The first part of this special issue contains five papers addressing different aspects of good benchmarking practices in optical network research. We start with a brief introduction, followed by an overview of the papers and an invitation to contribute to the second part.
{"title":"Introduction to the Benchmarking in Optical Networks Special Issue","authors":"Alejandra Beghelli;George Rouskas;Paul Wright","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.546584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.546584","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this special issue contains five papers addressing different aspects of good benchmarking practices in optical network research. We start with a brief introduction, followed by an overview of the papers and an invitation to contribute to the second part.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"BON1-BON2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10755983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multigigabit per second satellite-to-ground communications are evolving owing to free-space optical (FSO) communications. They benefit greatly from the use of commercial off-the-shelf field-programmable gate arrays, which offer higher performance than their space-grade counterparts. However, these capabilities are severely diminished in the case of improper implementation of radiation mitigation schemes not being properly assessed. Although these schemes have been improved over the years, they can be further optimized. Therefore, this study proposes, to our knowledge, a new protocol-aware approach, tailored for FSO satellite downlinks, to classify the criticality of radiation-induced errors. This approach can achieve a reduction in overhead by nearly an order of magnitude compared to current protection schemes.
{"title":"Protocol-aware approach for mitigating radiation-induced errors in free-space optical downlinks","authors":"Jorge Pacheco-Labrador;Carmen Misa Moreira;Julio Ramirez Molina;Hipolito Guzman-Miranda","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.533374","url":null,"abstract":"Multigigabit per second satellite-to-ground communications are evolving owing to free-space optical (FSO) communications. They benefit greatly from the use of commercial off-the-shelf field-programmable gate arrays, which offer higher performance than their space-grade counterparts. However, these capabilities are severely diminished in the case of improper implementation of radiation mitigation schemes not being properly assessed. Although these schemes have been improved over the years, they can be further optimized. Therefore, this study proposes, to our knowledge, a new protocol-aware approach, tailored for FSO satellite downlinks, to classify the criticality of radiation-induced errors. This approach can achieve a reduction in overhead by nearly an order of magnitude compared to current protection schemes.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1218-1228"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10756204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The non-orthogonal multiple access-passive optical network (NOMA-PON) is facing the dual security threats of primary user interference and unauthorized third-party user eavesdropping, so efficient data security enhancement techniques are crucial. To solve these problems, we propose a fixed-point extended (FE)-logistic chaotic mapping to reduce the computational complexity while employing a two-dimensional (2D) cellular automata (CA) and Turing pattern (TP) cascading scramble (CA-TPCS) encryption algorithm to further improve the sensitivity of the NOMA-PON system. The CA-TPCS consists of 2D-CA dynamic bit encryption and Turing symbol substitution (TSS). By using FE chaos to construct 2D-CA and adopting index sort to extract the TSS matrix, dynamic diffusion of bits and scrambling of a 2D symbol matrix are achieved. To ensure the key privacy, we employ a dual key mechanism, and uplink data is introduced as the private key. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, a simulation validation is built on a 17.6 Gb/s power division multiplexing-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PDM-OFDM) NOMA-PON system transmitted over 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The results show that the proposed scheme has no effect on the optimal power allocation rate (PAR) values and the values are all 3. Meanwhile, the receiver sensitivity gains of 0.2 and 0.3 dB are obtained for high-power and low-power users after encryption. The ciphertext has good diffusion and statistical properties, and the key space is flexibly controlled by the FE precision $f$ , the length $l$ of the transmitted bit, and the size $T$ of the TP, with the value of ${2^{2f + l + T times T}}$ . The results show that the proposed scheme is not only very compatible with PDM technology but also can realize the dual defense of internal aggression and external aggression. It has a good application prospect in the future NOMA-PON.
