With the ability to provide worldwide communication coverage, satellite networks are drawing greater attention. The translucent optical payload enables the implementation of IP-over-WDM satellite optical networks (SONs), which can achieve great bandwidth capacity while providing the flexibility of IP routing. The rechargeable battery is the sole energy support for satellites in the eclipse region. Unrestrained discharge will accelerate battery aging and shorten the satellite operation period, causing extremely high expenditure costs. Satellite movement causes time-scheduled energy supply and traffic fluctuation, complicating the problem of energy consumption in IP-over-WDM SONs. This paper studies green traffic grooming (GTG) in IP-over-WDM SONs from the perspective of battery lifetime consumption (BLC). A grooming graph is designed to implement GTG with the physical impairment constraint in IP-over-WDM SONs, and battery-aware GTG (BA-GTG) and time-aware GTG (TA-GTG) are proposed by taking battery information and time information as prior knowledge. Numerical results indicate that BA-GTG and TA-GTG, especially the latter, can effectively reduce BLC. In addition, multiple link configurations are set in performance comparison to evaluate the effect of the physical impairment on battery efficiency in IP-over-WDM SONs.
卫星网络具有覆盖全球的通信能力，因此受到越来越多的关注。半透明光学有效载荷可实现 IP-over-WDM 卫星光网络（SON），在提供 IP 路由灵活性的同时，还能实现极大的带宽容量。可充电电池是日食区卫星的唯一能源支持。无节制放电会加速电池老化，缩短卫星运行周期，造成极高的支出成本。卫星移动会造成定时能源供应和流量波动，使 IP-over-WDM SON 的能耗问题更加复杂。本文从电池寿命消耗（BLC）的角度研究了 IP-over-WDM SON 中的绿色流量疏导（GTG）。通过将电池信息和时间信息作为先验知识，提出了电池感知 GTG（BA-GTG）和时间感知 GTG（TA-GTG）。数值结果表明，BA-GTG 和 TA-GTG，尤其是后者，能有效降低 BLC。此外，在性能比较中还设置了多种链路配置，以评估 IP-over-WDM SON 中物理损伤对电池效率的影响。
{"title":"Green traffic grooming in IP-over-WDM satellite optical networks","authors":"Yu Liu;Xin Li;Zhennan Zheng;Daixuan Li;Tianhao Liu;Feiyang Ruan;Chenyu Zhao;Shanguo Huang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.539526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.539526","url":null,"abstract":"With the ability to provide worldwide communication coverage, satellite networks are drawing greater attention. The translucent optical payload enables the implementation of IP-over-WDM satellite optical networks (SONs), which can achieve great bandwidth capacity while providing the flexibility of IP routing. The rechargeable battery is the sole energy support for satellites in the eclipse region. Unrestrained discharge will accelerate battery aging and shorten the satellite operation period, causing extremely high expenditure costs. Satellite movement causes time-scheduled energy supply and traffic fluctuation, complicating the problem of energy consumption in IP-over-WDM SONs. This paper studies green traffic grooming (GTG) in IP-over-WDM SONs from the perspective of battery lifetime consumption (BLC). A grooming graph is designed to implement GTG with the physical impairment constraint in IP-over-WDM SONs, and battery-aware GTG (BA-GTG) and time-aware GTG (TA-GTG) are proposed by taking battery information and time information as prior knowledge. Numerical results indicate that BA-GTG and TA-GTG, especially the latter, can effectively reduce BLC. In addition, multiple link configurations are set in performance comparison to evaluate the effect of the physical impairment on battery efficiency in IP-over-WDM SONs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1275-1287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142736532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quality of transmission (QoT) prediction is a fundamental function in optical networks. It is typically embedded within a digital twin and used for operational tasks, including service establishment, service rerouting, and (per-channel or per-amplifier) power management to optimize the working point of services and hence to maximize their capacity. Inaccuracy in QoT prediction results in additional, unwanted design margins. A key contributor to QoT inaccuracy is the uncertain knowledge of fiber insertion loss, e.g., the attenuation due to connector losses at the beginning or at the end of each fiber span, as such loss cannot be directly monitored. Indeed, insertion losses drive the choice of the launch power in fiber spans, which in turn drive key physical effects, including the Kerr and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effects, which affect services’ QoT. It is thus important to estimate (and detect possibly anomalous) fiber insertion losses at each span. We thereby propose a novel active input refinement (AIR) technique using active probing to estimate insertion losses in C and C + L systems. Here, active probing consists of adjusting amplifier gains span by span to slightly alter SRS. The amount of adjustment must be sufficient to be measurable (such that insertion losses can be inferred from the measures) but small enough to have a negligible impact on running services in a live network. The method is validated by simulations on a European network with 30 optical multiplex sections (OMSs) in C and C + L configurations and by lab experiments on a C-band network, demonstrating that AIR significantly improves insertion loss estimation, network QoT optimization, and QoT prediction compared with other state-of-the-art monitoring techniques. This work underscores the critical role of accurate estimation of QoT inputs in enhancing optical network performance.
