This Special Issue contains a collection of twelve papers on the impact of photonic technologies on future optical networks, including extensions of selected works presented at the SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC) held on 5–9 November 2023 in Castelldefels, Spain. We present a brief introduction followed by an overview of the papers.
{"title":"Introduction to the JOCN Special Issue on the Impact of Photonic Technologies on Future Optical Networks","authors":"Michela Svaluto Moreolo;Joaquim Ferreira Martins-Filho","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.536639","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.536639","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue contains a collection of twelve papers on the impact of photonic technologies on future optical networks, including extensions of selected works presented at the SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC) held on 5–9 November 2023 in Castelldefels, Spain. We present a brief introduction followed by an overview of the papers.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"IPT1-IPT3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10619707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As commercially available CubeSats with up to six standardized units cannot achieve the precision required for an instantaneous establishment of a low-divergence optical inter-satellite link, search patterns are used to scan the remaining field of uncertainty. This analysis optimizes the simultaneously executed search pattern combinations of the two laser communication terminals involved. Based on a Monte Carlo simulation, the perturbations on these links are investigated, and the corresponding key performance parameters such as mean acquisition time and success rate are calculated. The results are penalized by the hardware specifications, including actuator and sensor bandwidths, given by their design. Residual attitude error components imply a significant influence on the acquisition process and are therefore presented within this work. The pattern pairs are fed through an automated optimization algorithm to tune and analyze them. In this particular scenario of two CubeISL models, the mean duration for a first detected acquisition hit is within a pattern period of 3.2 s for the best performing pairs spiral-rose and lissajous-rose. Assuming an uncertainty field of ${pm}0.2;{rm deg}$ due to limited attitude knowledge, success rates between 82.3% and 99.9% are achieved.
{"title":"Optimization of acquisition patterns for establishing inter CubeSat optical communications","authors":"Rene Ruddenklau;Georg Schitter","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.518004","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.518004","url":null,"abstract":"As commercially available CubeSats with up to six standardized units cannot achieve the precision required for an instantaneous establishment of a low-divergence optical inter-satellite link, search patterns are used to scan the remaining field of uncertainty. This analysis optimizes the simultaneously executed search pattern combinations of the two laser communication terminals involved. Based on a Monte Carlo simulation, the perturbations on these links are investigated, and the corresponding key performance parameters such as mean acquisition time and success rate are calculated. The results are penalized by the hardware specifications, including actuator and sensor bandwidths, given by their design. Residual attitude error components imply a significant influence on the acquisition process and are therefore presented within this work. The pattern pairs are fed through an automated optimization algorithm to tune and analyze them. In this particular scenario of two CubeISL models, the mean duration for a first detected acquisition hit is within a pattern period of 3.2 s for the best performing pairs spiral-rose and lissajous-rose. Assuming an uncertainty field of \u0000<tex>${pm}0.2;{rm deg}$</tex>\u0000 due to limited attitude knowledge, success rates between 82.3% and 99.9% are achieved.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"814-821"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10620312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the network operator point of view about the introduction of quantum key distribution (QKD) in optical networks to secure the data plane and/or specific applications, focusing on the design aspects that go beyond pure transmission. The functional architecture of a quantum key distribution network is depicted focusing on the integration in the existing telecommunications infrastructure. Some use cases of the utilization of the QKD layer, presenting results from in-field demonstrations, are reported together with a technology agnostic numerical model about resource sharing in a metropolitan area network environment.
