This work presents a metro-access network architecture designed to meet the stringent requirements of time-sensitive applications in emerging 5G and 6G networks. The proposed architecture leverages semiconductor optical amplifier-based optical add-drop multiplexers and FPGA-based controllers to enable dynamic, low-latency operation suitable for applications with critical latency and jitter demands. We introduce a control plane protocol that allows for deterministic time-slotted resource reservation, ensuring transparent optical switching and minimizing latency. We validate the architecture through a prototype implementation in a ring network topology, demonstrating latency-bounded operation. Experimental results show that the network achieves sub-microsecond reconfiguration times and stable latency performance, with transparency crossing up to six nodes and a data recovery time of 100 ns at ${-}{17};{rm dBm}$, making the architecture a potential solution for federated computing and edge cloud scenarios.
{"title":"Dynamic, low-latency metro-access network architecture for time-sensitive applications using SOA-based optical switching and supervisory channel FPGA control","authors":"Henrique Freire Santana;Ali Mefleh;Nicola Calabretta","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.564881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.564881","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a metro-access network architecture designed to meet the stringent requirements of time-sensitive applications in emerging 5G and 6G networks. The proposed architecture leverages semiconductor optical amplifier-based optical add-drop multiplexers and FPGA-based controllers to enable dynamic, low-latency operation suitable for applications with critical latency and jitter demands. We introduce a control plane protocol that allows for deterministic time-slotted resource reservation, ensuring transparent optical switching and minimizing latency. We validate the architecture through a prototype implementation in a ring network topology, demonstrating latency-bounded operation. Experimental results show that the network achieves sub-microsecond reconfiguration times and stable latency performance, with transparency crossing up to six nodes and a data recovery time of 100 ns at <tex>${-}{17};{rm dBm}$</tex>, making the architecture a potential solution for federated computing and edge cloud scenarios.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"995-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid growth of artificial intelligence and digital services is generating a vast amount of data, imposing tight performance requirements, and raising concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. This paper introduces and reports a concrete deployment of a flexible transport network for future Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) to support three key use cases such as metropolitan-scale elastic load balancing, local statistical multiplexing, and multi-operator infrastructure sharing. The Innovative Optical and Wireless Network Global Forum initiative is proposing the deployment of optical technology in future C-RAN architectures, thanks to its ability to ensure deterministic latency and reduce power consumption. Integrating optical technology with packet technology can enhance wavelength usage efficiency and resource optimization through dynamic resource allocation, efficient infrastructure sharing, and stringent performance standards. However, several challenges arise when combining packet and optical technologies such as congestion control in packet networks and efficient integration between the two technologies. Two models of supporting multi-operator infrastructure are presented for the three use cases, and a solution is proposed and assessed through simulations and a proof-of-concept demonstrator.
{"title":"Flexible transport networks for future C-RAN [Invited]","authors":"Paola Iovanna;Alberto Bianchi;Giulio Bottari;Fabio Del Vasto;Teresa Pepe;Filippo Ponzini;Marzio Puleri;Stefano Stracca;Fabio Ubaldi;Masahisa Kawashima;Manabu Sugihara;Tomoo Takahara;Kazuto Nishimura;Yasuhiko Aoki","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.567983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.567983","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of artificial intelligence and digital services is generating a vast amount of data, imposing tight performance requirements, and raising concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. This paper introduces and reports a concrete deployment of a flexible transport network for future Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) to support three key use cases such as metropolitan-scale elastic load balancing, local statistical multiplexing, and multi-operator infrastructure sharing. The Innovative Optical and Wireless Network Global Forum initiative is proposing the deployment of optical technology in future C-RAN architectures, thanks to its ability to ensure deterministic latency and reduce power consumption. Integrating optical technology with packet technology can enhance wavelength usage efficiency and resource optimization through dynamic resource allocation, efficient infrastructure sharing, and stringent performance standards. However, several challenges arise when combining packet and optical technologies such as congestion control in packet networks and efficient integration between the two technologies. Two models of supporting multi-operator infrastructure are presented for the three use cases, and a solution is proposed and assessed through simulations and a proof-of-concept demonstrator.