传输质量（QoT）预测是光网络的一项基本功能。它通常嵌入在数字孪生中，用于业务任务，包括业务建立、业务重路由和（每通道或每放大器）功率管理，以优化业务的工作点，从而最大限度地提高其容量。QoT 预测不准确会导致额外的、不必要的设计余量。造成 QoT 不准确的一个关键因素是对光纤插入损耗的不确定了解，例如，由于连接器损耗而在每条光纤的起始端或末端造成的衰减，因为这种损耗无法直接监测。事实上，插入损耗决定了光纤跨距中发射功率的选择，而发射功率又决定了关键的物理效应，包括影响服务 QoT 的克尔效应和受激拉曼散射（SRS）效应。因此，估算（并检测可能异常的）各跨距光纤插入损耗非常重要。因此，我们提出了一种新颖的主动输入细化（AIR）技术，利用主动探测来估算 C 和 C + L 系统中的插入损耗。在这里，主动探测包括逐跨调整放大器增益，以轻微改变 SRS。调整量必须足以进行测量（以便从测量结果中推断出插入损耗），但又要小到对实时网络中的运行服务影响可以忽略不计。该方法通过在一个欧洲网络上以 C 和 C + L 配置对 30 个光复用部分（OMS）进行模拟验证，并通过在 C 波段网络上进行实验室实验，证明与其他最先进的监控技术相比，AIR 能显著改善插入损耗估计、网络 QoT 优化和 QoT 预测。这项工作强调了准确估计 QoT 输入对提高光网络性能的关键作用。
{"title":"Digital-twin-based active input refinement for insertion loss estimation and QoT optimization in C and C + L networks","authors":"Xin Yang;Chenyu Sun;Gabriel Charlet;Massimo Tornatore;Yvan Pointurier","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.537734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.537734","url":null,"abstract":"Quality of transmission (QoT) prediction is a fundamental function in optical networks. It is typically embedded within a digital twin and used for operational tasks, including service establishment, service rerouting, and (per-channel or per-amplifier) power management to optimize the working point of services and hence to maximize their capacity. Inaccuracy in QoT prediction results in additional, unwanted design margins. A key contributor to QoT inaccuracy is the uncertain knowledge of fiber insertion loss, e.g., the attenuation due to connector losses at the beginning or at the end of each fiber span, as such loss cannot be directly monitored. Indeed, insertion losses drive the choice of the launch power in fiber spans, which in turn drive key physical effects, including the Kerr and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effects, which affect services’ QoT. It is thus important to estimate (and detect possibly anomalous) fiber insertion losses at each span. We thereby propose a novel active input refinement (AIR) technique using active probing to estimate insertion losses in C and C + L systems. Here, active probing consists of adjusting amplifier gains span by span to slightly alter SRS. The amount of adjustment must be sufficient to be measurable (such that insertion losses can be inferred from the measures) but small enough to have a negligible impact on running services in a live network. The method is validated by simulations on a European network with 30 optical multiplex sections (OMSs) in C and C + L configurations and by lab experiments on a C-band network, demonstrating that AIR significantly improves insertion loss estimation, network QoT optimization, and QoT prediction compared with other state-of-the-art monitoring techniques. This work underscores the critical role of accurate estimation of QoT inputs in enhancing optical network performance.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1261-1274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142736533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a pointer network-based joint routing, modulation format, and spectrum allocation (PtrNet-RMSA) scheme to optimize the network capacity in elastic optical networks (EONs). Specifically, for a service request, EON spectra are first split into multiple spectrum window planes (SWPs), regarding various numbers of contained frequency slots (FSs). Then, over each SWP, a lightpath with an optimal estimated quality of transmission (QoT) is generated using a PtrNet-based routing agent. Further, different modulation formats are verified for the generated lightpath over the considered SWP, with respect to a calculated QoT threshold, to check whether a specific preforward error correction (FEC) requirement can be satisfied. Finally, two heuristic approaches, first fit and highest fit, are applied in the joint RMSA to select an optimal lightpath of an SWP and modulation format. To evaluate the efficiency of the PtrNet-RMSA scheme, extensive simulations were conducted in EONs with dynamic traffic. Results show that the proposed PtrNet-RMSA scheme can significantly improve the network capacity with various network topologies, compared with two benchmarks.
