose the pathologies ruling out the confronting effect of aging in third ventricular and thalamic dimensions. The study might also help in defining the age-specific third ventricular and thalamic diameters in the South Indian population.
{"title":"Morphometric study of the third ventricle and thalamus by computerized tomography","authors":"Manjula Sajeev, R. Shubha, K. Jose","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_73_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_73_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The third ventricle is a midline, slit-like cavity which is derived from the primitive forebrain vesicle, lying in the sagittal plane below the fornix and the corpus callosum. Much of the upper part of the lateral wall is occupied by the thalamus, that bulges convexly into the ventricle. The cerebral ventricular system acts as a marker of brain development and a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The thalamus is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. Virtually all sensory systems pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex, and in turn, each part of the thalamus receives projections from the cortical area to which it projects. Materials and Methods: For the study, cranial computed tomography scans of 180 patients were studied. Anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of the third ventricle, thalamus, and intracranial cavity were measured and were compared with males and females of the studied population, and it was statistically analyzed. Results: The study showed an increase in the mean third ventricular anteroposterior and transverse diameter as age advances in the three age groups studied. There was no significant correlation in the anteroposterior or transverse diameter of the cranial cavity between the three age groups studied. Both anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the cranial cavity were larger in males when compared with females. Conclusion: The study in Indian adults is on morphometry of the third ventricle and thalamus by computerized tomography might help clinicians and radiologists to diagnose the pathologies ruling out the confronting effect of aging in third ventricular and thalamic dimensions. The study might also help in defining the age-specific third ventricular and thalamic diameters in the South Indian population.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"7 1","pages":"222 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shifting of research and teaching methodology training is a potential solution for Indian medical education","authors":"Himel Mondal","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_33_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_33_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"72 1","pages":"176 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context: Pes anserinus (PA) includes conjoined tendinous insertion of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. Each tendon can have individual insertions attached nearly in a linear arrangement. The presence of accessory tendons, bands, and structures constituting in forming PA shows high variability and has been reported clinical importance in harvesting PA graft and tendon reconstruction procedure. Aim: The present study aimed to macroscopically observe anatomical and morphological variations in the structures constituting in the insertion of the PA tendon and establish its clinical significance. Subjects and Methods: A total of ninety cadaveric lower limbs including both sexes dissected to observe variations in the structures forming PA at the anteromedial surface of the upper part of the tibia. Statistical Analysis Used: The descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: PA was constituted of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus tendons in all the specimens. The most common pattern observed was monotendinous-sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus in 67 (74.44%) limbs. The semimembranosus and tibial collateral ligament participation was observed in 5 (5.55%) and 2 (2.22%) limbs, respectively. The accessory band of sartorius and semitendinosus was observed in 2 (2.22%) and 14 (15.55%) limbs, respectively. Conclusions: PA in the medial side of the knee is a common injury site. The presence of any accessory structures or bands within can handicap graft harvesting since the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons are routinely harvested for the reconstruction procedure. Furthermore, present anatomical knowledge can be helpful to surgeons for preoperative radiological examination and to avoid complications during transplant graft surgeries of the knee.
{"title":"Anatomical and morphological variations in the tendons constituting the pes anserinus of knee with its clinical significance: A human cadaveric study","authors":"Meghana Joshi, M. Ravat, V. Vaniya","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_41_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_41_22","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Pes anserinus (PA) includes conjoined tendinous insertion of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. Each tendon can have individual insertions attached nearly in a linear arrangement. The presence of accessory tendons, bands, and structures constituting in forming PA shows high variability and has been reported clinical importance in harvesting PA graft and tendon reconstruction procedure. Aim: The present study aimed to macroscopically observe anatomical and morphological variations in the structures constituting in the insertion of the PA tendon and establish its clinical significance. Subjects and Methods: A total of ninety cadaveric lower limbs including both sexes dissected to observe variations in the structures forming PA at the anteromedial surface of the upper part of the tibia. Statistical Analysis Used: The descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: PA was constituted of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus tendons in all the specimens. The most common pattern observed was monotendinous-sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus in 67 (74.44%) limbs. The semimembranosus and tibial collateral ligament participation was observed in 5 (5.55%) and 2 (2.22%) limbs, respectively. The accessory band of sartorius and semitendinosus was observed in 2 (2.22%) and 14 (15.55%) limbs, respectively. Conclusions: PA in the medial side of the knee is a common injury site. The presence of any accessory structures or bands within can handicap graft harvesting since the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons are routinely harvested for the reconstruction procedure. Furthermore, present anatomical knowledge can be helpful to surgeons for preoperative radiological examination and to avoid complications during transplant graft surgeries of the knee.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"72 1","pages":"126 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48949653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Early differentiation of the cerebellum during fetal life makes it the center of interest in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Moreover, the cerebellar vermis develops a little ahead of the hemispheres. Hence, the morphological parameters of the vermis can be a guide to ascertaining gestational age and assessing any anomalies related to posterior cranial fossa development. Aims and Objectives: The study was taken up with the objective of building up a timeline for the appearance of folia and important fissures. Moreover, establishing a correlation between the growing fetus and vermal parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 60 human fetal fixed cerebella were included in this observational and descriptive type of study. Fetuses affected with any congenital or neurological deficit were excluded. Grouping of the fetuses was done, based on their gestational age in weeks. The first group from 13-17 weeks, the second group from 18-22weeks, the third group from 23-27 weeks, and the fourth group from 28-32 weeks. Observation: Time of appearance of folia and fissures were noted. Vernier calipers were used to measure vermal width and anteroposterior length. Statistical tools like IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. and one-way analysis of variance were applied to the data obtained. Conclusion: A posterolateral fissure appeared at 13 weeks of gestation while folia and other fissures appeared from the 18th week onwards. Both the parameters of vermis showed a linear correlation with gestational age. Such a timeline and correlation shall prove to be helpful in calculating fetal age in the field of forensic studies.