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"E129-E143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fifth-generation and beyond (B5G) networks must handle stringent requirements for ultra-low latency, high reliability, and dynamic service provisioning across decentralized environments. While container-based live migration has emerged as a flexible mechanism to ensure service continuity during failures and overload scenarios, most proposed approaches are reactive and lack integration with the transport layer and automation through real-time resource orchestration. This work presents a proactive migration framework that tightly couples a 5G radio access network (RAN) architecture with an OpenROADM-compliant optical transport network (OTN) testbed. By leveraging dynamic optical wavelength service creation and container-based network function virtualization, the presented framework enables seamless live migration of the gNB (next generation) central unit–user plane (CU-UP) between two remote locations without disconnecting the supported mobile services. A custom xApp within the near-real-time RAN intelligent controller (Near-RT RIC) monitors system performance metrics and employs predictive analytics to trigger the proactive CU-UP container migration ahead of a probable server overload scenario. A robot framework-based automation platform ensures coordinated orchestration between the compute and transport layer resource allocation to achieve a successful live migration of the container running the CU-UP. Experimental results confirm that the proposed approach achieves near-zero mobile user service downtime, demonstrating its effectiveness in meeting the end-to-end quality of service (QoS) requirements of B5G applications.
{"title":"MOVE-CU: multi-vendor OpenROADM enhances a virtual environment supporting remote CU-UP migration in a 5G radio network [Invited]","authors":"Abhishek Bhattacharyya;Linqi Xiao;Aparaajitha Gomathinayakam Latha;Muhammad Ridwanur Rahim;Nathan Ellsworth;Venkateswarlu Gudepu;Andrea Fumagalli;Koteswararao Kondepu","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.574058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.574058","url":null,"abstract":"Fifth-generation and beyond (B5G) networks must handle stringent requirements for ultra-low latency, high reliability, and dynamic service provisioning across decentralized environments. While container-based live migration has emerged as a flexible mechanism to ensure service continuity during failures and overload scenarios, most proposed approaches are reactive and lack integration with the transport layer and automation through real-time resource orchestration. This work presents a proactive migration framework that tightly couples a 5G radio access network (RAN) architecture with an OpenROADM-compliant optical transport network (OTN) testbed. By leveraging dynamic optical wavelength service creation and container-based network function virtualization, the presented framework enables seamless live migration of the gNB (next generation) central unit–user plane (CU-UP) between two remote locations without disconnecting the supported mobile services. A custom xApp within the near-real-time RAN intelligent controller (Near-RT RIC) monitors system performance metrics and employs predictive analytics to trigger the proactive CU-UP container migration ahead of a probable server overload scenario. A robot framework-based automation platform ensures coordinated orchestration between the compute and transport layer resource allocation to achieve a successful live migration of the container running the CU-UP. Experimental results confirm that the proposed approach achieves near-zero mobile user service downtime, demonstrating its effectiveness in meeting the end-to-end quality of service (QoS) requirements of B5G applications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"E117-E128"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing demand for high-capacity and flexible access has made digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM)-based coherent passive optical networks (PONs) increasingly attractive. However, in upstream transmission, amplitude, phase, and skew mismatches between the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) branches at the receiver of the optical line terminal may lead to image interference between symmetric subcarriers, thus degrading the system performance. To address this issue, this work theoretically analyzes the impairment mechanism and proposes a data-aided $8 times 4$ real-valued multi-input multi-output (MIMO) equalization scheme for joint compensation. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of MIMO-based subcarrier joint equalization for receiver IQ impairment compensation in the burst-mode upstream reception. Experimental results show that the proposed MIMO achieves stable compensation for IQ skew up to $pm {40};{rm ps}$ and IQ gain imbalance from ${-}{8}$ to ${+}{7};{rm dB}$ in dual-subcarrier systems, while maintaining a Q-penalty within 0.5 dB under frequency offsets up to 500 MHz. A 400G TFDM-PON upstream system is further demonstrated, achieving ${-}{29.1};{rm dBm}$ receiver sensitivity and a 32.1 dB power budget. These results provide a practical solution for IQ impairment mitigation and support robust, scalable deployment of coherent DSCM-based access networks.