非正交多址无源光网络（NOMA-PON）面临着主用户干扰和未经授权的第三方用户窃听的双重安全威胁，因此高效的数据安全增强技术至关重要。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种定点扩展（FE）-逻辑混沌映射来降低计算复杂度，同时采用二维（2D）蜂窝自动机（CA）和图灵模式（TP）级联扰码（CA-TPCS）加密算法来进一步提高 NOMA-PON 系统的灵敏度。CA-TPCS 由 2D-CA 动态位加密和图灵符号置换（TSS）组成。通过使用 FE 混沌构建 2D-CA 和采用索引排序提取 TSS 矩阵，实现了比特的动态扩散和 2D 符号矩阵的加扰。为确保密钥的私密性，我们采用了双密钥机制，并引入上行数据作为私钥。为了验证所提方法的可行性，我们在通过 25 千米标准单模光纤（SSMF）传输的 17.6 Gb/s 功率分复用-正交频分复用（PDM-OFDM）NOMA-PON 系统上进行了仿真验证。结果表明，拟议方案对最佳功率分配率（PAR）值没有影响，其值均为 3。同时，加密后高功率和低功率用户的接收器灵敏度分别提高了 0.2 和 0.3 dB。密文具有良好的扩散性和统计性，密钥空间由FE精度$f$、传输比特长度$l$和TP大小$T$灵活控制，其值为{2^{2f + l + T times T}}$。结果表明，所提出的方案不仅与 PDM 技术有很好的兼容性，而且可以实现内部攻击和外部攻击的双重防御。该方案在未来的 NOMA-PON 中具有良好的应用前景。
{"title":"Security enhancement for NOMA-PON with 2D cellular automata and Turing pattern cascading scramble aided fixed-point extended logistic chaotic encryption","authors":"Yun Wang;Qi Zhang;Xiangjun Xin;Meng Sun;Ran Gao;Haipeng Yao;Feng Tian;Qinghua Tian;Yongjun Wang;Fu Wang;Sitong Zhou;Zuolin Li;Zhipei Li","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.525848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.525848","url":null,"abstract":"The non-orthogonal multiple access-passive optical network (NOMA-PON) is facing the dual security threats of primary user interference and unauthorized third-party user eavesdropping, so efficient data security enhancement techniques are crucial. To solve these problems, we propose a fixed-point extended (FE)-logistic chaotic mapping to reduce the computational complexity while employing a two-dimensional (2D) cellular automata (CA) and Turing pattern (TP) cascading scramble (CA-TPCS) encryption algorithm to further improve the sensitivity of the NOMA-PON system. The CA-TPCS consists of 2D-CA dynamic bit encryption and Turing symbol substitution (TSS). By using FE chaos to construct 2D-CA and adopting index sort to extract the TSS matrix, dynamic diffusion of bits and scrambling of a 2D symbol matrix are achieved. To ensure the key privacy, we employ a dual key mechanism, and uplink data is introduced as the private key. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, a simulation validation is built on a 17.6 Gb/s power division multiplexing-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PDM-OFDM) NOMA-PON system transmitted over 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The results show that the proposed scheme has no effect on the optimal power allocation rate (PAR) values and the values are all 3. Meanwhile, the receiver sensitivity gains of 0.2 and 0.3 dB are obtained for high-power and low-power users after encryption. The ciphertext has good diffusion and statistical properties, and the key space is flexibly controlled by the FE precision \u0000<tex>$f$</tex>\u0000, the length \u0000<tex>$l$</tex>\u0000 of the transmitted bit, and the size \u0000<tex>$T$</tex>\u0000 of the TP, with the value of \u0000<tex>${2^{2f + l + T times T}}$</tex>\u0000. The results show that the proposed scheme is not only very compatible with PDM technology but also can realize the dual defense of internal aggression and external aggression. It has a good application prospect in the future NOMA-PON.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1204-1217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operators are constantly faced with the need to increase optical-network capacity to accommodate rapid traffic growth while minimizing the cost-per-bit and power-per-bit. The drastic reduction of the power consumption of IP routers and ZR/ZR+ pluggable transponders seen in the past several years has renewed the interest in “opaque” optical-network architectures, where no optical bypassing is allowed. In this work, we aim to quantify and compare the power consumption of four “IP over wavelength division multiplexing” (IPoWDM) transport network architectures employing ZR/ZR+ modules versus long-haul muxponders, considering different grooming, regeneration, and optical bypassing capabilities. We first propose a power consumption model for different IPoWDM node architectures with ZR/ZR+ modules and long-haul muxponders. Then, to obtain the power consumption of different architectures, we propose a compact auxiliary-graph-based network-design algorithm extensible to different network architectures. Moreover, we investigate how the continuous decrease in the power consumption of ZR/ZR+ and IP routers can impact the power consumption of different architectures through a sensitivity analysis. Illustrative numerical results on networks of different sizes show that, despite drastic reductions of power consumption at the IP layer, optical bypassing is still the most power-efficient solution, reducing consumption by up to 48%.
