Roman F. Faber, Mieczyslaw M. Murastkiewicz, Z. Nowicki
This article describes the structure of the Polish information network and the concept of a national system of scientific and technical information. Attention is paid to information research management and the presentation of current results. The approach to research management and some results may be of interest to Western information officers and scientific workers because of two main factors: the nationwide scope of the system and its conceptual uniqueness.
{"title":"Information Research Management in Poland","authors":"Roman F. Faber, Mieczyslaw M. Murastkiewicz, Z. Nowicki","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630330516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630330516","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the structure of the Polish information network and the concept of a national system of scientific and technical information. Attention is paid to information research management and the presentation of current results. The approach to research management and some results may be of interest to Western information officers and scientific workers because of two main factors: the nationwide scope of the system and its conceptual uniqueness.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"120 1","pages":"338-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85511332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The June 1977 issue of the Bulletin Of the American Society for Information Science (p. 35) carried a short position statement prepared by Ben Ami Lipetz, Chairman of the ASIS Standards Committee, on the subject of “Standards for Romanization of Languages That Use Non-Roman Alphabets.” That statement is reproduced below with the permission of the Bulletin. The statement recommends that ANSI 239 reexamine the basic premises behind its romanization work, and that it establish “reversibility” as the guiding principle for all future work. Reversibility refers to the ability to transliterate both forward (from original to rendered version) and backward (from rendered version to original) without ambiguity or loss of information in either direction. The statement regards reversibility in transliteration as essential in an age of machine-readable bibliographic records.
1977年6月出版的《美国信息科学学会公报》(第35页)刊登了美国信息科学学会标准委员会主席Ben Ami Lipetz关于“使用非罗马字母的语言的罗马化标准”的简短立场声明。该声明经《公报》许可转载如下。声明建议ANSI 239重新审视其罗马化工作背后的基本前提，并将“可逆性”作为所有未来工作的指导原则。可逆性指的是向前(从原文到译出版本)和向后(从译出版本到原文)转写的能力，在任何一个方向上都不会产生歧义或丢失信息。该声明认为，在机器可读书目记录的时代，音译的可逆性是必不可少的。
{"title":"ANSI 239 Romanization Standards and \"Reversibility\": A Dialog to Arrive at a Policy","authors":"Ted Brandhorst","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630300110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630300110","url":null,"abstract":"The June 1977 issue of the Bulletin Of the American Society for Information Science (p. 35) carried a short position statement prepared by Ben Ami Lipetz, Chairman of the ASIS Standards Committee, on the subject of “Standards for Romanization of Languages That Use Non-Roman Alphabets.” That statement is reproduced below with the permission of the Bulletin. The statement recommends that ANSI 239 reexamine the basic premises behind its romanization work, and that it establish “reversibility” as the guiding principle for all future work. Reversibility refers to the ability to transliterate both forward (from original to rendered version) and backward (from rendered version to original) without ambiguity or loss of information in either direction. The statement regards reversibility in transliteration as essential in an age of machine-readable bibliographic records.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"124 1","pages":"55-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89658894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The general availability of government‐sponsored studies on scientific and technical information (STI) provides an opportunity to trace the development of “marketing research” in a specific industry. A review of this research tradition revealed two major orientations; a series of “user”‐oriented studies, followed by “systems”‐oriented studies. It is suggested that traditional STI user studies may have produced “myopic” research results, and systems studies may have produced “macropic” research results for STI policy decisions. An emerging “managerial” orientation is identified which espouses the definition of a more meaningful unit of analysis as the focus of future research efforts.