{"title":"Upstream receiver IQ impairment analysis and compensation in coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing passive optical networks","authors":"Yongzhu Hu;Junhao Zhao;An Yan;Penghao Luo;Xuyu Deng;Huayuan Qin;Renle Zheng;Aolong Sun;Sizhe Xing;Chao Shen;Ziwei Li;Jianyang Shi;Zhixue He;Nan Chi;Junwen Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.574471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.574471","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for high-capacity and flexible access has made digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM)-based coherent passive optical networks (PONs) increasingly attractive. However, in upstream transmission, amplitude, phase, and skew mismatches between the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) branches at the receiver of the optical line terminal may lead to image interference between symmetric subcarriers, thus degrading the system performance. To address this issue, this work theoretically analyzes the impairment mechanism and proposes a data-aided <tex>$8 times 4$</tex> real-valued multi-input multi-output (MIMO) equalization scheme for joint compensation. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of MIMO-based subcarrier joint equalization for receiver IQ impairment compensation in the burst-mode upstream reception. Experimental results show that the proposed MIMO achieves stable compensation for IQ skew up to <tex>$pm {40};{rm ps}$</tex> and IQ gain imbalance from <tex>${-}{8}$</tex> to <tex>${+}{7};{rm dB}$</tex> in dual-subcarrier systems, while maintaining a Q-penalty within 0.5 dB under frequency offsets up to 500 MHz. A 400G TFDM-PON upstream system is further demonstrated, achieving <tex>${-}{29.1};{rm dBm}$</tex> receiver sensitivity and a 32.1 dB power budget. These results provide a practical solution for IQ impairment mitigation and support robust, scalable deployment of coherent DSCM-based access networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"984-994"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open RAN (O-RAN) is an architectural framework for 5G and beyond that enables an open, interoperable RAN infrastructure, with the centralized unit handling higher-layer functions and mobility management, and the distributed unit (DU) managing real-time, lower-layer operations near the radio units. Due to its inherently hub-and-spoke architecture, O-RAN is well suited for integrating point-to-multipoint (P2MP) coherent transceivers, enabled by digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM), to improve efficiency and reduce costs. On the other hand, the shift toward network disaggregation, driven by software-defined networking, promotes interoperability and automation. However, the control of commercially available P2MP transceivers remains proprietary, highlighting the need for open and standardized management frameworks. Therefore, we first propose an augmentation of the OpenConfig YANG data model for terminal devices to control DSCM and coherent P2MP transceivers. An experimental demonstration is shown in an integrated data and control plane testbed. Then, the first experimental implementation of Open RAN X-haul using P2MP transceivers on horseshoe optical networks is reported. 5G DU and P2MP leaf transceivers are dynamically activated according to cell traffic conditions to optimize energy efficiency.
开放RAN （O-RAN）是5G及以后的架构框架，可实现开放、可互操作的RAN基础设施，其中集中式单元处理高层功能和移动性管理，分布式单元（DU）管理无线电单元附近的实时、低层操作。由于其固有的轮辐结构，O-RAN非常适合集成由数字子载波复用（DSCM）实现的点对多点（P2MP）相干收发器，以提高效率并降低成本。另一方面，由软件定义网络驱动的向网络分解的转变促进了互操作性和自动化。然而，对商用P2MP收发器的控制仍然是专有的，这突出了对开放和标准化管理框架的需求。因此，我们首先提出对终端设备的OpenConfig YANG数据模型进行扩展，以控制DSCM和相干P2MP收发器。在数据与控制平面集成试验台上进行了实验验证。然后，报告了在马蹄形光网络上使用P2MP收发器的Open RAN X-haul的第一个实验实现。5G DU和P2MP叶片收发器根据小区交通状况动态激活，以优化能源效率。
{"title":"SDN-controlled open RAN X-haul with point-to-multipoint transceivers on a horseshoe network","authors":"Margita Radovic;Andrea Sgambelluri;Filippo Cugini;Rafal Kapuscinski;Mohammad Hosseini;Stephen Parker;Revaz Berozashvili;Francesco Paolucci;Antonio Napoli;Nicola Sambo","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.568073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.568073","url":null,"abstract":"Open RAN (O-RAN) is an architectural framework for 5G and beyond that enables an open, interoperable RAN infrastructure, with the centralized unit handling higher-layer functions and mobility management, and the distributed unit (DU) managing real-time, lower-layer operations near the radio units. Due to its inherently hub-and-spoke architecture, O-RAN is well suited for integrating point-to-multipoint (P2MP) coherent transceivers, enabled by digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM), to improve efficiency and reduce costs. On the other hand, the shift toward network disaggregation, driven by software-defined networking, promotes interoperability and automation. However, the control of commercially available P2MP transceivers remains proprietary, highlighting the need for open and standardized management frameworks. Therefore, we first propose an augmentation of the OpenConfig YANG data model for terminal devices to control DSCM and coherent P2MP transceivers. An experimental demonstration is shown in an integrated data and control plane testbed. Then, the first experimental implementation of Open RAN X-haul using P2MP transceivers on horseshoe optical networks is reported. 