运营商一直面临着提高光网络容量的需求，以适应流量的快速增长，同时最大限度地降低每比特成本和每比特功耗。在过去几年中，IP 路由器和 ZR/ZR+ 可插拔转发器的功耗大幅降低，这重新激发了人们对 "不透明 "光网络架构的兴趣，在这种架构中不允许光旁路。在这项工作中，我们旨在量化和比较采用 ZR/ZR+ 模块的四种 "IP over wavelength division multiplexing"（IPoWDM）传输网络架构与长途多路复用器的功耗，同时考虑到不同的疏导、再生和光旁路能力。我们首先提出了采用 ZR/ZR+ 模块和长途多路复用器的不同 IPoWDM 节点架构的功耗模型。然后，为了获得不同架构的功耗，我们提出了一种基于辅助图的紧凑型网络设计算法，该算法可扩展到不同的网络架构。此外，我们还通过敏感性分析研究了 ZR/ZR+ 和 IP 路由器功耗的持续下降如何影响不同架构的功耗。不同规模网络的示例性数值结果表明，尽管 IP 层的功耗大幅降低，但光旁路仍然是最省电的解决方案，最多可降低 48% 的功耗。
{"title":"Power-consumption analysis for different IPoWDM network architectures with ZR/ZR+ and long-haul muxponders","authors":"Qiaolun Zhang;Annalisa Morea;Patricia Layec;Memedhe Ibrahimi;Francesco Musumeci;Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.531536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.531536","url":null,"abstract":"Operators are constantly faced with the need to increase optical-network capacity to accommodate rapid traffic growth while minimizing the cost-per-bit and power-per-bit. The drastic reduction of the power consumption of IP routers and ZR/ZR+ pluggable transponders seen in the past several years has renewed the interest in “opaque” optical-network architectures, where no optical bypassing is allowed. In this work, we aim to quantify and compare the power consumption of four “IP over wavelength division multiplexing” (IPoWDM) transport network architectures employing ZR/ZR+ modules versus long-haul muxponders, considering different grooming, regeneration, and optical bypassing capabilities. We first propose a power consumption model for different IPoWDM node architectures with ZR/ZR+ modules and long-haul muxponders. Then, to obtain the power consumption of different architectures, we propose a compact auxiliary-graph-based network-design algorithm extensible to different network architectures. Moreover, we investigate how the continuous decrease in the power consumption of ZR/ZR+ and IP routers can impact the power consumption of different architectures through a sensitivity analysis. Illustrative numerical results on networks of different sizes show that, despite drastic reductions of power consumption at the IP layer, optical bypassing is still the most power-efficient solution, reducing consumption by up to 48%.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1189-1203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A modern field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card can be equipped with high-bandwidth memory and high-bandwidth optical interconnection networks. This paper presents an in-network stable radix sorter on an eight-FPGA cluster. Each custom Stratix10 MX2100 FPGA card has up to 819-Gbps memory bandwidth ( ${51.2};{rm Gbps} times {16};{rm channels}$ ) and up to 800-Gbps network bandwidth ( ${25};{rm Gbps} times {32};{rm channels}$ ) with eight custom embedded optical modules. Our radix sorter for a 32-bit key range consists of eight 4-bit counting sorts optimized to in-network processing. Each counting sort needs only one memory read/write access for improving its throughput. We demonstrated a sorting throughput of 37.2 GB/s and an energy efficiency of 9.2 MB/J for 32-bit key range and 16-GiB data size using eight memory channels with 409.6 Gbps memory bandwidth per FPGA. It can scale up to 256 FPGAs with a sorting throughput of 983 GB/s for a 32-bit key range and 512-GiB data size.