{"title":"Marketing Research in the Scientific and Technical Information Services Industry: Development and Future Directions","authors":"R. Thomas","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630330504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630330504","url":null,"abstract":"The general availability of government‐sponsored studies on scientific and technical information (STI) provides an opportunity to trace the development of “marketing research” in a specific industry. A review of this research tradition revealed two major orientations; a series of “user”‐oriented studies, followed by “systems”‐oriented studies. It is suggested that traditional STI user studies may have produced “myopic” research results, and systems studies may have produced “macropic” research results for STI policy decisions. An emerging “managerial” orientation is identified which espouses the definition of a more meaningful unit of analysis as the focus of future research efforts.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"118 1","pages":"265-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87988832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines. In small‐scale studies it is often useful to do this at the designing stage (rather than in the analysis) by means of “case”‐“control” matching. It is suggested that this applies to citation studies as well. As an illustration the citation counts of papers by Israeli economists are compared with those of matched controls by American authors. This illustration highlights methodological and technical issues. It also serves to point out how small‐scale studies can generate interesting hypotheses.
{"title":"Matched Case-Control Studies in Citation Analysis","authors":"B. Peritz","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630330515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630330515","url":null,"abstract":"The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines. In small‐scale studies it is often useful to do this at the designing stage (rather than in the analysis) by means of “case”‐“control” matching. It is suggested that this applies to citation studies as well. As an illustration the citation counts of papers by Israeli economists are compared with those of matched controls by American authors. This illustration highlights methodological and technical issues. It also serves to point out how small‐scale studies can generate interesting hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":"333-337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72963980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to explain the much increased citation frequency of recently published articles in respect to the normal exponential decay of older articles, the scientific information diffusion theory is used. The obsolescence rate results by combining the Gaussian normal distribution with the exponentially decreasing rate of the number of, articles with age. For recently published works supplementary adjustments are necessary: first, in order to have the citation number start at zero at the start of counting, and second, in order to reach the sixfold citation climax two years before it. All peculiarities exhibited by experimental survey data have been properly reproduced by making plausible assumptions suggested by the diffusion theory, such as preference of virtual authors to directly read recent articles, preference for verbal cross-communication with colleagues, and increased preference for the newest articles in fields of personal interest. The latter preference is damped in the case of older articles since virtual authors prefer to consult the scientific community or review books. The results do confirm once more the reliability of the scientific information diffusion model.
{"title":"Actuality and Obsolescence of Scientific Literature","authors":"A. Avramescu","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630300509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630300509","url":null,"abstract":"In order to explain the much increased citation frequency of recently published articles in respect to the normal exponential decay of older articles, the scientific information diffusion theory is used. The obsolescence rate results by combining the Gaussian normal distribution with the exponentially decreasing rate of the number of, articles with age. For recently published works supplementary adjustments are necessary: first, in order to have the citation number start at zero at the start of counting, and second, in order to reach the sixfold citation climax two years before it. All peculiarities exhibited by experimental survey data have been properly reproduced by making plausible assumptions suggested by the diffusion theory, such as preference of virtual authors to directly read recent articles, preference for verbal cross-communication with colleagues, and increased preference for the newest articles in fields of personal interest. The latter preference is damped in the case of older articles since virtual authors prefer to consult the scientific community or review books. The results do confirm once more the reliability of the scientific information diffusion model.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"296-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73110149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education and Large Information Systems contains a collection of papers and transcripts of discussions presented at the IFIP Working Conference o n The Educational Requirements Introduced by Large Information Systems held in the Netherlands in April of 1977. A wide range of papers are included covering both theoretical and descriptive topics. For example, “The Elements of Largeness: A Contribution t o the Theory of Information Systems” is quite theoretical in nature and covers such topics as definitions for systems and information systems, and categorizations for “largeness” of information systems. One type of largeness is dynamical, or the largeness based on amounts of information processed. This category of largeness may be estimated by analyzing