Journal of Psychophysiology最新文献_第4页

Functional Significance of Individual Differences in P3 Network Spatial Configuration 个体差异在P3网络空间配置中的功能意义

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000295

A. J. Privitera, A. Tang

Abstract. The amplitude and latency of the P3 component in the electroencephalogram (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs) are among the most extensively used markers for individual differences in normal and abnormal brain functions. In contrast, individual variations in spatial topography of the temporally-defined P3 component are relatively under-explored. Development in EEG-based source imaging opened up the possibility that individual-specific spatial configuration of the neural network underlying the temporally-defined P3 component bear a novel source of information for marking an individual difference in behavioral and cognitive function. In testing this hypothesis, a hybrid method consisting of blind source separation (BSS), equivalent current dipole (ECD) modeling, and hits-vector-based analysis was applied to continuous un-epoched EEG data collected from 13 healthy human participants performing a visual color oddball task. By analyzing the spatial configuration of the network underlying the temporally-defined P3 component, hereafter referred to as the P3N, we discovered that the contribution of each constituent structure within the P3N is not uniform. Instead, frontal lobe structures have significantly more involvement than other constituent structures, as quantitatively characterized by cross-individual reliability and a within-individual contribution to the P3N. A factor analysis of the hits vector data revealed that although P3 latency and amplitude did not show significant correlations with measures of the behavioral outcomes, scores of two factors derived from the hits vectors selectively predict behavioral reaction time and response correctness. These results support the hypothesis that variations in P3 spatial configuration reflect not merely noise but individual-specific features with functional significance.

摘要脑电图（EEG）事件相关电位（ERPs）中P3成分的振幅和潜伏期是用于正常和异常大脑功能个体差异的最广泛使用的标志物之一。相反，时间定义的P3分量的空间地形的个体变化相对未被充分探索。基于EEG的源成像的发展开辟了一种可能性，即在时间定义的P3分量基础上的神经网络的个体特定空间配置承载了一种新的信息源，用于标记行为和认知功能的个体差异。在验证这一假设时，将盲源分离（BSS）、等效电流偶极子（ECD）建模和基于hits向量的分析组成的混合方法应用于从13名执行视觉颜色古怪任务的健康人类参与者收集的连续未划时代EEG数据。通过分析时间定义的P3分量（以下称为P3N）下的网络的空间配置，我们发现P3N内的每个组成结构的贡献是不均匀的。相反，额叶结构比其他组成结构有更多的参与，其定量特征是跨个体可靠性和个体内对P3N的贡献。对命中向量数据的因子分析显示，尽管P3潜伏期和幅度与行为结果的测量没有显示出显著的相关性，但从命中向量得出的两个因子的得分选择性地预测了行为反应时间和反应正确性。这些结果支持这样一种假设，即P3空间配置的变化不仅反映了噪声，而且反映了具有功能意义的个体特定特征。

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引用次数: 1

Electrophysiological Evidence of Enhanced Auditory Retrieval in Musically Trained Children 音乐训练儿童听觉恢复增强的电生理学证据

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000298

Anik Paquet, F. Simard, G. Cadoret

Abstract. Musical practice enhances auditory processing in children as related to pitch perception or tonal discrimination. The purpose of this study was to examine whether these benefits also occur in auditory working memory by influencing its neural substrates. Two groups of children aged between 7 and 11 years old were compared using an auditory retrieval task with three conditions: frequency retrieval, duration retrieval, and control. Musician children had weekly private violin or cello lessons for at least 14 months, whereas non-musician children had no musical training. Results showed that musicians’ scores on the Gordon’s Primary Measure of Music Audiation test were significantly higher than non-musicians’ scores in the rhythm and tone conditions. On memory tasks, musicians outperformed non-musicians in frequency retrieval but not in duration retrieval. Differences in retrieval performance were associated with a larger P200-like waveform over frontal sites in musicians and a larger N400-like waveform over centro-parietal sites in non-musicians. A source current density analysis revealed differences in frontal activities between musicians and non-musicians, suggesting that musical training influenced the neural mechanisms supporting auditory retrieval in children. These results are in agreement with previous studies that showed a better auditory memory in musicians. Furthermore, they suggest that in children, the effect of musical training can be strong enough to positively influence higher-order auditory memory processes such as active retrieval, as well as their neural correlates.