{"title":"Modulation-adaptive resource allocation integrating ML-based routing and QoT estimation for elastic optical network planning","authors":"Yuansen Cheng;Shifeng Ding;Chun-Kit Chan","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.536592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.536592","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a pointer network-based joint routing, modulation format, and spectrum allocation (PtrNet-RMSA) scheme to optimize the network capacity in elastic optical networks (EONs). Specifically, for a service request, EON spectra are first split into multiple spectrum window planes (SWPs), regarding various numbers of contained frequency slots (FSs). Then, over each SWP, a lightpath with an optimal estimated quality of transmission (QoT) is generated using a PtrNet-based routing agent. Further, different modulation formats are verified for the generated lightpath over the considered SWP, with respect to a calculated QoT threshold, to check whether a specific preforward error correction (FEC) requirement can be satisfied. Finally, two heuristic approaches, first fit and highest fit, are applied in the joint RMSA to select an optimal lightpath of an SWP and modulation format. To evaluate the efficiency of the PtrNet-RMSA scheme, extensive simulations were conducted in EONs with dynamic traffic. Results show that the proposed PtrNet-RMSA scheme can significantly improve the network capacity with various network topologies, compared with two benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1249-1260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142736345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shin Kaneko;Yasutaka Kimura;Ryo Igarashi;Naotaka Shibata;Takahiro Suzuki;Masamichi Fujiwara;Jun-Ichi Kani;Tomoaki Yoshida
Emerging use cases with demanding bandwidth and latency requirements, as well as the challenge of reducing power consumption, are driving the need for evolution in optical network architectures. An all-photonics metro-access converged network (APN) aims to actualize a flat architecture by expanding dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) metro networks into access areas. The APN flexibly and dynamically provides optical connectivity between any two points, even across the boundaries between access and metro areas according to individual application requirements and traffic-load status. To actualize and further evolve the APN concept, several technical challenges regarding access nodes, defined as Photonic Gateways (GWs), still remain. From an access node functionality perspective, first, the Photonic GW should forward various types of optical paths. Unlike reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers in current metro networks, which are specifically designed to cross-connect DWDM signals, the Photonic GW needs to handle various lights and optical signals, including short-reach applications and emerging non-communication use cases. Second, the Photonic GW should provide remote control channels to user terminals (UTs) in a more scalable and cost-effective manner within the node-footprint and power-consumption constraints. Remote and in-channel UT control is required to place flexibly the endpoints of a wavelength path, i.e., UT, beyond the control-plane network. Then, from the controller perspective, the physical connectivity between the newly connected UT and the access-side port of the Photonic GW should be autonomously identified for plug-and-play operation. Since UTs are widely distributed within an access area, there is a need for an initial connection method that does not require timing adjustments to connect to the APN between newly connected UTs. This paper presents an extension to the APN architecture that allows the Photonic GW to increase the types of accommodable optical paths and to enhance the scale of remote UT control. This paper also proposes an advanced initial connection method that works even when multiple UTs are simultaneously connected to the APN. The extension to the APN architecture and the initial connection method are verified through experiments based on a Photonic GW prototype that fully complies with the extended APN architecture and comprises four functionally disaggregated units, 100-Gb/s C-band DWDM digital coherent UTs, and 25-Gb/s O-band non-DWDM intensity modulation and direct detection UTs. A 10-gigabit-capable symmetric passive optical network is adopted for remote UT control. The proposed initial connection method eliminates the connection interval of 6 s or more between newly connected UTs and achieves guard time-free operation.