the number of transactions between the data bases which are part of the information system and the environment of these data bases, e.g., analyzing the transactions which will change the contents of the data base. Although such measures of largeness are useful in estimating costs, the paper emphasizes the conceptual issues associated with large information systems. Stamper’s article on the aspects of scale is also theoretically oriented. He discusses the organizational, social, and economical aspects associated with building large information systems. He also provides a list of strategies that can be used t o tackle large information problems. Some of these strategies include taking evolutionary approaches, modularizing t o avoid very large problems, exploiting new organizational possibilities, and increasing technical standardization. Descriptive types of reports are also included in this collection. An article by Reuterskoid on S.W.I.F.T., the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications, provides detailed information on the history, operations, and benefits of one large information system. The report by Hansen discusses in detail the graduate program in Business Information Systems at Duisberg University, West Germany, while Land reviews the development of training information specialists in Englishspeaking universities. Other reports cover such topics as IBM’s European information systems education program and ITCIS, the Integrated Telephone Customer lnformation System for the Netherlands. Also included within Education and Large Information Systems are recommendations from the conference. These include general recommendations for programs of education and training as well as for increased research in the area. Since this publication is a collection of papers, the reader is confronted with a variety of writing styles, formats, illustrations, and the use and nonuse of bibliographic citations. However, this is a typical pattern of collected papers and most readers are accustomed t o this. The main criticism is that the title of the publication is somewhat misleading. An individual may assume that the work deals with educational information systems rather than with education associated
{"title":"Education and Large Information Systems. R.A. Buckingham, Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1977: 197 p. Price: $26.75","authors":"E. Kazlauskas","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630300112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630300112","url":null,"abstract":"Education and Large Information Systems contains a collection of papers and transcripts of discussions presented at the IFIP Working Conference o n The Educational Requirements Introduced by Large Information Systems held in the Netherlands in April of 1977. A wide range of papers are included covering both theoretical and descriptive topics. For example, “The Elements of Largeness: A Contribution t o the Theory of Information Systems” is quite theoretical in nature and covers such topics as definitions for systems and information systems, and categorizations for “largeness” of information systems. One type of largeness is dynamical, or the largeness based on amounts of information processed. This category of largeness may be estimated by analyzing the number of transactions between the data bases which are part of the information system and the environment of these data bases, e.g., analyzing the transactions which will change the contents of the data base. Although such measures of largeness are useful in estimating costs, the paper emphasizes the conceptual issues associated with large information systems. Stamper’s article on the aspects of scale is also theoretically oriented. He discusses the organizational, social, and economical aspects associated with building large information systems. He also provides a list of strategies that can be used t o tackle large information problems. Some of these strategies include taking evolutionary approaches, modularizing t o avoid very large problems, exploiting new organizational possibilities, and increasing technical standardization. Descriptive types of reports are also included in this collection. An article by Reuterskoid on S.W.I.F.T., the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications, provides detailed information on the history, operations, and benefits of one large information system. The report by Hansen discusses in detail the graduate program in Business Information Systems at Duisberg University, West Germany, while Land reviews the development of training information specialists in Englishspeaking universities. Other reports cover such topics as IBM’s European information systems education program and ITCIS, the Integrated Telephone Customer lnformation System for the Netherlands. Also included within Education and Large Information Systems are recommendations from the conference. These include general recommendations for programs of education and training as well as for increased research in the area. Since this publication is a collection of papers, the reader is confronted with a variety of writing styles, formats, illustrations, and the use and nonuse of bibliographic citations. However, this is a typical pattern of collected papers and most readers are accustomed t o this. The main criticism is that the title of the publication is somewhat misleading. An individual may assume that the work deals with educational information systems rather than with education associated","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81338370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of coding, as an independent variable, on the information retrieval process. A simple prime number coding scheme was utilized in conjunction with Goffman's indirect method file structuring and searching technique. The results demonstrated that a code, in itself, can affect retrieval. It introduces a noticeable variable into the process. Generally, coding has been considered a minor element, but clearly much more needs to be learned about how codes interact with the other functions in the retrieval system.