摘要音乐练习增强了儿童的听觉处理，如与音高感知或音调辨别有关。本研究的目的是检查这些好处是否也发生在听觉工作记忆通过影响其神经基质。对两组年龄在7 ~ 11岁的儿童进行了频率检索、持续时间检索和控制三种条件下的听觉检索任务比较。音乐家的孩子每周上私人小提琴或大提琴课至少14个月，而非音乐家的孩子没有音乐训练。结果表明，音乐家在戈登初级音乐听力测试中的得分明显高于非音乐家在节奏和音调条件下的得分。在记忆任务中，音乐家在频率检索方面优于非音乐家，但在持续时间检索方面优于非音乐家。检索性能的差异与音乐家额叶部位的p200样波形较大和非音乐家中央顶叶部位的n400样波形较大有关。源电流密度分析揭示了音乐家和非音乐家额叶活动的差异，这表明音乐训练影响了儿童支持听觉检索的神经机制。这些结果与之前的研究结果一致，即音乐家的听觉记忆力更好。此外，他们认为，在儿童中，音乐训练的效果足够强，可以积极影响高阶听觉记忆过程，如主动检索，以及它们的神经相关过程。

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引用次数: 1

Physiological Responses to Narrative Anger Recall and Correlates to Anger, Forgiveness, and Rumination 叙事愤怒回忆的生理反应及其与愤怒、宽恕和沉思的相关性

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000297

Emily Dalrymple Whinery, Aya Musleh, E. Brown, Zachary Alford, Joe C. Anigbogu, Lauren Ellingwood, Marc-Anthony Espinoza, Greg Hawkins, Kaisa Kammer, Kevin J. Krause, Lisa E. Olson

Abstract. Narrative recall, or describing an event from one’s past, is a common method to study anger in the laboratory. However, most research using this method has not included a neutral speaking control, and therefore the physiological response attributable to emotion versus the act of speech is unknown. We evaluated heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance level, heart rate variability, and salivary alpha-amylase during silent baseline, neutral speaking, anger recall, and recovery periods, and correlated these measures with trait anger, forgiveness, and rumination ( n = 104). Only systolic blood pressure and skin conductance levels were elevated in the anger recall period above the values in the neutral speaking period, showing the need for this important control. Alpha-amylase was inversely correlated to forgiveness, particularly in females. A neutral speaking control is critical for anger recall protocols because the physiological responses are mostly due to speaking, not anger. Salivary alpha-amylase may be a promising autonomic marker in studies of forgiveness and anger.

摘要叙述性回忆，或描述一个人过去的事件，是在实验室研究愤怒的一种常见方法。然而，大多数使用这种方法的研究都没有包括中性的言语控制，因此情绪与言语行为的生理反应尚不清楚。我们评估了无声基线、中性说话、愤怒回忆和恢复期的心率、血压、皮肤电导水平、心率变异性和唾液α-淀粉酶，并将这些指标与愤怒、宽恕和沉思特征相关联（n=104）。只有收缩压和皮肤电导水平在愤怒回忆期高于中性语言期，这表明需要进行这一重要控制。α-淀粉酶与宽恕呈负相关，尤其是在女性中。中性的说话控制对愤怒回忆协议至关重要，因为生理反应主要是由于说话，而不是愤怒。唾液α-淀粉酶在宽恕和愤怒的研究中可能是一种很有前途的自主标记物。

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引用次数: 0

N400 Peculiarities During Intentional Inferences Production in Subjects With Schizotypal Traits 具有分裂型特征的受试者在故意推理过程中的N400特征

