Journal of the American Pharmacists Association最新文献

{"title":"Key informant perspectives on facilitators for pharmacist payment of medication therapy management services","authors":"Amy Hu,&nbsp;Kathleen J. Pincus,&nbsp;Catherine E. Cooke,&nbsp;Eposi Elonge,&nbsp;Sierra Larson,&nbsp;Nicole Brandt","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Opportunities for pharmacist payment of medication therapy management (MTM) services vary significantly by state and payer. While previous research has identified barriers and facilitators with setting up pharmacist MTM services, adoption of payment remains low.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The primary objective of this qualitative key informant (KI) study was to identify themes for successful payment of pharmacist MTM services.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>KIs who were obtaining or pursuing compensation for pharmacist MTM services were recruited via a Qualtrics survey to evaluate their eligibility for the study. If eligible, semistructured interviews were conducted via Zoom from November 2024 to March 2025. Interview transcripts were coded for thematic analysis, and themes were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Code saturation was reached with 15 interviews. All KIs were pharmacists, with 53% in leadership roles and MTM billing duration ranging from 3 months to 19 years. Payment modalities included MTM codes, incident-to, other Evaluation and Management and care management codes, grants, cash pay, and fee-for-service contracts. Eighteen themes were identified in individual, process, inner setting, and outer setting domains. Six key actionable steps for pharmacists interested in pursuing billing included the use of external individuals or community partnerships to navigate billing issues, use of pilot testing to generate outcomes, use of integrated billing and documentation systems to increase operational efficiency, use of support staff to increase financial sustainability, establishment of a workflow to address payment issues, and creation of a tracking system to support ongoing billing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While current pharmacist MTM payment modalities do not entirely compensate for pharmacist costs, pharmacists are successfully obtaining payment for their services. Future advocacy efforts need to focus on establishing consistent billing requirements and increasing payment for service sustainability, as well as educating pharmacists and billing professionals on billing opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102957"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145403731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opioids prescribed by pharmacist under the Health Canada’s Controlled Drugs and Substances Act temporary exemption","authors":"Edward Chisholm,&nbsp;Ying Zhang,&nbsp;Mark Asbridge,&nbsp;Chiranjeev Sanyal","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Health Canada issued a temporary exemption for the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). Very little is known about pharmacists prescribing opioids under the CDSA temporary exemption.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of CDSA subsection 56(1) temporary exemption on prescribing of opioids by direct patient care pharmacists during COVID-19 between February 1, 2018, and April 30, 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Descriptive statistics (sample mean, sample SD, sample proportion) and data visualization tools were used to explore the possible changes owing to CDSA. In the first stage, a linear regression model was fit to the data to detect the changes. Second, the time dependence of the data was checked by examining the autocorrelation plots and testing the dependence of the residuals, and then a suitable time series process was used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean overall pharmacist-prescribed opioid weekly claims increased from 0.0 (per-CDSA policy period) to 57.0 (post-CDSA policy period). The time series regression for the mean-level change for the overall prescription data was 36.29 (95% CI 27.14–48.52, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). The time series regression for the mean-level change for the analgesic prescription data and the opioid use disorder prescription data was 28.95 (95% CI 20.88–40.13, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001) and 6.74 (95% CI 5.80–7.82, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The temporary exemption under the CDSA during the COVID-19 pandemic allowed pharmacists in Nova Scotia to prescribe opioids, ensuring continuity of opioid therapy for adults. Future studies are needed to investigate the reasons behind the low uptake of CDSA exemptions by pharmacists involved in direct patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144700951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is important to them? Occupational values of nationally certified pharmacy technicians in role expansion","authors":"Wesley Sparkmon,&nbsp;Marie Barnard,&nbsp;Meagen Rosenthal,&nbsp;Shane Desselle,&nbsp;Jordan Marie Ballou,&nbsp;Kristin L. Cullen-Leste,&nbsp;Erin R. Holmes","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacy technicians are currently presented with more opportunities to expand their scope of practice. Many states have expanded technician scope of practice to ease the work burdens currently being placed on pharmacists, enhancing the role of technicians. This has led to more research into the benefits increasing the utilization of technicians in pharmacy practice. However, technician uptake of these expanded roles varies in many states permitting expanded scope of practice.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to build a baseline understanding of which occupational values are important to pharmacy technicians.