{"title":"Quantum key distribution in optical fibers: a comprehensive design view of the overall quantum layer beyond transmission","authors":"Annachiara Pagano;Roberto Mercinelli;Maurizio Valvo;Antonio Manzalini","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.522626","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.522626","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the network operator point of view about the introduction of quantum key distribution (QKD) in optical networks to secure the data plane and/or specific applications, focusing on the design aspects that go beyond pure transmission. The functional architecture of a quantum key distribution network is depicted focusing on the integration in the existing telecommunications infrastructure. Some use cases of the utilization of the QKD layer, presenting results from in-field demonstrations, are reported together with a technology agnostic numerical model about resource sharing in a metropolitan area network environment.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"D111-D118"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advent of 6G is expected to transform connectivity by necessitating robust and scalable transport networks, capable of managing the escalating demands for enhanced bandwidth, negligible latency, and heightened network automation. The progression towards centralized radio access networks and the cloudification of network functions introduce additional requirements to the transport network. Addressing these demands, the integration of packet and optical systems combines packet flexibility with the high bandwidth and low latency of optical systems, aiming for a balance between performance, efficiency, and functionality. This process considers cost and the reuse of existing infrastructure towards a seamless transition to 6G. The concept of a Mini-ROADM, a cost-effective, energy-efficient optical switch created using silicon photonics, is presented and demonstrated in a ring network application. The role of a transport-aware end-to-end orchestrator in coordinating resources across radio, transport, and cloud domains to ensure a diverse range of quality-of-service levels is also discussed. A system demonstrator that highlights the integration of packet and optical layers and the concrete application of these concepts in a network environment is presented.
{"title":"Packet-optical transport network for future radio infrastructure","authors":"Paola Iovanna;Alberto Bianchi;Alessandra Bigongiari;Giulio Bottari;Luca Giorgi;Simone Marconi;Marzio Puleri;Stefano Stracca;Francesco Testa;Fabio Ubaldi;Roberto Sabella","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.522775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.522775","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of 6G is expected to transform connectivity by necessitating robust and scalable transport networks, capable of managing the escalating demands for enhanced bandwidth, negligible latency, and heightened network automation. The progression towards centralized radio access networks and the cloudification of network functions introduce additional requirements to the transport network. Addressing these demands, the integration of packet and optical systems combines packet flexibility with the high bandwidth and low latency of optical systems, aiming for a balance between performance, efficiency, and functionality. This process considers cost and the reuse of existing infrastructure towards a seamless transition to 6G. The concept of a Mini-ROADM, a cost-effective, energy-efficient optical switch created using silicon photonics, is presented and demonstrated in a ring network application. The role of a transport-aware end-to-end orchestrator in coordinating resources across radio, transport, and cloud domains to ensure a diverse range of quality-of-service levels is also discussed. A system demonstrator that highlights the integration of packet and optical layers and the concrete application of these concepts in a network environment is presented.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"D96-D110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. B. F. Pinto;L. Carneiro de Souza;T. P. V. Andrade;E. S. Lima;L. G. Silva;F. M. Portelinha;E. Lee Anderson;Arismar Cerqueira S.
This paper reports two implementations of power-over-fiber (PoF) solutions applied to radio-over-fiber (RoF) and optical wireless communication (OWC) systems, in the context of an industrial environment. We employ a conventional 62.5-µm multimode fiber (MMF) to deliver optical power to different communication links based on RoF, free-space optics (FSO), and visible light communication (VLC) technologies aiming beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G applications. First, a 3.5-GHz 5G New Radio (5G NR) signal is transmitted throughout a 20-km single-mode optical fiber (SMF) link using RoF technology. Regarding the PoF system, a 5-W optical power is transmitted through a 100-m MMF link. A photovoltaic power converter (PPC) and a DC/DC converter are employed to convert the power from the optical to the electrical domain and adjust the voltage level, respectively, with the purpose of energizing a remote RoF module. The attainable optical and electrical power transmission efficiencies (OPTE and PTE) are 80% and 19%, respectively. Posterior, a second PoF system is implemented to power a hybrid RoF/FSO/VLC B5G system, comprising a 200-m MMF and an additional DC/DC converter. Over 10.5 W of optical power is transmitted to feed an electrical amplifier (EA) and a white LED from the VLC link. In this configuration, we achieve 78% and 18.5% of OPTE and PTE, respectively. Furthermore, a performance investigation based on the root mean square error vector magnitude ( ${{rm EVM}_{{rm RMS}}}$ ) metric is conducted to evaluate the signal using the implemented PoF systems and a conventional electrical power supply. In the first implementation, a throughput of 600 Mbps is achieved with 100-MHz bandwidth without performance degradation, when compared to the conventional-powered RoF system, whereas, in the second implementation, 60-Mbps throughput is achieved when employing the FSO and VLC technologies simultaneously, demonstrating the applicability and potential of the PoF technique for B5G and 6G industrial communications.