带宽和延迟要求苛刻的新兴用例以及降低功耗的挑战正在推动光网络架构的发展。全光子城域接入融合网络（APN）旨在通过将密集波分复用（DWDM）城域网扩展到接入区域来实现扁平化架构。APN 可灵活、动态地提供任意两点之间的光连接，甚至可根据个别应用需求和流量负载状态跨越接入区和城域网之间的界限。要实现并进一步发展 APN 概念，接入节点（定义为光子网关 (GW)）仍面临着一些技术挑战。从接入节点功能的角度来看，首先，光子网关应转发各种类型的光路径。与当前城域网中专门为交叉连接 DWDM 信号而设计的可重构光分插复用器不同，光子网关需要处理各种光信号，包括短距离应用和新兴的非通信用例。其次，光子全球网络应在节点占地面积和功耗限制范围内，以更具可扩展性和成本效益的方式为用户终端（UT）提供远程控制通道。需要进行远程和信道内 UT 控制，以便灵活地将波长路径的端点（即 UT）置于控制平面网络之外。然后，从控制器的角度来看，新连接的 UT 与光子全球网接入侧端口之间的物理连接应能自主识别，以便即插即用。由于 UT 在接入区域内分布广泛，因此需要一种无需调整时序的初始连接方法来连接新连接的 UT 之间的 APN。本文对 APN 架构进行了扩展，使光子全球网能够增加可容纳的光路类型，并提高远程 UT 控制的规模。本文还提出了一种先进的初始连接方法，即使多个 UT 同时连接到 APN 也能正常工作。本文通过基于光子 GW 原型的实验验证了 APN 架构的扩展和初始连接方法，该原型完全符合扩展 APN 架构，包括四个功能分解单元、100-Gb/s C 波段 DWDM 数字相干 UT 和 25-Gb/s O 波段非 DWDM 强度调制和直接检测 UT。远程 UT 控制采用万兆能力的对称无源光网络。所提出的初始连接方法消除了新连接 UT 之间 6 秒或更长的连接间隔，实现了无守卫时间操作。
{"title":"Photonic gateway architecture extension and guard time-free initial connection method with point-to-multipoint remote control for metro/access converged all-photonics network","authors":"Shin Kaneko;Yasutaka Kimura;Ryo Igarashi;Naotaka Shibata;Takahiro Suzuki;Masamichi Fujiwara;Jun-Ichi Kani;Tomoaki Yoshida","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.533180","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging use cases with demanding bandwidth and latency requirements, as well as the challenge of reducing power consumption, are driving the need for evolution in optical network architectures. An all-photonics metro-access converged network (APN) aims to actualize a flat architecture by expanding dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) metro networks into access areas. The APN flexibly and dynamically provides optical connectivity between any two points, even across the boundaries between access and metro areas according to individual application requirements and traffic-load status. To actualize and further evolve the APN concept, several technical challenges regarding access nodes, defined as Photonic Gateways (GWs), still remain. From an access node functionality perspective, first, the Photonic GW should forward various types of optical paths. Unlike reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers in current metro networks, which are specifically designed to cross-connect DWDM signals, the Photonic GW needs to handle various lights and optical signals, including short-reach applications and emerging non-communication use cases. Second, the Photonic GW should provide remote control channels to user terminals (UTs) in a more scalable and cost-effective manner within the node-footprint and power-consumption constraints. Remote and in-channel UT control is required to place flexibly the endpoints of a wavelength path, i.e., UT, beyond the control-plane network. Then, from the controller perspective, the physical connectivity between the newly connected UT and the access-side port of the Photonic GW should be autonomously identified for plug-and-play operation. Since UTs are widely distributed within an access area, there is a need for an initial connection method that does not require timing adjustments to connect to the APN between newly connected UTs. This paper presents an extension to the APN architecture that allows the Photonic GW to increase the types of accommodable optical paths and to enhance the scale of remote UT control. This paper also proposes an advanced initial connection method that works even when multiple UTs are simultaneously connected to the APN. The extension to the APN architecture and the initial connection method are verified through experiments based on a Photonic GW prototype that fully complies with the extended APN architecture and comprises four functionally disaggregated units, 100-Gb/s C-band DWDM digital coherent UTs, and 25-Gb/s O-band non-DWDM intensity modulation and direct detection UTs. A 10-gigabit-capable symmetric passive optical network is adopted for remote UT control. The proposed initial connection method eliminates the connection interval of 6 s or more between newly connected UTs and achieves guard time-free operation.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1229-1240"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10769543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142736648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Izquierdo;Miguel Barrio;Pascual Sevillano;Jose A. Altabas;Ignacio Garces