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000292

Anne-Lise Bohec, C. de Loye, M. Baltazar, A. Blanchet, R. Rey, M. Kostova

Abstract. A deficit in context processing may underlie theory of mind (ToM) difficulties in schizophrenia, although few studies to date have explored the impact of contextual processing on ToM performances within the same task. We used electroencephalography to investigate the production of intentional inferences from highly versus weakly structured sentences in healthy participants with schizotypal traits. Thirty-four participants were divided into two groups according to their scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The participants listened to stories that required a degree of understanding in order to produce an inference about the main character’s intention. Each story was followed by a target word that could either be highly predictable (HP), weakly predictable (WP), or incompatible with the context. The results indicate that the N400 component for WP targets was stronger in the high-SPQ group. This increase correlated with the negative dimension of schizotypy. This may reflect difficulties with generating intentional inferences when the context is insufficiently structured for high schizotypy participants.

摘要语境处理的缺陷可能是精神分裂症心理理论困难的基础，尽管迄今为止很少有研究探讨语境处理对同一任务中心理理论表现的影响。我们使用脑电图来研究具有分裂型特征的健康参与者从高结构句子和弱结构句子中产生的有意推断。34名参与者根据他们在分裂型人格问卷（SPQ）上的得分被分为两组。参与者听的故事需要一定程度的理解，以便对主角的意图进行推断。每个故事后面都有一个目标词，该词可能是高度可预测的（HP），也可能是弱预测的（WP），或者与上下文不兼容。结果表明，在高SPQ组中，WP靶标的N400成分更强。这种增加与分裂型的负面维度相关。这可能反映出，当情境对高分裂型参与者来说不够结构化时，产生有意推断的困难。

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引用次数: 1

Increasing Love Feelings, Marital Satisfaction, and Motivated Attention to the Spouse 增加爱的感觉，婚姻满意度和对配偶的动机关注

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-02-03 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000294

Sandra J. E. Langeslag, Kruti Surti

Abstract. Love typically decreases over time, sometimes leading to divorces. We tested whether positively reappraising the spouse and/or up-regulating positive emotions unrelated to the spouse increases infatuation with and attachment to the spouse, marital satisfaction, and motivated attention to the spouse as measured by the late positive potential (LPP). Married individuals completed a regulation task in which they viewed spouse, pleasant, and neutral pictures without regulation prompt as well as spouse and pleasant pictures that were preceded by regulation prompts. Event-related potentials were recorded, and self-reported infatuation, attachment, and marital satisfaction were assessed. Viewing spouse pictures increased infatuation, attachment, and marital satisfaction compared to viewing pleasant or neutral pictures in the no regulation condition. Thinking about positive aspects of the spouse and increasing positive emotions unrelated to the spouse did not increase infatuation, attachment, and marital satisfaction any further. Motivated attention, measured by the LPP amplitude, was greatest to spouse pictures, intermediate to pleasant pictures, and minimal to neutral pictures. Although the typical up-regulation effect on the LPP amplitude was observed for pleasant pictures, positively reappraising the spouse did not increase the LPP amplitude and hence motivated attention to the spouse any further. This study indicates that looking at spouse pictures increases love and marital satisfaction, which is not due to increased positive emotions unrelated to the spouse. Looking at spouse pictures is an easy strategy that could be used to stabilize marriages in which the main problem is the decline of love feelings over time.

摘要爱情通常会随着时间的推移而减少，有时会导致离婚。我们测试了积极地重新评价配偶和/或上调与配偶无关的积极情绪是否会增加对配偶的迷恋和依恋、婚姻满意度和对配偶的动机关注，这是由晚期积极电位(LPP)衡量的。已婚个体完成了一个调节任务，在这个任务中，他们观看了没有调节提示的配偶、愉快的和中性的照片，以及有调节提示的配偶和愉快的照片。记录事件相关电位，评估自我报告的迷恋、依恋和婚姻满意度。与在无调节条件下观看愉快或中性的照片相比，观看配偶照片增加了迷恋、依恋和婚姻满意度。考虑配偶的积极方面，增加与配偶无关的积极情绪，并没有进一步增加迷恋、依恋和婚姻满意度。通过LPP振幅测量，动机注意对配偶图片的影响最大，对愉快图片的影响居中，对中性图片的影响最小。虽然在愉快的图片中观察到典型的LPP振幅上调效应，但积极地重新评价配偶并没有增加LPP振幅，因此没有进一步激发对配偶的注意。这项研究表明，看配偶照片会增加爱情和婚姻满意度，这不是由于与配偶无关的积极情绪的增加。看配偶的照片是一种简单的策略，可以用来稳定主要问题是爱情随着时间的推移而下降的婚姻。