{"title":"Power-over-fiber-based optical wireless communication systems towards 6G","authors":"F. B. F. Pinto;L. Carneiro de Souza;T. P. V. Andrade;E. S. Lima;L. G. Silva;F. M. Portelinha;E. Lee Anderson;Arismar Cerqueira S.","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.522583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.522583","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports two implementations of power-over-fiber (PoF) solutions applied to radio-over-fiber (RoF) and optical wireless communication (OWC) systems, in the context of an industrial environment. We employ a conventional 62.5-µm multimode fiber (MMF) to deliver optical power to different communication links based on RoF, free-space optics (FSO), and visible light communication (VLC) technologies aiming beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G applications. First, a 3.5-GHz 5G New Radio (5G NR) signal is transmitted throughout a 20-km single-mode optical fiber (SMF) link using RoF technology. Regarding the PoF system, a 5-W optical power is transmitted through a 100-m MMF link. A photovoltaic power converter (PPC) and a DC/DC converter are employed to convert the power from the optical to the electrical domain and adjust the voltage level, respectively, with the purpose of energizing a remote RoF module. The attainable optical and electrical power transmission efficiencies (OPTE and PTE) are 80% and 19%, respectively. Posterior, a second PoF system is implemented to power a hybrid RoF/FSO/VLC B5G system, comprising a 200-m MMF and an additional DC/DC converter. Over 10.5 W of optical power is transmitted to feed an electrical amplifier (EA) and a white LED from the VLC link. In this configuration, we achieve 78% and 18.5% of OPTE and PTE, respectively. Furthermore, a performance investigation based on the root mean square error vector magnitude (\u0000<tex>${{rm EVM}_{{rm RMS}}}$</tex>\u0000) metric is conducted to evaluate the signal using the implemented PoF systems and a conventional electrical power supply. In the first implementation, a throughput of 600 Mbps is achieved with 100-MHz bandwidth without performance degradation, when compared to the conventional-powered RoF system, whereas, in the second implementation, 60-Mbps throughput is achieved when employing the FSO and VLC technologies simultaneously, demonstrating the applicability and potential of the PoF technique for B5G and 6G industrial communications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"D86-D95"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141602458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a 5G radio access network (RAN), network slicing enables dividing a single RAN infrastructure into multiple logical networks, efficiently accommodating services with diverse requirements. Although RAN slicing can help improve resource efficiency and reduce network costs, it is accompanied by various security risks. One of the security threats in RAN slicing is potential eavesdropping, resulting in the leakage of sensitive data within slices. Encryption technologies have been developed to address the eavesdropping problem at different layers in optical networks. We focus on physical layer encryption since it has been demonstrated beneficial in line-speed processing, low latency, and small encryption overhead. The problem of utilizing physical layer encryption technologies to achieve secure RAN slices remains unexplored since physical layer encryption introduces additional hardware costs. In this paper, we study how to realize secure RAN slicing based on physical layer encryption in a metro aggregation network that consists of hybrid-trusted links (i.e., links with different risks for eavesdropping). We propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model and an auxiliary graph-based heuristic for small-scale and large-scale networks, respectively. The objective is to maximize the number of deployed slices and minimize the total cost of secure slice deployment, which includes the costs of servers, line cards (LCs), encryption cards (ECs), and bandwidth resources. To evaluate the benefit of encryption, we compare it with a detour solution, which protects slices by routing through trusted links (i.e., where no additional hardware for encryption is deployed). Simulation results show that the encryption-based solution exhibits a lower cost than the benchmark when the same number of slices are deployed, and it can reduce the blocking ratio by up to 8.5% as slice requests increase. In addition, the average latency of slices is also reduced by up to 14.6%.