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a ${100};{rm Gb/s/}lambda$ downstream transmission link for coherent passive optical networks (PONs) up to 50 km, achieving an optical power budget of 29 dB through polarization multiplexing (PolMux) of two 50 Gb/s channels using multiband carrierless amplitude phase modulation (multiCAP) and optical single side band (OSSB) modulation. Additionally, we introduce a separate PolMux 50 Gb/s link that presents an optical power budget of 38.7 dB. Both links have been achieved using a simplified polarization-demultiplexing heterodyne coherent receiver. The robustness of the system is experimentally evaluated by analyzing its response to various input states of polarization. The transmission has been accomplished using 10 GHz electrical bandwidth devices at both the transmission and receiving ends, thereby paving the way for low-cost 100G links suitable for applications such as PONs.
{"title":"100 Gb/s/λ polarization multiplexing PON downlink based on simplified heterodyne coherent reception","authors":"David Izquierdo;Miguel Barrio;Pascual Sevillano;Jose A. Altabas;Ignacio Garces","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.530478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.530478","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a \u0000<tex>${100};{rm Gb/s/}lambda$</tex>\u0000 downstream transmission link for coherent passive optical networks (PONs) up to 50 km, achieving an optical power budget of 29 dB through polarization multiplexing (PolMux) of two 50 Gb/s channels using multiband carrierless amplitude phase modulation (multiCAP) and optical single side band (OSSB) modulation. Additionally, we introduce a separate PolMux 50 Gb/s link that presents an optical power budget of 38.7 dB. Both links have been achieved using a simplified polarization-demultiplexing heterodyne coherent receiver. The robustness of the system is experimentally evaluated by analyzing its response to various input states of polarization. The transmission has been accomplished using 10 GHz electrical bandwidth devices at both the transmission and receiving ends, thereby paving the way for low-cost 100G links suitable for applications such as PONs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1241-1248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10769995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142736344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first part of this special issue contains five papers addressing different aspects of good benchmarking practices in optical network research. We start with a brief introduction, followed by an overview of the papers and an invitation to contribute to the second part.
{"title":"Introduction to the Benchmarking in Optical Networks Special Issue","authors":"Alejandra Beghelli;George Rouskas;Paul Wright","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.546584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.546584","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this special issue contains five papers addressing different aspects of good benchmarking practices in optical network research. We start with a brief introduction, followed by an overview of the papers and an invitation to contribute to the second part.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"BON1-BON2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10755983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multigigabit per second satellite-to-ground communications are evolving owing to free-space optical (FSO) communications. They benefit greatly from the use of commercial off-the-shelf field-programmable gate arrays, which offer higher performance than their space-grade counterparts. However, these capabilities are severely diminished in the case of improper implementation of radiation mitigation schemes not being properly assessed. Although these schemes have been improved over the years, they can be further optimized. Therefore, this study proposes, to our knowledge, a new protocol-aware approach, tailored for FSO satellite downlinks, to classify the criticality of radiation-induced errors. This approach can achieve a reduction in overhead by nearly an order of magnitude compared to current protection schemes.