5G DU and P2MP leaf transceivers are dynamically activated according to cell traffic conditions to optimize energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"E109-E116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indeed, network protection is a well-established topic. However, achieving 50 ms failure recovery in the optical layer using shared protection capacity has long been an aspiration in the telecommunications community. This objective has remained elusive due to the limited reconfiguration speed of wavelength-selective switches (WSSs). Recent advancements in WSS technology, however, which enable fast switching on the order of 10–20 ms, have renewed optimism regarding the feasibility of achieving this aspiration. To make this vision a reality, we consider a segment-based protection scheme—termed shared backup segment protection (SBSP)—that leverages fast-switching WSSs. To efficiently allocate protection resources under the proposed SBSP framework, we first formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model that jointly minimizes both the required spare capacity and the maximum failure recovery time. Additionally, we design a heuristic algorithm, virtual graph-based SBSP (VG-SBSP), to support time-constrained resource allocation for protected services. Simulation results demonstrate that VG-SBSP significantly outperforms traditional approaches by requiring fewer protection resources while satisfying stringent recovery time constraints. In the small-scale network, VG-SBSP achieves near-optimal results closely matching those of the ILP model. In large-scale topologies, VG-SBSP successfully accommodates the highest number of services while maintaining low spare capacity redundancy. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of WSS switching speed on the resource allocation and service establishment performance of SBSP.
{"title":"50 ms optical-layer failure recovery via fast-switching wavelength-selective switches and segment-based shared protection","authors":"Junyue He;Shudan Han;Luo Han;Zeshan Chang;Tianhai Chang;Gangxiang Shen","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.569358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.569358","url":null,"abstract":"Indeed, network protection is a well-established topic. However, achieving 50 ms failure recovery in the optical layer using shared protection capacity has long been an aspiration in the telecommunications community. This objective has remained elusive due to the limited reconfiguration speed of wavelength-selective switches (WSSs). Recent advancements in WSS technology, however, which enable fast switching on the order of 10–20 ms, have renewed optimism regarding the feasibility of achieving this aspiration. To make this vision a reality, we consider a segment-based protection scheme—termed shared backup segment protection (SBSP)—that leverages fast-switching WSSs. To efficiently allocate protection resources under the proposed SBSP framework, we first formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model that jointly minimizes both the required spare capacity and the maximum failure recovery time. Additionally, we design a heuristic algorithm, virtual graph-based SBSP (VG-SBSP), to support time-constrained resource allocation for protected services. Simulation results demonstrate that VG-SBSP significantly outperforms traditional approaches by requiring fewer protection resources while satisfying stringent recovery time constraints. In the small-scale network, VG-SBSP achieves near-optimal results closely matching those of the ILP model. In large-scale topologies, VG-SBSP successfully accommodates the highest number of services while maintaining low spare capacity redundancy. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of WSS switching speed on the resource allocation and service establishment performance of SBSP.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"967-983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This special issue contains a collection of extended papers presented at the Future Optical Networks and Communications (FONC) Symposium in the IEEE Future Network World Forum (FNWF), 15–17 October 2024, Dubai, UAE, as well as papers from the open call. We present a brief introduction followed by an overview of the topics covered in the papers.