{"title":"Role of vermal anteroposterior length and width in age determination of fetus","authors":"N. Ahmad, Deepanjit Singh, S. Jethani","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_89_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_89_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Early differentiation of the cerebellum during fetal life makes it the center of interest in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Moreover, the cerebellar vermis develops a little ahead of the hemispheres. Hence, the morphological parameters of the vermis can be a guide to ascertaining gestational age and assessing any anomalies related to posterior cranial fossa development. Aims and Objectives: The study was taken up with the objective of building up a timeline for the appearance of folia and important fissures. Moreover, establishing a correlation between the growing fetus and vermal parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 60 human fetal fixed cerebella were included in this observational and descriptive type of study. Fetuses affected with any congenital or neurological deficit were excluded. Grouping of the fetuses was done, based on their gestational age in weeks. The first group from 13-17 weeks, the second group from 18-22weeks, the third group from 23-27 weeks, and the fourth group from 28-32 weeks. Observation: Time of appearance of folia and fissures were noted. Vernier calipers were used to measure vermal width and anteroposterior length. Statistical tools like IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. and one-way analysis of variance were applied to the data obtained. Conclusion: A posterolateral fissure appeared at 13 weeks of gestation while folia and other fissures appeared from the 18th week onwards. Both the parameters of vermis showed a linear correlation with gestational age. Such a timeline and correlation shall prove to be helpful in calculating fetal age in the field of forensic studies.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"72 1","pages":"135 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46509669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Ezemagu, Chiagozie Okafor, C. Anibeze, C. Ojobo, G. Okechukwu, Eunice Ezemagu
Background: The alarming rate of kidney failure in Africa and Asia could be associated with wide levels of consumption of Moringa oleifera seed preparations in the continent. Objectives: The study aims to ascertain the phytochemicals in aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. oleifera seed and determine how its consumption affects the histopathology and function of the kidney. Materials and Methods: Albino rats (32) about 7 weeks old and weight, 120 g each, were divided into Groups 1–8, using nonprobability sampling technique. The rats in Groups 2–8 were fed daily, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg, 1600 mg, 3200 mg, and 6400 mg/kg body weight of M. oleifera seed powder dissolved in 2 mL of distilled water, respectively, for 9 days, with the aid of a syringe and cannula. Group 1 (control) received 2 mL of distilled water daily. On the 8th day, two rats were randomly selected from Group 8 and fed with 15,000 mg/kg body weight (Group 9). Results: The seed has moderate alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids concentrations, and it is rich in carbohydrates, protein (aromatic amino acids), and oil. The renal tissues of rats in Groups 3–9 were distorted and necrosed. The rats in Groups 6–9 had an appreciable reduction in concentrations of blood creatinine and urea, and mortality was recorded in Groups 8 and 9. Discussion and Conclusion: Although subacute consumption of 100 mg/kg body weight daily of M. oleifera seed could not distort the renal architecture, blood electrolytes, creatinine, or urea concentration of the rats, relatively high-grade level of consumption could precipitate renal failure. An urgent need to standardize the consumption of the seed preparations of the “miracle plant” is required.