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引用次数: 1

Under Which Circumstances Does Academic Workload Lead to Stress? 在什么情况下工作量会导致压力？

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-02-03 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000293

Susanne Koudela-Hamila, P. Santangelo, U. Ebner-Priemer, W. Schlotz

Abstract. Academic stress is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes, including detrimental effects on mental health, achievement, and well-being. Numerous studies have shown an association between the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and various health and risk factors. Some studies revealed a protective function of the CAR as a stress buffer preventing the stress system from overshooting. We investigated the moderating effect of the CAR on the within-subject association between academic workload and academic stress in participants’ daily lives using ambulatory assessment. We assessed 77 undergraduate university participants for 2 days at the beginning of the semester and approximately 3 months later, individually starting one week before an exam. Participants provided academic stress and academic workload ratings hourly during their waking time using smartphone-based e-diaries and salivary cortisol samples at awakening as well as 30, 45, and 60 min later on two consecutive days during each of the assessment waves. Average within-subject associations between academic workload and academic stress were analyzed using multilevel models. Interactions with indicators of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were included to test moderating effects of the CAR on the workload-stress associations. There was a significant positive within-subject association between academic workload and academic stress. Significant cross-level interactions showed a moderating effect of the CAR on this association. The results point out the importance of the CAR in the regulation of the workload-stress associations in academic life and underscore the relevance of investigating the influence of specific stressor-dependent reciprocal effects of the CAR on learning and experienced stress.

摘要学业压力与一系列不良后果有关，包括对心理健康、成就和幸福感的不利影响。大量研究表明，皮质醇觉醒反应（CAR）与各种健康和风险因素之间存在关联。一些研究揭示了CAR作为应力缓冲器的保护功能，防止应力系统超调。我们使用动态评估研究了CAR对参与者日常生活中学业工作量和学业压力之间的学科内关联的调节作用。我们在学期初和大约3个月后对77名本科生进行了为期2天的评估，分别从考试前一周开始。参与者在清醒时使用基于智能手机的电子日记和清醒时的唾液皮质醇样本，以及30、45、，并且60分钟后在每个评估波期间的连续两天。使用多水平模型分析了学业负荷和学业压力之间的平均学科内关联。包括与皮质醇觉醒反应（CAR）指标的相互作用，以测试CAR对工作量-压力相关性的调节作用。学业负荷与学业压力之间存在显著的正相关。显著的跨水平交互作用显示CAR对这种关联的调节作用。研究结果指出了CAR在调节学术生活中的工作量-压力关联中的重要性，并强调了研究CAR对学习和经历压力的特定压力源依赖性互惠效应的影响的相关性。

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引用次数: 2

Enhancing the Journal of Psychophysiology 加强《心理生理学杂志》

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000296

M. Falkenstein, J. Yordanova

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Neuroticism on the Muscle Response in the Trapezius and Frontalis Muscles to Anticipatory Stress 神经质对斜方肌和额肌对预期应激反应的影响