在 5G 无线接入网（RAN）中，网络切片可将单个 RAN 基础设施划分为多个逻辑网络，从而有效地满足不同需求的服务。虽然 RAN 分片有助于提高资源效率和降低网络成本，但也伴随着各种安全风险。RAN 切片的安全威胁之一是潜在的窃听，导致敏感数据在切片内泄露。为解决光网络不同层的窃听问题，人们开发了加密技术。我们将重点放在物理层加密上，因为它已被证明有利于线速处理、低延迟和小加密开销。由于物理层加密会带来额外的硬件成本，因此利用物理层加密技术实现安全 RAN 切片的问题仍有待探索。本文研究了如何在由混合信任链路（即具有不同窃听风险的链路）组成的城域汇聚网络中实现基于物理层加密的安全 RAN 切片。我们分别针对小规模和大规模网络提出了整数线性规划（ILP）模型和基于图的辅助启发式。我们的目标是最大化部署切片的数量，最小化安全切片部署的总成本，其中包括服务器、线路卡（LC）、加密卡（EC）和带宽资源的成本。为了评估加密技术的优势，我们将其与迂回解决方案进行了比较，后者通过可信链路路由（即不部署额外的加密硬件）来保护切片。仿真结果表明，在部署相同数量切片的情况下，基于加密的解决方案的成本低于基准方案，而且随着切片请求的增加，它还能将阻塞率降低 8.5%。此外，切片的平均延迟也减少了 14.6%。
{"title":"Physical layer encryption-based secure slicing in 5G RAN with hybrid-trusted links","authors":"Boxin Zhang;Yajie Li;Federico Tonini;Lena Wosinska;Paolo Monti;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.522340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.522340","url":null,"abstract":"In a 5G radio access network (RAN), network slicing enables dividing a single RAN infrastructure into multiple logical networks, efficiently accommodating services with diverse requirements. Although RAN slicing can help improve resource efficiency and reduce network costs, it is accompanied by various security risks. One of the security threats in RAN slicing is potential eavesdropping, resulting in the leakage of sensitive data within slices. Encryption technologies have been developed to address the eavesdropping problem at different layers in optical networks. We focus on physical layer encryption since it has been demonstrated beneficial in line-speed processing, low latency, and small encryption overhead. The problem of utilizing physical layer encryption technologies to achieve secure RAN slices remains unexplored since physical layer encryption introduces additional hardware costs. In this paper, we study how to realize secure RAN slicing based on physical layer encryption in a metro aggregation network that consists of hybrid-trusted links (i.e., links with different risks for eavesdropping). We propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model and an auxiliary graph-based heuristic for small-scale and large-scale networks, respectively. The objective is to maximize the number of deployed slices and minimize the total cost of secure slice deployment, which includes the costs of servers, line cards (LCs), encryption cards (ECs), and bandwidth resources. To evaluate the benefit of encryption, we compare it with a detour solution, which protects slices by routing through trusted links (i.e., where no additional hardware for encryption is deployed). Simulation results show that the encryption-based solution exhibits a lower cost than the benchmark when the same number of slices are deployed, and it can reduce the blocking ratio by up to 8.5% as slice requests increase. In addition, the average latency of slices is also reduced by up to 14.6%.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"800-813"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Datacenter networks (DCNs) consisting of optical circuit switches (OCSs) have been considered as a promising solution to dramatically improve their transmission capacity, energy efficiency, and communication latency. To scale optical-circuit-switched DCNs (OCS DCNs), hierarchical OCSs with tens of thousands of optical fibers need to be installed, and they should be inspected before starting datacenter operations. Since traditional DCNs consist of electrical-packet switches (EPSs), the condition and cabling of fibers can be inspected easily by probing neighboring EPSs. However, OCS networks cannot be inspected in the same manner because OCSs cannot transmit and receive probe signals. Thus, we have had to attach and detach a light source and power meter (LSPM) to every switch for probing all the fibers, which takes weeks. This paper proposes an efficient method for inspecting and certifying fibers in an entire DCN without repeating LSPM reattachment. Our method is based on (1) theories on quickly estimating the fiber condition on the basis of the intensity of received probe signals, (2) the maximum allowable loss of each fiber derived from the transceiver budget used in operations, and (3) an algorithm that reduces the number of probes needed. The results from an extensive numerical evaluation indicate that our method inspected a DCN with 18,432 fibers in at most a day, whereas a baseline method involving repeated LSPM reattachment would take more than a week. We also confirmed that our method never produced false negatives and false positives under practical network conditions.