{"title":"Introduction to the JOCN Special Issue on Optimized and AI/ML Enabled Future Optical Networks","authors":"Zuqing Zhu;Lena Wosinska;Daniel Kilper","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.579867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.579867","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue contains a collection of extended papers presented at the Future Optical Networks and Communications (FONC) Symposium in the IEEE Future Network World Forum (FNWF), 15–17 October 2024, Dubai, UAE, as well as papers from the open call. We present a brief introduction followed by an overview of the topics covered in the papers.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 10","pages":"FON1-FON2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11190079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The metaverse demands tightly synchronized latency among users to ensure coherent and immersive multi-user interactions. However, latency discrepancies caused by heterogeneous cloud selection and network routing significantly degrade the quality of collaboration. To address this multi-user latency synchronization (MULS) challenge, this paper proposes a multi-user cloud-network collaborative architecture based on the optical cloud network (OCN), which leverages fine-grained optical transport network (fgOTN) technology to provide synchronized and low-latency connectivity for multiple users. Built upon the proposed architecture, we propose a service experience model to quantify user experience from the perspective of latency synchronization, based on which we design the multi-user latency synchronization algorithm (MULSA) that jointly optimizes cloud node selection and routing strategies. Simulation results demonstrate that MULSA improves the overall service experience by 20%–30% and increases the service success rate by 3%–10% compared to baseline algorithms.
{"title":"Multi-user latency synchronization algorithm for an immersive metaverse experience in optical cloud networks","authors":"Yike Jiang;Xin Li;Yongli Zhao;Meng Lian;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.567813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.567813","url":null,"abstract":"The metaverse demands tightly synchronized latency among users to ensure coherent and immersive multi-user interactions. However, latency discrepancies caused by heterogeneous cloud selection and network routing significantly degrade the quality of collaboration. To address this multi-user latency synchronization (MULS) challenge, this paper proposes a multi-user cloud-network collaborative architecture based on the optical cloud network (OCN), which leverages fine-grained optical transport network (fgOTN) technology to provide synchronized and low-latency connectivity for multiple users. Built upon the proposed architecture, we propose a service experience model to quantify user experience from the perspective of latency synchronization, based on which we design the multi-user latency synchronization algorithm (MULSA) that jointly optimizes cloud node selection and routing strategies. Simulation results demonstrate that MULSA improves the overall service experience by 20%–30% and increases the service success rate by 3%–10% compared to baseline algorithms.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 10","pages":"936-949"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum key distribution (QKD), as one of the pivotal technologies for future-proof security, is progressing toward large-scale networking. Since different QKD protocols have their own potential advantages and shortcomings, the interconnection of metropolitan quantum networks based on heterogeneous protocols is an important step to realize a wide-area quantum network. In this scenario, the provision of inter-domain key services still faces challenges in terms of success probability, security level, and the balance between key supply and demand. Targeting these challenges, this work proposes four secret key rate (SKR) adaptive inter-domain key service provisioning policies based on the dynamic node bypass and elastic SKR slicing, namely, IrB-IaB (inter-domain bypass and intra-domain bypass), IrS-IaS (inter-domain slicing and intra-domain slicing), IrB-IaS (inter-domain bypass and intra-domain slicing), and IrS-IaB (inter-domain slicing and intra-domain bypass). The proposed policies are applicable to multi-domain quantum networks with heterogeneous protocols such as GG02-based metropolitan and BB84-based inter-domain connections, as well as BB84-based metropolitan and TF-based inter-domain connections. Furthermore, the inter-domain key service provisioning model is formulated, and four corresponding SKR-adaptive inter-domain key service provisioning algorithms are designed. Simulation results show that the IrS-IaS algorithm performs better in terms of success probability as well as the equilibrium degree between key supply and demand. The security level is quantitatively evaluated through the number of trusted relays. The IrB-IaB algorithm achieves the lowest number of trusted relays, which is more than 20% lower than the benchmark algorithm, resulting in a higher security level and lower cost. The key resource utilization efficiency is assessed via the equilibrium degree. Both the IrB-IaS and IrS-IaB algorithms have the potential to balance the effectiveness and reliability of quantum networks. In particular, the IrS-IaB algorithm is beneficial in achieving the best trade-off between key resource utilization efficiency and security level.