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive design using an online survey distributed to a convenience sample of nationally certified pharmacy technicians. Demographics and the perceived importance of 9 occupational values, each of which were classified as intrinsic or extrinsic in nature, were collected on a 5-point linear numeric scale. Mean scores were calculated for each of the 9 values, as well as for intrinsic and extrinsic values overall.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our study found that all 9 measured values were above average importance to technicians. Pharmacy technicians, regardless of setting, were seen to place a higher importance on extrinsic values than intrinsic values. In particular, the organizational values of the salary of the job, the job security and hours, and the ability to help others were the most important to technician. In addition, the mean scores of extrinsic and intrinsic values were with 0.1 of each other on a 5-point linear numeric scale.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The motivations of pharmacy technicians appear to generally be both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature. Therefore, pharmacists must consider both forms in attempting to motivate their technicians.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102944"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Projecting financial sustainability for clinical pharmacy services: An implementation science brief report","authors":"Ashley W. Ellis,&nbsp;Cori C. Grant,&nbsp;Christopher K. Finch,&nbsp;Reginald F. Frye,&nbsp;Todd D. Sorensen","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The United States faces a projected shortage of 86,000 physicians by 2036, disproportionately affecting rural areas. Meanwhile, 90% of Americans live within 5 miles of a pharmacy, positioning pharmacists to help address care gaps. Despite demonstrated clinical value, pharmacist integration into primary care is hindered by unclear compensation pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study developed and piloted the Pharmacist Revenue and Integration Modeling Engine (PRIME), a novel tool to support financial decision-making for pharmacist integration. Objectives included (1) developing PRIME, (2) exploring implementation strategies, and (3) modeling financial viability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The University of Tennessee Health Science Center partnered with an academic family medicine clinic in Memphis, TN, to re-establish clinical pharmacy services. PRIME used the 2025 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule, adjusted for Medicaid, private insurance, and self-pay, to model revenue across 4 service delivery scenarios. A full-time pharmacist (40 h/wk, 46 wk/y) was assumed, and projected revenue was compared to personnel costs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Financial viability varied by service type and volume. Preventive care and collaborative physician-pharmacist visits (e.g., annual wellness visits and 99,214 E/M codes) were key revenue drivers. The most successful model (approach 1.5) blended preventive and collaborative services, generating $286,700 in annual revenue and a net surplus of $105,500 (ROI 1.58:1). This led to a clinic-academic partnership placing 2 pharmacists (1 full-time equivalent) in the clinic.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Strategic use of billing codes can make clinical pharmacy services financially self-sustaining in primary care. PRIME offers a customizable roadmap for clinics to evaluate and implement pharmacist integration. This model supports workforce expansion, training opportunities, and improved access to care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145477373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacist provider status in Medicaid: A state health director’s perspective on policy and practice","authors":"Alex J. Adams","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite expanded clinical authority, pharmacists often face barriers to full provider status in Medicaid owing to outdated reimbursement policies and administrative restrictions. This paper describes Idaho’s comprehensive approach to pharmacist integration into its Medicaid program through a profession-neutral “what, not who” reimbursement framework coupled with its “standard of care” regulatory framework. Rather than defining eligibility by provider type, Idaho allows any licensed health professional to bill for Medicaid-covered services within their legal scope of practice. Key reforms included statutory changes, regulatory updates, provider enrollment optimization, and alignment of pharmacist reimbursement with midlevel providers. Pharmacists can now enroll as rendering providers and bill directly for services using their National Provider Identifier. Idaho’s model demonstrates that full pharmacist integration into Medicaid can be achieved in a framework that is scalable, bipartisan, and adaptable, offering a policy roadmap for other states seeking to enhance access to health care especially in rural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102932"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation modifications and outcomes of a pharmacist-led primary care remote hypertension service","authors":"Jennifer A. Sabatino,&nbsp;Natalie S. Lee,&nbsp;Kelli D. Barnes,&nbsp;Cory P. Coffey,&nbsp;Daniel E. Jonas,&nbsp;Neeraj H. Tayal","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>National guidelines recommend team-based remote blood pressure (BP) management as standard care, but implementation in actual clinical settings is complex and requires more insights from real-world practices.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We offer practical insights and share lessons learned regarding challenges and potential solutions for advancing pharmacist-led remote physiologic monitoring (RPM) for hypertension. We aim to: (1) detail key contextual factors that informed and shaped the intervention; (2) describe intervention components, noting when and why specific modifications were introduced; and (3) analyze how implementation decisions impacted outcomes over time.