{"title":"Efficient fiber-inspection and certification method for optical-circuit-switched datacenter networks","authors":"Kazuya Anazawa;Takeru Inoue;Toru Mano;Hideki Nishizawa;Eiji Oki","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.527794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.527794","url":null,"abstract":"Datacenter networks (DCNs) consisting of optical circuit switches (OCSs) have been considered as a promising solution to dramatically improve their transmission capacity, energy efficiency, and communication latency. To scale optical-circuit-switched DCNs (OCS DCNs), hierarchical OCSs with tens of thousands of optical fibers need to be installed, and they should be inspected before starting datacenter operations. Since traditional DCNs consist of electrical-packet switches (EPSs), the condition and cabling of fibers can be inspected easily by probing neighboring EPSs. However, OCS networks cannot be inspected in the same manner because OCSs cannot transmit and receive probe signals. Thus, we have had to attach and detach a light source and power meter (LSPM) to every switch for probing all the fibers, which takes weeks. This paper proposes an efficient method for inspecting and certifying fibers in an entire DCN without repeating LSPM reattachment. Our method is based on (1) theories on quickly estimating the fiber condition on the basis of the intensity of received probe signals, (2) the maximum allowable loss of each fiber derived from the transceiver budget used in operations, and (3) an algorithm that reduces the number of probes needed. The results from an extensive numerical evaluation indicate that our method inspected a DCN with 18,432 fibers in at most a day, whereas a baseline method involving repeated LSPM reattachment would take more than a week. We also confirmed that our method never produced false negatives and false positives under practical network conditions.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"788-799"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rahmouni;P. S. Kuo;Y. S. Li-Baboud;I. A. Burenkov;Y. Shi;M. V. Jabir;N. Lal;D. Reddy;M. Merzouki;L. Ma;A. Battou;S. V. Polyakov;O. Slattery;T. Gerrits
The development of prototype metropolitan-scale quantum networks is underway and entails transmitting quantum information via single photons through deployed optical fibers spanning several tens of kilometers. The major challenges in building metropolitan-scale quantum networks are compensation for polarization fluctuation, high-precision clock synchronization, and compensation for cumulative transmission time fluctuations. One approach addressing these challenges is to copropagate classical probe signals in the same fiber as the quantum signal. Thus, both signals experience the same conditions, and the changes of the fiber can therefore be monitored and compensated. Here, we demonstrate the distribution of polarization-entangled quantum signals copropagating with the White Rabbit precision time protocol classical signals in the same single-core fiber strand at metropolitan-scale distances. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of this quantum-classical coexistence by achieving high-fidelity entanglement distribution between nodes separated by 100 km of optical fiber. This advancement is a significant step towards the practical implementation of robust and efficient metropolitan-scale quantum networks.
{"title":"100-km entanglement distribution with coexisting quantum and classical signals in a single fiber","authors":"A. Rahmouni;P. S. Kuo;Y. S. Li-Baboud;I. A. Burenkov;Y. Shi;M. V. Jabir;N. Lal;D. Reddy;M. Merzouki;L. Ma;A. Battou;S. V. Polyakov;O. Slattery;T. Gerrits","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.518226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.518226","url":null,"abstract":"The development of prototype metropolitan-scale quantum networks is underway and entails transmitting quantum information via single photons through deployed optical fibers spanning several tens of kilometers. The major challenges in building metropolitan-scale quantum networks are compensation for polarization fluctuation, high-precision clock synchronization, and compensation for cumulative transmission time fluctuations. One approach addressing these challenges is to copropagate classical probe signals in the same fiber as the quantum signal. Thus, both signals experience the same conditions, and the changes of the fiber can therefore be monitored and compensated. Here, we demonstrate the distribution of polarization-entangled quantum signals copropagating with the White Rabbit precision time protocol classical signals in the same single-core fiber strand at metropolitan-scale distances. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of this quantum-classical coexistence by achieving high-fidelity entanglement distribution between nodes separated by 100 km of optical fiber. This advancement is a significant step towards the practical implementation of robust and efficient metropolitan-scale quantum networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"781-787"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pablo Armingol Robles;Oscar Gonzalez de Dios;Juan Pedro Fernandez-Palacios Gimenez;Luis M. Contreras;Liesbeth Roelens;Alejandro Muniz Da Costa;Javier Velazquez Martinez;David De La Osa Mostazo
The proposed architecture advances the concept of network slicing, crucial for beyond 5G services, by enabling dynamic resource allocation and customized partitioning in managed network infrastructures. This architecture addresses the challenges of provisioning end-to-end (E2E) slices across diverse network domains, which is complicated by technological heterogeneity and the variety of vendor solutions. By introducing a standardized transport network solution, we ensure seamless integration, equitable treatment of service requests, and the ability to meet diverse demands. The architecture is centered around a multi-layer transport network slicing architecture, which allows for the division of transport networks into virtual autonomous segments, each tailored for specific services or applications. This segmentation is essential for providing differentiated and personalized 5G services, optimizing network performance, and maximizing resource application. A key component of this architecture is the transport slice controller (TSC), which controls the provision and life-cycle management of transport slices, ensuring a standardized approach in the industry for the definition and realization of slices.