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000289

Florestan Wagenblast, R. Seibt, T. Läubli, M. Rieger, B. Steinhilber

Abstract. Objective quantification of mental stress in the workplace would be beneficial for designing work tasks to avoid the negative consequences of mental stress. Methods such as surface electromyography have proven to be sensitive to mental demands. However, there is little knowledge about the muscle response and moderating factors during anticipatory stress paradigms. This study examined whether the personality dimension neuroticism moderates the muscle response to the expectation of an unpredictable electrical shock. Forty-seven subjects underwent three expectation phases, in which they could expect a pleasant audio signal (NoShock) or an electric shock in two conditions (anticipation of the first: Shock1, and second electric shock: Shock2) at an unpredictable moment. The frontalis muscle activity and the upper and upper/middle parts of the trapezius muscle were recorded using surface electromyography. Neuroticism was surveyed using the Big Five Inventory to assign the subjects to a group with lower or higher neuroticism. Shock1 only induced higher trapezius muscle activity in the higher neuroticism group, which vanished during Shock2, while the frontalis muscle showed no significant effects. The results suggest that neuroticism should be considered a moderating factor in assessing anticipatory stress using surface electromyography at the trapezius muscle.

摘要对工作场所的心理压力进行客观量化，有利于设计工作任务，避免心理压力带来的负面影响。表面肌电图等方法已被证明对精神需求很敏感。然而，对预期应激模式下的肌肉反应及其调节因素的了解甚少。本研究考察了人格维度神经质是否会调节肌肉对不可预测的电击预期的反应。47名受试者经历了三个预期阶段，在这三个阶段中，他们可以在两种情况下(预期第一种:电击1，第二次电击2)在不可预测的时刻期待愉快的音频信号(无电击)或电击。采用表面肌电图记录额肌活动和斜方肌上部及上/中部。研究人员使用大五人格量表对神经质进行调查，并将受试者分为神经质程度较低或较高的两组。在高神经质组中，Shock1只引起较高的斜方肌活动，而在Shock2中消失，而额肌没有明显的影响。结果表明，神经质应该被认为是使用斜方肌表面肌电图评估预期应激的调节因素。

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引用次数: 0

In Identifying the Source of the Incongruent Effect 识别不一致效应的来源

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000290

Tingji Chen, Yanting Sun, Chengzhi Feng, Wenfeng Feng

Abstract. Emotional signals from the face and body are normally perceived as an integrated whole in everyday life. Previous studies have revealed an incongruent effect which refers to distinctive behavioral and neural responses to emotionally congruent versus incongruent face-body compounds. However, it remains unknown which kind of the face-body compounds caused the incongruence effect. In the present study, we added neutral face and neutral body stimuli to form new face-body compounds. Forty subjects with normal or corrected-to-normal vision participated in this experiment. By comparing the face-body compounds with emotional conflict and face-body compounds with neutral stimuli, we could investigate the source of the incongruent effect. For both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data, a 2 (bodily expression: happiness, fear) × 2 (congruence: congruent, incongruent) repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to re-investigate the incongruent effect and a 3 (facial expression: fearful, happy, neutral) × 3 (bodily expression: fearful, happy, neutral) repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to clarify the source of the incongruent effect. As expected, both behavioral and ERP results have successfully repeated the incongruent effect. Specifically, the behavioral data showed that emotionally congruent versus incongruent face-body compounds were recognized more accurately ( p < .05). The ERP component of N2 was modulated by the emotional congruency between the facial and bodily expression showing that the emotionally incongruent compounds elicited greater N2 amplitudes than emotionally congruent compounds ( p < .05). No incongruent effect was found for P1 or P3 component ( p = .079, p = .99, respectively). Furthermore, by comparing the emotionally incongruent pairs with the neutral baseline, the present study suggests that the source of the incongruent effect might be from the happy face-fearful body compounds. We speculate that the emotion expressed by the fearful body was much more intensive than the emotion expressed by the happy body and thus caused a stronger interference in judging the facial expressions.