{"title":"Evaluating the Renal Toxicity Profile of Moringa oleifera Seed: Associating its Wide Consumption with Renal Failure – Subacute In vivo Study","authors":"U. Ezemagu, Chiagozie Okafor, C. Anibeze, C. Ojobo, G. Okechukwu, Eunice Ezemagu","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_22_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_22_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The alarming rate of kidney failure in Africa and Asia could be associated with wide levels of consumption of Moringa oleifera seed preparations in the continent. Objectives: The study aims to ascertain the phytochemicals in aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. oleifera seed and determine how its consumption affects the histopathology and function of the kidney. Materials and Methods: Albino rats (32) about 7 weeks old and weight, 120 g each, were divided into Groups 1–8, using nonprobability sampling technique. The rats in Groups 2–8 were fed daily, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg, 1600 mg, 3200 mg, and 6400 mg/kg body weight of M. oleifera seed powder dissolved in 2 mL of distilled water, respectively, for 9 days, with the aid of a syringe and cannula. Group 1 (control) received 2 mL of distilled water daily. On the 8th day, two rats were randomly selected from Group 8 and fed with 15,000 mg/kg body weight (Group 9). Results: The seed has moderate alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids concentrations, and it is rich in carbohydrates, protein (aromatic amino acids), and oil. The renal tissues of rats in Groups 3–9 were distorted and necrosed. The rats in Groups 6–9 had an appreciable reduction in concentrations of blood creatinine and urea, and mortality was recorded in Groups 8 and 9. Discussion and Conclusion: Although subacute consumption of 100 mg/kg body weight daily of M. oleifera seed could not distort the renal architecture, blood electrolytes, creatinine, or urea concentration of the rats, relatively high-grade level of consumption could precipitate renal failure. An urgent need to standardize the consumption of the seed preparations of the “miracle plant” is required.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"72 1","pages":"98 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45394044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.4103/jasi.jasi_116_22
Archana Singh, Rakesh Gupta, Arun Singh
Background: Clinical data such as menstrual cycle or uterine size often are not reliable parameter for pregnancy dating. Sonographic measurements of the fetus provide information about gestational age, growth and expected date of delivery. Aims: To develop a reference chart to estimate gestational age by ultrasonographic measurement of fetal bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and to find out correlation between two variables. Material and Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on among 750 pregnant women of gestational age of 14-40 weeks, attending the Obstetrics and Gynaecology out-Patient department during one year period. Each fetus was ultrasonographically measured for BPD, the mean was used in subsequent statistical analysis. Statistical Analysis: It was done by the software SPSS version 21.0. A p-value < 0.05 considered to be significant. The previously published nomograms were compared by using unpaired t-test. Correlation & regression analysis has been done for BPD and GA. Results: Out of total 750 participants, 97.6% females confirmed their pregnancy by urine pregnancy test, 22.9% had dating scan, mean height was 163.004 cm. On ultrasound examination 78% participants had vertex, 7.6% had breech and 14.4% had variable presentation of fetus.Mean BPD increases 3.07 mm per week from 14to30 weeks and 1.93 mm per week from 31 to 40 weeks. For establishing a relationship between two variables GA & BPD, the correlation & regression analysis has been done.Sigmoid regression equation was the best for this study. Conclusions: Data showing that North Indian fetuses are smaller than European fetuses after 22 weeks gestation.
{"title":"Ultrasonographic analysis of biparietal diameter as an indicator of gestational age in North Indian fetuses","authors":"Archana Singh, Rakesh Gupta, Arun Singh","doi":"10.4103/jasi.jasi_116_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_116_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clinical data such as menstrual cycle or uterine size often are not reliable parameter for pregnancy dating. Sonographic measurements of the fetus provide information about gestational age, growth and expected date of delivery. Aims: To develop a reference chart to estimate gestational age by ultrasonographic measurement of fetal bi-parietal diameter (BPD) and to find out correlation between two variables. Material and Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on among 750 pregnant women of gestational age of 14-40 weeks, attending the Obstetrics and Gynaecology out-Patient department during one year period. Each fetus was ultrasonographically measured for BPD, the mean was used in subsequent statistical analysis. Statistical Analysis: It was done by the software SPSS version 21.0. A p-value < 0.05 considered to be significant. The previously published nomograms were compared by using unpaired t-test. Correlation & regression analysis has been done for BPD and GA. Results: Out of total 750 participants, 97.6% females confirmed their pregnancy by urine pregnancy test, 22.9% had dating scan, mean height was 163.004 cm. On ultrasound examination 78% participants had vertex, 7.6% had breech and 14.4% had variable presentation of fetus.Mean BPD increases 3.07 mm per week from 14to30 weeks and 1.93 mm per week from 31 to 40 weeks. For establishing a relationship between two variables GA & BPD, the correlation & regression analysis has been done.Sigmoid regression equation was the best for this study. Conclusions: Data showing that North Indian fetuses are smaller than European fetuses after 22 weeks gestation.","PeriodicalId":50010,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Anatomical Society of India","volume":"72 1","pages":"158 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44712979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：