{"title":"Transport SDN architecture for multi-layer transport slicing","authors":"Pablo Armingol Robles;Oscar Gonzalez de Dios;Juan Pedro Fernandez-Palacios Gimenez;Luis M. Contreras;Liesbeth Roelens;Alejandro Muniz Da Costa;Javier Velazquez Martinez;David De La Osa Mostazo","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.522783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.522783","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed architecture advances the concept of network slicing, crucial for beyond 5G services, by enabling dynamic resource allocation and customized partitioning in managed network infrastructures. This architecture addresses the challenges of provisioning end-to-end (E2E) slices across diverse network domains, which is complicated by technological heterogeneity and the variety of vendor solutions. By introducing a standardized transport network solution, we ensure seamless integration, equitable treatment of service requests, and the ability to meet diverse demands. The architecture is centered around a multi-layer transport network slicing architecture, which allows for the division of transport networks into virtual autonomous segments, each tailored for specific services or applications. This segmentation is essential for providing differentiated and personalized 5G services, optimizing network performance, and maximizing resource application. A key component of this architecture is the transport slice controller (TSC), which controls the provision and life-cycle management of transport slices, ensuring a standardized approach in the industry for the definition and realization of slices.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"D76-D85"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a disaggregated data center (DDC), task execution is reliant on the communication between resources, making performance highly sensitive to network quality. An optimized physical network topology is crucial for a DDC. To enable the simultaneous execution of numerous tasks, a substantial number of communicable resource pairs satisfying performance requirements is necessary. We propose a physical topology evaluation metric called the capability of simultaneous task execution (CSTE) and a corresponding physical topology design leveraging CSTE for a DDC equipped with optical networks. CSTE represents the ratio of resources that could be used as a resource communicating with other resources without violating the performance requirements in a situation where tasks up to the maximum number of executable tasks are executed. In addition, we formulated a physical topology design problem aimed at generating a physical network topology capable of maximizing task execution based on CSTE. By solving this optimization problem, we generated topologies and validated their effectiveness via task allocation simulations. The results showed that an optimal topology based on CSTE reduces task blockages by over 50% compared to conventional topologies. In addition, the results exhibited a positive correlation with the number of executable tasks. Through a physical topology design based on CSTE, we could construct a DDC that could handle a larger volume of tasks.
{"title":"Optical network topology design to execute many tasks simultaneously in a disaggregated data center","authors":"Akishige Ikoma;Yuichi Ohsita;Masayuki Murata","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.524628","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.524628","url":null,"abstract":"In a disaggregated data center (DDC), task execution is reliant on the communication between resources, making performance highly sensitive to network quality. An optimized physical network topology is crucial for a DDC. To enable the simultaneous execution of numerous tasks, a substantial number of communicable resource pairs satisfying performance requirements is necessary. We propose a physical topology evaluation metric called the capability of simultaneous task execution (CSTE) and a corresponding physical topology design leveraging CSTE for a DDC equipped with optical networks. CSTE represents the ratio of resources that could be used as a resource communicating with other resources without violating the performance requirements in a situation where tasks up to the maximum number of executable tasks are executed. In addition, we formulated a physical topology design problem aimed at generating a physical network topology capable of maximizing task execution based on CSTE. By solving this optimization problem, we generated topologies and validated their effectiveness via task allocation simulations. The results showed that an optimal topology based on CSTE reduces task blockages by over 50% compared to conventional topologies. In addition, the results exhibited a positive correlation with the number of executable tasks. Through a physical topology design based on CSTE, we could construct a DDC that could handle a larger volume of tasks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 7","pages":"764-780"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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