{"title":"Protocol-aware approach for mitigating radiation-induced errors in free-space optical downlinks","authors":"Jorge Pacheco-Labrador;Carmen Misa Moreira;Julio Ramirez Molina;Hipolito Guzman-Miranda","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.533374","url":null,"abstract":"Multigigabit per second satellite-to-ground communications are evolving owing to free-space optical (FSO) communications. They benefit greatly from the use of commercial off-the-shelf field-programmable gate arrays, which offer higher performance than their space-grade counterparts. However, these capabilities are severely diminished in the case of improper implementation of radiation mitigation schemes not being properly assessed. Although these schemes have been improved over the years, they can be further optimized. Therefore, this study proposes, to our knowledge, a new protocol-aware approach, tailored for FSO satellite downlinks, to classify the criticality of radiation-induced errors. This approach can achieve a reduction in overhead by nearly an order of magnitude compared to current protection schemes.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1218-1228"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10756204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The non-orthogonal multiple access-passive optical network (NOMA-PON) is facing the dual security threats of primary user interference and unauthorized third-party user eavesdropping, so efficient data security enhancement techniques are crucial. To solve these problems, we propose a fixed-point extended (FE)-logistic chaotic mapping to reduce the computational complexity while employing a two-dimensional (2D) cellular automata (CA) and Turing pattern (TP) cascading scramble (CA-TPCS) encryption algorithm to further improve the sensitivity of the NOMA-PON system. The CA-TPCS consists of 2D-CA dynamic bit encryption and Turing symbol substitution (TSS). By using FE chaos to construct 2D-CA and adopting index sort to extract the TSS matrix, dynamic diffusion of bits and scrambling of a 2D symbol matrix are achieved. To ensure the key privacy, we employ a dual key mechanism, and uplink data is introduced as the private key. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, a simulation validation is built on a 17.6 Gb/s power division multiplexing-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PDM-OFDM) NOMA-PON system transmitted over 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The results show that the proposed scheme has no effect on the optimal power allocation rate (PAR) values and the values are all 3. Meanwhile, the receiver sensitivity gains of 0.2 and 0.3 dB are obtained for high-power and low-power users after encryption. The ciphertext has good diffusion and statistical properties, and the key space is flexibly controlled by the FE precision $f$ , the length $l$ of the transmitted bit, and the size $T$ of the TP, with the value of ${2^{2f + l + T times T}}$ . The results show that the proposed scheme is not only very compatible with PDM technology but also can realize the dual defense of internal aggression and external aggression. It has a good application prospect in the future NOMA-PON.
非正交多址无源光网络（NOMA-PON）面临着主用户干扰和未经授权的第三方用户窃听的双重安全威胁，因此高效的数据安全增强技术至关重要。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种定点扩展（FE）-逻辑混沌映射来降低计算复杂度，同时采用二维（2D）蜂窝自动机（CA）和图灵模式（TP）级联扰码（CA-TPCS）加密算法来进一步提高 NOMA-PON 系统的灵敏度。CA-TPCS 由 2D-CA 动态位加密和图灵符号置换（TSS）组成。通过使用 FE 混沌构建 2D-CA 和采用索引排序提取 TSS 矩阵，实现了比特的动态扩散和 2D 符号矩阵的加扰。为确保密钥的私密性，我们采用了双密钥机制，并引入上行数据作为私钥。为了验证所提方法的可行性，我们在通过 25 千米标准单模光纤（SSMF）传输的 17.6 Gb/s 功率分复用-正交频分复用（PDM-OFDM）NOMA-PON 系统上进行了仿真验证。结果表明，拟议方案对最佳功率分配率（PAR）值没有影响，其值均为 3。同时，加密后高功率和低功率用户的接收器灵敏度分别提高了 0.2 和 0.3 dB。密文具有良好的扩散性和统计性，密钥空间由FE精度$f$、传输比特长度$l$和TP大小$T$灵活控制，其值为{2^{2f + l + T times T}}$。结果表明，所提出的方案不仅与 PDM 技术有很好的兼容性，而且可以实现内部攻击和外部攻击的双重防御。该方案在未来的 NOMA-PON 中具有良好的应用前景。