摘要在日常生活中，面部和身体发出的情绪信号通常被视为一个整体。先前的研究揭示了一种不一致效应，它指的是对情绪一致和不一致的脸-身体复合物的不同行为和神经反应。然而，究竟是哪一种“脸-体”化合物引起了不一致效应尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们加入中性面孔和中性身体刺激，形成新的脸-体复合物。40名视力正常或矫正至正常的受试者参加了本实验。通过比较具有情绪冲突的脸身复合物和具有中性刺激的脸身复合物，我们可以探讨不一致效应的来源。对于行为和事件相关电位(ERP)数据，采用2(身体表情:快乐、恐惧)× 2(一致、不一致)重复测量方差分析(ANOVA)来重新调查不一致效应，并采用3(面部表情:恐惧、快乐、中性)× 3(身体表情:恐惧、快乐、中性)重复测量方差分析(ANOVA)来澄清不一致效应的来源。正如预期的那样，行为和ERP结果都成功地重复了不一致效应。具体而言，行为数据显示情绪上一致的面部-身体复合物比不一致的面部-身体复合物更准确地被识别(p < 0.05)。N2的ERP分量受面部和身体表情的情绪一致性的调节，结果表明情绪不一致的化合物比情绪一致的化合物激发出更大的N2振幅(p < 0.05)。P1和P3成分未发现不一致效应(p = 0.079, p = 0.99)。此外，通过将情绪不一致的配对与中性基线进行比较，本研究表明，不一致效应的来源可能来自快乐-恐惧的身体化合物。我们推测，恐惧身体所表达的情绪比快乐身体所表达的情绪要强烈得多，因此对面部表情的判断产生了更强的干扰。

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引用次数: 0

A Preliminary Investigation of ERP Components of Attentional Bias in Anxious Adults using Temporospatial Principal Component Analysis. 利用时空主成分分析对焦虑成人注意偏倚的ERP成分进行初步研究。

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 Psychology

Journal of Psychophysiology

Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Epub Date: 2021-02-23 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000275

Resh S Gupta, Autumn Kujawa, David R Vago

Threat-related attention bias is thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Dot-probe studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have indicated that several early ERP components are modulated by threatening and emotional stimuli in anxious populations, suggesting enhanced allocation of attention to threat and emotion at earlier stages of processing. However, ERP components selected for examination and analysis in these studies vary widely and remain inconsistent. The present study used temporospatial principal component analysis (PCA) to systematically identify ERP components elicited to face pair cues and probes in a dot-probe task in anxious adults. Cue-locked components sensitive to emotion included an early occipital C1 component enhanced for happy versus angry face pair cues and an early parieto-occipital P1 component enhanced for happy versus angry face pair cues. Probe-locked components sensitive to congruency included a parieto-occipital P2 component enhanced for incongruent probes (probes replacing neutral faces) versus congruent probes (probes replacing emotional faces). Split-half correlations indicated that the mean value around the PCA-derived peaks were reliably measured in the ERP waveforms. These results highlight promising neurophysiological markers for attentional bias research that can be extended to designs comparing anxious and healthy comparison groups. Results from a secondary exploratory PCA analysis investigating the effects of emotional face position and analyses on behavioral reaction time data are also presented.

威胁相关的注意偏差被认为有助于焦虑症的发展和维持。使用事件相关电位(ERP)的点探测研究表明，在焦虑人群中，一些早期ERP成分受到威胁和情绪刺激的调节，这表明在处理的早期阶段，对威胁和情绪的注意分配得到了加强。然而，在这些研究中选择的ERP组件进行检查和分析差异很大，并且仍然不一致。本研究采用时空主成分分析(PCA)系统地识别了焦虑成人在点探针任务中面对对线索和探针所引发的ERP成分。对情绪敏感的线索锁定成分包括对快乐和愤怒的面孔线索增强的早期枕部C1成分，以及对快乐和愤怒的面孔线索增强的早期顶叶-枕部P1成分。对一致性敏感的探针锁定成分包括顶枕P2成分，对于不一致探针(探针取代中性面孔)和一致探针(探针取代情绪化面孔)增强。二分相关表明，在ERP波形中可靠地测量了pca衍生峰周围的平均值。这些结果突出了注意偏倚研究中有希望的神经生理标记，可以扩展到比较焦虑组和健康组的设计中。本文还介绍了一项二次探索性PCA分析的结果，该分析调查了情绪面部位置的影响，并分析了行为反应时间数据。

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引用次数: 7