{"title":"A Test of Buck's Prime Number Coding Scheme","authors":"Ana D. Cleveland, Donald B. Cleveland","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630300508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630300508","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was carried out to study the effect of coding, as an independent variable, on the information retrieval process. A simple prime number coding scheme was utilized in conjunction with Goffman's indirect method file structuring and searching technique. The results demonstrated that a code, in itself, can affect retrieval. It introduces a noticeable variable into the process. Generally, coding has been considered a minor element, but clearly much more needs to be learned about how codes interact with the other functions in the retrieval system.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"290-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91183485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The heterogeneity of author self‐citations is highlighted and a systematic scheme for their classification is presented. Self‐citations are either synchronous or diachronous and each of these classes or genera has four subclasses or species. The distribution of self‐citations among the four species is governed by a number of factors including collaborative tendencies in the discipline or research specialty and the relative statuses of the collaborating authors. The classification of self‐citations may be applied to study aspects of research collaboration and the matter of egotism in scholarly work.
{"title":"On the Heterogeneity and Classification of Author Self-Citations","authors":"S. M. Lawani","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630330506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630330506","url":null,"abstract":"The heterogeneity of author self‐citations is highlighted and a systematic scheme for their classification is presented. Self‐citations are either synchronous or diachronous and each of these classes or genera has four subclasses or species. The distribution of self‐citations among the four species is governed by a number of factors including collaborative tendencies in the discipline or research specialty and the relative statuses of the collaborating authors. The classification of self‐citations may be applied to study aspects of research collaboration and the matter of egotism in scholarly work.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"281-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83009348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is shown that different sets of variables can account for nearly equal amounts of variance when predicting book circulation by subject. Proportion of variance (R2) for two basic models containing various combinations of 21 variables were tested. The first, called the shelf list model, treated the number of library books, whose subjects match those of academic departments, as a control variable. As such, it accounted for 6Wo of the variance, thus entering the equation first. With this model, four separate significant sets emerged, each accounting for approximately thb same amount of variance (10%). They were (1) number of faculty, hardhoft, masters enrollments; (2) masters enrollments, upper-level majors, hardhoft; (3) credit hours X total enrollments, hardhoft; (41 tipper-level majors, total majors, enrollments lower. In the second, shelf list was constrained by defining the dependent variable as the proportion of shelf list circulated. With this model, three separate significant sets emerged. These were (5) masters enrollments and hardhoft (20% variance); (6) hard-soft and Ph.D. program (16%); (7) upper-level majors, and credit hours × total majors (15%). In each of the tests, no other variables were significant. Of the 21 variables, 10 did not appear in any of the 7 sets. Any of the seven sets could be used in an allocation formula. The deciding criterion for choosing a set may depend on the convenience of collecting data for each of the variables in the set.
{"title":"Two Models for Predicting Subject Circulation: A Contribution to the Allocation Problem","authors":"William E. McGrath","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630300504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630300504","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that different sets of variables can account for nearly equal amounts of variance when predicting book circulation by subject. Proportion of variance (R2) for two basic models containing various combinations of 21 variables were tested. The first, called the shelf list model, treated the number of library books, whose subjects match those of academic departments, as a control variable. As such, it accounted for 6Wo of the variance, thus entering the equation first. With this model, four separate significant sets emerged, each accounting for approximately thb same amount of variance (10%). They were (1) number of faculty, hardhoft, masters enrollments; (2) masters enrollments, upper-level majors, hardhoft; (3) credit hours X total enrollments, hardhoft; (41 tipper-level majors, total majors, enrollments lower. In the second, shelf list was constrained by defining the dependent variable as the proportion of shelf list circulated. With this model, three separate significant sets emerged. These were (5) masters enrollments and hardhoft (20% variance); (6) hard-soft and Ph.D. program (16%); (7) upper-level majors, and credit hours × total majors (15%). In each of the tests, no other variables were significant. Of the 21 variables, 10 did not appear in any of the 7 sets. Any of the seven sets could be used in an allocation formula. The deciding criterion for choosing a set may depend on the convenience of collecting data for each of the variables in the set.","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"264-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82810864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On-Line Information Retrieval Sourcebook. J.L. Hall. London: ASLIB; 1977: 267 p. Price $43.50. ISBN: 0-85142-106-7","authors":"Edmond Mignon","doi":"10.1002/asi.4630300115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630300115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology","volume":"147 1","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73733468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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