{"title":"Security enhancement for NOMA-PON with 2D cellular automata and Turing pattern cascading scramble aided fixed-point extended logistic chaotic encryption","authors":"Yun Wang;Qi Zhang;Xiangjun Xin;Meng Sun;Ran Gao;Haipeng Yao;Feng Tian;Qinghua Tian;Yongjun Wang;Fu Wang;Sitong Zhou;Zuolin Li;Zhipei Li","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.525848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.525848","url":null,"abstract":"The non-orthogonal multiple access-passive optical network (NOMA-PON) is facing the dual security threats of primary user interference and unauthorized third-party user eavesdropping, so efficient data security enhancement techniques are crucial. To solve these problems, we propose a fixed-point extended (FE)-logistic chaotic mapping to reduce the computational complexity while employing a two-dimensional (2D) cellular automata (CA) and Turing pattern (TP) cascading scramble (CA-TPCS) encryption algorithm to further improve the sensitivity of the NOMA-PON system. The CA-TPCS consists of 2D-CA dynamic bit encryption and Turing symbol substitution (TSS). By using FE chaos to construct 2D-CA and adopting index sort to extract the TSS matrix, dynamic diffusion of bits and scrambling of a 2D symbol matrix are achieved. To ensure the key privacy, we employ a dual key mechanism, and uplink data is introduced as the private key. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, a simulation validation is built on a 17.6 Gb/s power division multiplexing-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PDM-OFDM) NOMA-PON system transmitted over 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The results show that the proposed scheme has no effect on the optimal power allocation rate (PAR) values and the values are all 3. Meanwhile, the receiver sensitivity gains of 0.2 and 0.3 dB are obtained for high-power and low-power users after encryption. The ciphertext has good diffusion and statistical properties, and the key space is flexibly controlled by the FE precision \u0000<tex>$f$</tex>\u0000, the length \u0000<tex>$l$</tex>\u0000 of the transmitted bit, and the size \u0000<tex>$T$</tex>\u0000 of the TP, with the value of \u0000<tex>${2^{2f + l + T times T}}$</tex>\u0000. The results show that the proposed scheme is not only very compatible with PDM technology but also can realize the dual defense of internal aggression and external aggression. It has a good application prospect in the future NOMA-PON.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1204-1217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operators are constantly faced with the need to increase optical-network capacity to accommodate rapid traffic growth while minimizing the cost-per-bit and power-per-bit. The drastic reduction of the power consumption of IP routers and ZR/ZR+ pluggable transponders seen in the past several years has renewed the interest in “opaque” optical-network architectures, where no optical bypassing is allowed. In this work, we aim to quantify and compare the power consumption of four “IP over wavelength division multiplexing” (IPoWDM) transport network architectures employing ZR/ZR+ modules versus long-haul muxponders, considering different grooming, regeneration, and optical bypassing capabilities. We first propose a power consumption model for different IPoWDM node architectures with ZR/ZR+ modules and long-haul muxponders. Then, to obtain the power consumption of different architectures, we propose a compact auxiliary-graph-based network-design algorithm extensible to different network architectures. Moreover, we investigate how the continuous decrease in the power consumption of ZR/ZR+ and IP routers can impact the power consumption of different architectures through a sensitivity analysis. Illustrative numerical results on networks of different sizes show that, despite drastic reductions of power consumption at the IP layer, optical bypassing is still the most power-efficient solution, reducing consumption by up to 48%.