</div></div><div><h3>Practice description</h3><div>Guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, we describe the key practice contextual factors that contributed to implementation of RPM for hypertension.</div></div><div><h3>Practice innovation</h3><div>Applying the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-based Interventions, we identify when and why modifications were made. We detail intervention components and various strategies used for dissemination, implementation processes, innovation integration, capacity-building, and scale-up.</div></div><div><h3>Evaluation methods</h3><div>We use descriptive statistics to report measures of reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation outcomes over time. Additionally, for reach and effectiveness, we use unadjusted chi-squared analyses to compare trends in proportions across early, mid, and late implementation periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over time, there was a trend toward increasing provider referrals (73 by year 3), new patient enrollments (362 in year 3), and RPM codes billed (1579 by year 3). Payor mix, a measure of program reach, saw a statistically significant improvement over time (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), while the proportion of patients achieving target BP improved but was not statistically significant (<em>P</em> = 0.53).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Multilevel alignment and continuous adaptation efforts contributed to successful implementation of a pharmacist-led RPM intervention for hypertension with improvement in reach over time. We share our insights as a resource for primary care practitioners, organizations, and policy makers seeking to implement RPM for hypertension.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145440522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring workflows for long-acting antiretroviral therapy administration in community pharmacies","authors":"Valerie Clinard,&nbsp;Kevin Bumanglag,&nbsp;Parya Saberi,&nbsp;Kelly Hester,&nbsp;Michael Sigua,&nbsp;George Udeani,&nbsp;Elizabeth Sherman,&nbsp;Yvette Cuca,&nbsp;Jennifer Cocohoba","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy (LA-ART) can improve adherence and virologic suppression in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While some clinics have successfully implemented these services, others face staffing and system barriers. Community pharmacies offer an alternative venue for LA-ART administration, but little is known about how workflows might be optimized.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to outline key considerations in an ideal workflow to implement LA-ART into community pharmacies from the perspective of clinic, pharmacy, and patient stakeholders.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were derived from a convergent-parallel mixed-methods parent study. Surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore perspectives on the feasibility of LA-ART administration in community pharmacies. Using thematic analysis, excerpts specific to ideal pharmacy workflows were extracted, coded, and analyzed. A process map was developed to visualize pharmacy workflow activities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 63 study participants, 59 provided insights on ideal workflows for LA-ART administration in pharmacies. Seven primary themes emerged: (1) communication across stakeholders, (2) staffing and logistical operational structure, (3) patient management and follow-up, (4) insurance and reimbursement barriers, (5) physical space and infrastructure, (6) pharmacist and patient education, and (7) patient choice and flexibility. Effective communication, appointment-based systems, and private spaces were emphasized. Participants identified challenges such as unclear protocols for patient management, insurance and reimbursement complexities, and the need for pharmacists and patient education to ensure successful implementation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Community pharmacies are a promising venue for LA-ART administration. Key workflow issues must be addressed to ensure successful implementation. Understanding stakeholder perspectives provides a foundation for developing scalable models to expand access to HIV treatment and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145461173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equipping the front lines: Building a harm reduction program for Louisiana first responders","authors":"Alexis E. Horace,&nbsp;Jameshia Below,&nbsp;Aaron Brown,&nbsp;Stephen Hill","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The opioid epidemic remains a critical U.S. public health crisis. While overdose education for first responders is well-documented, it covers only part of the broader harm reduction (HR) framework. The University of Louisiana Monroe Harm Reduction Education and Referral for Opioid Overdose Reversal (ULM HERO) Program was created to expand HR education among Louisiana first responders.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate participant satisfaction with the ULM HERO training program and to explore insights from its implementation. Understanding how first responders receive and respond to in-person HR education provided by pharmacists is essential for informing future HR initiatives in underserved regions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design to evaluate participant feedback following a single-session educational intervention. First responders participated in 2-hour HR training sessions held from April 2023 to July 2025. Attendees completed demographic surveys and postcourse evaluations, which included multiple-choice and Likert-scale items assessing satisfaction with the content, instructional effectiveness, and willingness to refer individuals to treatment. A series of logistic regressions were used to determine the relationship between subgroups of respondents and the evaluation questions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the respondents, the majority were law enforcement officers (74.5%, n = 741/860) identified as white (64.5%, n = 474/732) and male (79.8%, n = 648/812) with an average age of 39 years. Satisfaction with the educational content was high at 88.3% (n = 588/666) of respondents. Furthermore, 87.8% (n = 574/654) expressed a willingness to refer someone to treatmentrecovery services. The analysis of the subgroup parish of jurisdiction showed respondents from Ouachita Parish to be the most receptive to the program.