{"title":"In-network stable radix sorter using many FPGAs with high-bandwidth photonics [Invited]","authors":"Kenji Mizutani;Yutaka Urino;Takanori Shimizu;Hiroshi Yamaguchi;Shigeru Nakamura;Tatsuya Usuki;Kiyo Ishii;Ryosuke Matsumoto;Takashi Inoue;Shu Namiki;Michihiro Koibuchi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.530695","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.530695","url":null,"abstract":"A modern field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card can be equipped with high-bandwidth memory and high-bandwidth optical interconnection networks. This paper presents an in-network stable radix sorter on an eight-FPGA cluster. Each custom Stratix10 MX2100 FPGA card has up to 819-Gbps memory bandwidth (\u0000<tex>${51.2};{rm Gbps} times {16};{rm channels}$</tex>\u0000) and up to 800-Gbps network bandwidth (\u0000<tex>${25};{rm Gbps} times {32};{rm channels}$</tex>\u0000) with eight custom embedded optical modules. Our radix sorter for a 32-bit key range consists of eight 4-bit counting sorts optimized to in-network processing. Each counting sort needs only one memory read/write access for improving its throughput. We demonstrated a sorting throughput of 37.2 GB/s and an energy efficiency of 9.2 MB/J for 32-bit key range and 16-GiB data size using eight memory channels with 409.6 Gbps memory bandwidth per FPGA. It can scale up to 256 FPGAs with a sorting throughput of 983 GB/s for a 32-bit key range and 512-GiB data size.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 1","pages":"A34-A45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fiber optical communication networks are the backbone of our interconnected digital environments. Motivated by vendor neutrality and better utilization of the vacant optical spectrum in dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) networks, the operators are interested in implementing optical spectrum as a service (OSaaS) in their networks. In the OSaaS service model, the DWDM network operator grants the end customer direct access to the spectral resources in the DWDM system, and the transceiver equipment purchase, its operation, and future upgrades are the responsibility of the service end customer. If the spectral resources are available in adjacent network segments and the performance of the individual segment is adequate, OSaaS allows optical signals to be operated over thousands of kilometers, traversing multiple domains. These domains can be owned by different operators and built using different DWDM network technologies, utilizing different components and channel plans. This can pose a threat to the network integrity, as today, no dedicated demarcation points exist to police the received and transmitted signals as per the next domain’s requirements. This paper reviews the readily available equipment to provide demarcation functions between the operator domains and introduces an infrastructure-, DWDM technology-, vendor-, and domain-independent optical demarcation device called the network domain interface device (NeDID). We discuss how NeDID provides signal policing and compatibility monitoring, enabling a new, infrastructure-independent networking concept—a transparent optical overlay network (TOON). We further explain the ownership of the NeDID devices and investigate the techno-economic benefits of operating flexible and secure OSaaS over any underlying optical network infrastructure.
{"title":"Operation of optical spectrum as a service in disaggregated and multi-operator environments [Invited]","authors":"Kaida Kaeval;Klaus Grobe;Jorg-Peter Elbers","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.534118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.534118","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber optical communication networks are the backbone of our interconnected digital environments. Motivated by vendor neutrality and better utilization of the vacant optical spectrum in dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) networks, the operators are interested in implementing optical spectrum as a service (OSaaS) in their networks. In the OSaaS service model, the DWDM network operator grants the end customer direct access to the spectral resources in the DWDM system, and the transceiver equipment purchase, its operation, and future upgrades are the responsibility of the service end customer. If the spectral resources are available in adjacent network segments and the performance of the individual segment is adequate, OSaaS allows optical signals to be operated over thousands of kilometers, traversing multiple domains. These domains can be owned by different operators and built using different DWDM network technologies, utilizing different components and channel plans. This can pose a threat to the network integrity, as today, no dedicated demarcation points exist to police the received and transmitted signals as per the next domain’s requirements. This paper reviews the readily available equipment to provide demarcation functions between the operator domains and introduces an infrastructure-, DWDM technology-, vendor-, and domain-independent optical demarcation device called the network domain interface device (NeDID). We discuss how NeDID provides signal policing and compatibility monitoring, enabling a new, infrastructure-independent networking concept—a transparent optical overlay network (TOON). We further explain the ownership of the NeDID devices and investigate the techno-economic benefits of operating flexible and secure OSaaS over any underlying optical network infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 1","pages":"A46-A58"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This special issue on Spatial Parallelism for Next-Generation High-Capacity Transport Networks tackles challenging questions of how optical networks will continue to scale in capacity now that the Shannon limit has been reached for single mode fiber systems using the C and L amplifier bands.