{"title":"Secret key rate-adaptive inter-domain key service provisioning in heterogeneous protocol-based multi-domain quantum networks","authors":"Xinyu Chen;Yuan Cao;Yue Chen;Shan Yang;Yuhang Liu;Yazi Wang;Mingxuan Guo;Xiaosong Yu;Yongli Zhao;Qin Wang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.563475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.563475","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD), as one of the pivotal technologies for future-proof security, is progressing toward large-scale networking. Since different QKD protocols have their own potential advantages and shortcomings, the interconnection of metropolitan quantum networks based on heterogeneous protocols is an important step to realize a wide-area quantum network. In this scenario, the provision of inter-domain key services still faces challenges in terms of success probability, security level, and the balance between key supply and demand. Targeting these challenges, this work proposes four secret key rate (SKR) adaptive inter-domain key service provisioning policies based on the dynamic node bypass and elastic SKR slicing, namely, IrB-IaB (inter-domain bypass and intra-domain bypass), IrS-IaS (inter-domain slicing and intra-domain slicing), IrB-IaS (inter-domain bypass and intra-domain slicing), and IrS-IaB (inter-domain slicing and intra-domain bypass). The proposed policies are applicable to multi-domain quantum networks with heterogeneous protocols such as GG02-based metropolitan and BB84-based inter-domain connections, as well as BB84-based metropolitan and TF-based inter-domain connections. Furthermore, the inter-domain key service provisioning model is formulated, and four corresponding SKR-adaptive inter-domain key service provisioning algorithms are designed. Simulation results show that the IrS-IaS algorithm performs better in terms of success probability as well as the equilibrium degree between key supply and demand. The security level is quantitatively evaluated through the number of trusted relays. The IrB-IaB algorithm achieves the lowest number of trusted relays, which is more than 20% lower than the benchmark algorithm, resulting in a higher security level and lower cost. The key resource utilization efficiency is assessed via the equilibrium degree. Both the IrB-IaS and IrS-IaB algorithms have the potential to balance the effectiveness and reliability of quantum networks. In particular, the IrS-IaB algorithm is beneficial in achieving the best trade-off between key resource utilization efficiency and security level.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 10","pages":"950-966"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In optical fiber networks, ensuring reliability is crucial as both newly activated and pre-existing associated services encounter co-trenching risks and potential security threats. To address these challenges, we propose a $Phi$-OTDR-based multi-task localization framework integrating composite vibration event recognition, synchronous localization, and co-trench position detection. Analyzing real-time vibration signals, our method achieves 95.41% event synchronous positioning, 99.50% event classification, and 92.25% co-trench location accuracy, with 98.17% robustness on 400 test samples. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in enhancing the safety of optical fibers and supporting the stable operation of optical fiber networks.
{"title":"Multi-task localization based on Φ-OTDR: composite vibration recognition, synchronous localization, and co-trench position","authors":"Wenxin Liu;Hui Yang;Zhiwei Wang;Qiuyan Yao;Mingyuan Wu;Tiankuo Yu;Jie Zhang;Mohamed Cheriet","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.561775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.561775","url":null,"abstract":"In optical fiber networks, ensuring reliability is crucial as both newly activated and pre-existing associated services encounter co-trenching risks and potential security threats. To address these challenges, we propose a <tex>$Phi$</tex>-OTDR-based multi-task localization framework integrating composite vibration event recognition, synchronous localization, and co-trench position detection. Analyzing real-time vibration signals, our method achieves 95.41% event synchronous positioning, 99.50% event classification, and 92.25% co-trench location accuracy, with 98.17% robustness on 400 test samples. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in enhancing the safety of optical fibers and supporting the stable operation of optical fiber networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 10","pages":"D180-D191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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