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The ULM HERO program was well received and associated with improved knowledge, satisfaction, and willingness to engage in HR practices. Findings support the value of structured HR education for first responders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102945"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and facilitators to implementing pharmacist-driven mobile health clinics: Identification of implementation strategies using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research-Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (CFIR-ERIC) matching tool","authors":"Sarah Schweitzer,&nbsp;Alex W. Middendorf,&nbsp;Deidra Van Gilder,&nbsp;James W. Amell,&nbsp;Erin E. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacist-driven mobile health clinics (MHCs) offer an innovative solution to increasing health care access, yet limited information exists on barriers, facilitators, and strategies for their successful implementation.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To use implementation science methodology to identify strategies for implementing pharmacist-driven mobile-health clinics using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy, and CFIR-ERIC strategy matching tool.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A secondary analysis was conducted on semi-structured interviews involving 16 participants from 10 pharmacist-driven MHCs. A mixed deductive strategy was applied where barrier and facilitator codes were inductively tagged, extracted, and mapped to CFIR constructs. Identified barriers mapped to CFIR constructs were matched into the CFIR-ERIC Strategy Matching Tool, which was based on expert consensus. Facilitators were mapped directly to ERIC strategies. A team consensus discussion was held to prioritize, select, and rank strategies to integrate into a pharmacist-driven MHC model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The top 5 CFIR-ERIC matched strategies to address barriers were: 1) identify and prepare champions; 2) assess readiness and identify barriers and facilitators; 3) promote adaptability; 4) capture and share local knowledge; and 5) conduct local consensus discussions. The top 5 directly mapped ERIC strategies for facilitators included: 1) tailor strategies; 2) assess readiness and identify barriers and facilitators; 3) identify and prepare champions; 4) promote network weaving; and 5) work with educational institutions. After consensus discussion, 11 strategies were selected for our model incorporation and ranked based on team prioritization.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Implementation science methodology provides a systematic approach to mitigate barriers, leverage facilitators, and select evidence-based strategies to enhance the implementation of pharmacist-driven MHCs. The findings of this project will be integrated into a pharmacist-driven MHC model to improve access to care and management of chronic disease in rural South Dakota.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102960"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145423810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between state policies enabling pharmacist-led human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis and need for human immunodeficiency virus prevention: An ecological analysis","authors":"Christina Chandra,&nbsp;Chante Hamilton,&nbsp;Henry N. Young,&nbsp;David P. Holland,&nbsp;Natalie D. Crawford","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japh.2025.102983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Models of pharmacist-led pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services have been shown to effectively reach populations disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pharmacist prescriptive authority for PrEP varies across states, limiting the potential scale up of these models.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We investigated whether states with the most restrictive policies were also the states that could benefit the most from expanded PrEP access.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We classified U.S. states and the District of Columbia into 5 distinct policy categories ranked from most restrictive to least restrictive and estimated the association between these categories and the state PrEP-to-need ratio, the ratio of current PrEP users to new HIV diagnoses in the state.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most states had restrictive policies that limit pharmacists' ability to initiate PrEP for their clients. States with the most restrictive policy of patient-specific collaborative practice agreements may be more likely to benefit from expanded PrEP access compared to states with the least restrictive policy (i.e., unrestricted authority/statute).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In the absence of a national strategy or policy to expand pharmacist-led PrEP, state-level efforts are needed to improve access to PrEP in pharmacies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association","volume":"66 1","pages":"Article 102983"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145472640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}