运营商一直面临着提高光网络容量的需求，以适应流量的快速增长，同时最大限度地降低每比特成本和每比特功耗。在过去几年中，IP 路由器和 ZR/ZR+ 可插拔转发器的功耗大幅降低，这重新激发了人们对 "不透明 "光网络架构的兴趣，在这种架构中不允许光旁路。在这项工作中，我们旨在量化和比较采用 ZR/ZR+ 模块的四种 "IP over wavelength division multiplexing"（IPoWDM）传输网络架构与长途多路复用器的功耗，同时考虑到不同的疏导、再生和光旁路能力。我们首先提出了采用 ZR/ZR+ 模块和长途多路复用器的不同 IPoWDM 节点架构的功耗模型。然后，为了获得不同架构的功耗，我们提出了一种基于辅助图的紧凑型网络设计算法，该算法可扩展到不同的网络架构。此外，我们还通过敏感性分析研究了 ZR/ZR+ 和 IP 路由器功耗的持续下降如何影响不同架构的功耗。不同规模网络的示例性数值结果表明，尽管 IP 层的功耗大幅降低，但光旁路仍然是最省电的解决方案，最多可降低 48% 的功耗。
{"title":"Power-consumption analysis for different IPoWDM network architectures with ZR/ZR+ and long-haul muxponders","authors":"Qiaolun Zhang;Annalisa Morea;Patricia Layec;Memedhe Ibrahimi;Francesco Musumeci;Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.531536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.531536","url":null,"abstract":"Operators are constantly faced with the need to increase optical-network capacity to accommodate rapid traffic growth while minimizing the cost-per-bit and power-per-bit. The drastic reduction of the power consumption of IP routers and ZR/ZR+ pluggable transponders seen in the past several years has renewed the interest in “opaque” optical-network architectures, where no optical bypassing is allowed. In this work, we aim to quantify and compare the power consumption of four “IP over wavelength division multiplexing” (IPoWDM) transport network architectures employing ZR/ZR+ modules versus long-haul muxponders, considering different grooming, regeneration, and optical bypassing capabilities. We first propose a power consumption model for different IPoWDM node architectures with ZR/ZR+ modules and long-haul muxponders. Then, to obtain the power consumption of different architectures, we propose a compact auxiliary-graph-based network-design algorithm extensible to different network architectures. Moreover, we investigate how the continuous decrease in the power consumption of ZR/ZR+ and IP routers can impact the power consumption of different architectures through a sensitivity analysis. Illustrative numerical results on networks of different sizes show that, despite drastic reductions of power consumption at the IP layer, optical bypassing is still the most power-efficient solution, reducing consumption by up to 48%.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 12","pages":"1189-1203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A modern field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card can be equipped with high-bandwidth memory and high-bandwidth optical interconnection networks. This paper presents an in-network stable radix sorter on an eight-FPGA cluster. Each custom Stratix10 MX2100 FPGA card has up to 819-Gbps memory bandwidth ( ${51.2};{rm Gbps} times {16};{rm channels}$ ) and up to 800-Gbps network bandwidth ( ${25};{rm Gbps} times {32};{rm channels}$ ) with eight custom embedded optical modules. Our radix sorter for a 32-bit key range consists of eight 4-bit counting sorts optimized to in-network processing. Each counting sort needs only one memory read/write access for improving its throughput. We demonstrated a sorting throughput of 37.2 GB/s and an energy efficiency of 9.2 MB/J for 32-bit key range and 16-GiB data size using eight memory channels with 409.6 Gbps memory bandwidth per FPGA. It can scale up to 256 FPGAs with a sorting throughput of 983 GB/s for a 32-bit key range and 512-GiB data size.
{"title":"In-network stable radix sorter using many FPGAs with high-bandwidth photonics [Invited]","authors":"Kenji Mizutani;Yutaka Urino;Takanori Shimizu;Hiroshi Yamaguchi;Shigeru Nakamura;Tatsuya Usuki;Kiyo Ishii;Ryosuke Matsumoto;Takashi Inoue;Shu Namiki;Michihiro Koibuchi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.530695","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.530695","url":null,"abstract":"A modern field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card can be equipped with high-bandwidth memory and high-bandwidth optical interconnection networks. This paper presents an in-network stable radix sorter on an eight-FPGA cluster. Each custom Stratix10 MX2100 FPGA card has up to 819-Gbps memory bandwidth (\u0000<tex>${51.2};{rm Gbps} times {16};{rm channels}$</tex>\u0000) and up to 800-Gbps network bandwidth (\u0000<tex>${25};{rm Gbps} times {32};{rm channels}$</tex>\u0000) with eight custom embedded optical modules. Our radix sorter for a 32-bit key range consists of eight 4-bit counting sorts optimized to in-network processing. Each counting sort needs only one memory read/write access for improving its throughput. We demonstrated a sorting throughput of 37.2 GB/s and an energy efficiency of 9.2 MB/J for 32-bit key range and 16-GiB data size using eight memory channels with 409.6 Gbps memory bandwidth per FPGA. It can scale up to 256 FPGAs with a sorting throughput of 983 GB/s for a 32-bit key range and 512-GiB data size.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 1","pages":"A34-A45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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