本期特刊主题为 "下一代大容量传输网络的空间并行性"，探讨了在使用 C 和 L 放大器波段的单模光纤系统已达到香农极限的情况下，光网络如何继续扩大容量这一具有挑战性的问题。
{"title":"Introduction to the JOCN Special Issue on Spatial Parallelism for Next-Generation High-Capacity Transport Networks","authors":"Yvan Pointurier;Hiroshi Hasegawa;Nihel Benzaoui;Jesse Simsarian","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.546630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.546630","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue on Spatial Parallelism for Next-Generation High-Capacity Transport Networks tackles challenging questions of how optical networks will continue to scale in capacity now that the Shannon limit has been reached for single mode fiber systems using the C and L amplifier bands.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"SPTN1-SPTN2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10746559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scalable methods for optical transmission performance prediction using machine learning (ML) are studied in metro reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) networks. A cascaded learning framework is introduced to encompass the use of cascaded component models for end-to-end (E2E) optical path prediction augmented with different combinations of E2E performance data and models. Additional E2E optical path data and models are used to reduce the prediction error accumulation in the cascade. Off-line training (pre-trained prior to deployment) and transfer learning are used for component-level erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain models to ensure scalability. Considering channel power prediction, we show that the data collection process of the pre-trained EDFA model can be reduced to only 5% of the original training set using transfer learning. We evaluate the proposed method under three different topologies with field deployed fibers and achieve a mean absolute error of 0.16 dB with a single (one-shot) E2E measurement on the deployed 6-span system with 12 EDFAs.
{"title":"Multi-span optical power spectrum prediction using cascaded learning with one-shot end-to-end measurement","authors":"Zehao Wang;Yue-Kai Huang;Shaobo Han;Daniel Kilper;Tingjun Chen","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.533634","url":null,"abstract":"Scalable methods for optical transmission performance prediction using machine learning (ML) are studied in metro reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) networks. A cascaded learning framework is introduced to encompass the use of cascaded component models for end-to-end (E2E) optical path prediction augmented with different combinations of E2E performance data and models. Additional E2E optical path data and models are used to reduce the prediction error accumulation in the cascade. Off-line training (pre-trained prior to deployment) and transfer learning are used for component-level erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain models to ensure scalability. Considering channel power prediction, we show that the data collection process of the pre-trained EDFA model can be reduced to only 5% of the original training set using transfer learning. We evaluate the proposed method under three different topologies with field deployed fibers and achieve a mean absolute error of 0.16 dB with a single (one-shot) E2E measurement on the deployed 6-span system with 12 EDFAs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 1","pages":"A23-A33"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farhad Arpanaei;Mahdi Ranjbar Zefreh;Carlos Natalino;Piotr Lechowicz;Shuangyi Yan;Jose M. Rivas-Moscoso;Oscar Gonzalez de Dios;Juan Pedro Fernandez-Palacios;Hami Rabbani;Maite Brandt-Pearce;Alfonso Sanchez-Macian;Jose Alberto Hernandez;David Larrabeiti;Paolo Monti
Both multi-band and space division multiplexing (SDM) independently represent cost-effective approaches for next-generation optical backbone networks, particularly as data exchange between core data centers reaches the petabit-per-second scale. This paper focuses on different strategies for implementing band and SDM elastic optical network (BSDM EON) technology and analyzes the total network capacity of three sizes of backbone metro-core networks: ultra-long-, long-, and medium-distance networks related to the United States, Japan, and Spain, respectively. Two BSDM strategies are considered, namely, multi-core fibers (MCFs) and BSDM based on standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) bundles of multi-fiber pairs (BuMFPs). For MCF-based BSDM, we evaluated the performance of four manufactured trench-assisted weakly coupled (TAWC) MCFs with 4, 7, 13, and 19 cores. Simulation results reveal that, in the regime of ultra-low (UL) loss and inter-core crosstalk (ICXT), MCF-based throughput can be up to 14% higher than SSMF BuMFP-based BSDM when the core pitch exceeds 43 µm and the loss coefficient is lower than that of standard single-mode fibers. However, increasing the number of cores with (non-)standard cladding diameters, UL loss, and ICXT coefficient is not beneficial. As core counts increase up to 13 for non-standard cladding diameters ( ${lt}230;{unicode{x00B5}{rm m}}$ ), the core pitch and loss coefficient also increase, leading to degraded performance of MCF-based BSDM compared to SSMF BuMFP-based BSDM. The results indicate that, in scenarios with 19 MFPs, SSFM BuMFP-based BSDM outperforms 19-core MCF-based scenarios, increasing the throughput by 55% to 73%, from medium-backbone networks to ultra-long ones.
{"title":"Ultra-high-capacity band and space division multiplexing backbone EONs: multi-core versus multi-fiber","authors":"Farhad Arpanaei;Mahdi Ranjbar Zefreh;Carlos Natalino;Piotr Lechowicz;Shuangyi Yan;Jose M. Rivas-Moscoso;Oscar Gonzalez de Dios;Juan Pedro Fernandez-Palacios;Hami Rabbani;Maite Brandt-Pearce;Alfonso Sanchez-Macian;Jose Alberto Hernandez;David Larrabeiti;Paolo Monti","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.533086","url":null,"abstract":"Both multi-band and space division multiplexing (SDM) independently represent cost-effective approaches for next-generation optical backbone networks, particularly as data exchange between core data centers reaches the petabit-per-second scale. This paper focuses on different strategies for implementing band and SDM elastic optical network (BSDM EON) technology and analyzes the total network capacity of three sizes of backbone metro-core networks: ultra-long-, long-, and medium-distance networks related to the United States, Japan, and Spain, respectively. Two BSDM strategies are considered, namely, multi-core fibers (MCFs) and BSDM based on standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) bundles of multi-fiber pairs (BuMFPs). For MCF-based BSDM, we evaluated the performance of four manufactured trench-assisted weakly coupled (TAWC) MCFs with 4, 7, 13, and 19 cores. Simulation results reveal that, in the regime of ultra-low (UL) loss and inter-core crosstalk (ICXT), MCF-based throughput can be up to 14% higher than SSMF BuMFP-based BSDM when the core pitch exceeds 43 µm and the loss coefficient is lower than that of standard single-mode fibers. However, increasing the number of cores with (non-)standard cladding diameters, UL loss, and ICXT coefficient is not beneficial. As core counts increase up to 13 for non-standard cladding diameters (\u0000<tex>${lt}230;{unicode{x00B5}{rm m}}$</tex>\u0000), the core pitch and loss coefficient also increase, leading to degraded performance of MCF-based BSDM compared to SSMF BuMFP-based BSDM. The results indicate that, in scenarios with 19 MFPs, SSFM BuMFP-based BSDM outperforms 19-core MCF-based scenarios, increasing the throughput by 55% to 73%, from medium-backbone networks to ultra-long ones.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"H66-H78"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uncoupled multicore fibers (MCFs) are expected to be the first to be commercially deployed due to their high compatibility with existing single-mode fiber technologies. Since MCFs have a 3D shape, they generally exhibit connection polarity. Thus, optical devices based on MCFs also generally have polarity, which will complicate the core resource assignment and end-to-end core connections in future MCF-based spatial channel networks (SCNs). In this paper, we first discuss the polarity of MCF-based optical devices (MODs) such as MCF patch cords, spatial multiplexers (SMUXs), core selective switches (CSSs), and core selectors (CSs). We then propose a definition for global core numbers in a two-MCF unidirectional (2MCF-UD) SCN and a single-MCF bidirectional (1MCF-BD) SCN. We also propose a method for managing the polarity of MODs and correctly connecting cores end-to-end. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed global core numbering and polarity management method for MODs, testbeds emulating a 2MCF-UD SCN and a 1MCF-BD SCN are constructed using prototype CSS, CS, and SMUX devices. By using light with different optical frequencies as input and observing the output spectrum, we confirm that the spatial channel specified by the global core number is established correctly end-to-end in the SCN if the polarity of the MODs is set correctly.
{"title":"Polarity management of multicore fiber-based optical devices in unidirectional and bidirectional spatial channel networks","authors":"Masahiko Jinno;Rika Tahara;Kyosuke Nakada;Takuma Izumi;Kako Matsumoto","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.532960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.532960","url":null,"abstract":"Uncoupled multicore fibers (MCFs) are expected to be the first to be commercially deployed due to their high compatibility with existing single-mode fiber technologies. Since MCFs have a 3D shape, they generally exhibit connection polarity. Thus, optical devices based on MCFs also generally have polarity, which will complicate the core resource assignment and end-to-end core connections in future MCF-based spatial channel networks (SCNs). In this paper, we first discuss the polarity of MCF-based optical devices (MODs) such as MCF patch cords, spatial multiplexers (SMUXs), core selective switches (CSSs), and core selectors (CSs). We then propose a definition for global core numbers in a two-MCF unidirectional (2MCF-UD) SCN and a single-MCF bidirectional (1MCF-BD) SCN. We also propose a method for managing the polarity of MODs and correctly connecting cores end-to-end. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed global core numbering and polarity management method for MODs, testbeds emulating a 2MCF-UD SCN and a 1MCF-BD SCN are constructed using prototype CSS, CS, and SMUX devices. By using light with different optical frequencies as input and observing the output spectrum, we confirm that the spatial channel specified by the global core number is established correctly end-to-end in the SCN if the polarity of the MODs is set correctly.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"H53-H65"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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