With the development of smart manufacturing, information technology (IT) and operation technology (OT) are gradually converging to carry various types of industrial flows that are characterized by time sensitivity and bandwidth hunger. To cope with their communication needs, hybrid networking technology has become a trend, where integrating time-division multiplexed passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) with time-sensitive networks (TSNs) is garnering considerable attention. TDM-PON offers enhanced bandwidth for north–south communications, while TSN delivers greater flexibility for east–west communications. However, this integration presents challenges related to delay in end-to-end (E2E) industrial flows traversing both the TSN and PON domains. Traditional scheduling approaches only guarantee deterministic transmission within each domain that leads to reduced schedulability and inefficient resource utilization. To address these issues, we propose a cooperative scheduling (CO-scheduling) and routing scheme that spans both the TSN and PON domains, aiming for a global optimization of E2E industrial flows. Initially, we introduce an Optical TSN model, which serves as a TSN equivalent for TDM-PON. By treating TDM-PON and traditional TSN switches as a unified network domain, we can implement CO-scheduling and routing. This CO-scheduling approach can facilitate E2E deterministic transmission by considering the delay budget as a whole. We utilize time-aware transmission window and cyclic transmission window (C-TW) strategies that were proposed in our previous works to ensure the determinism of synchronous and asynchronous periodic flows, respectively. Moreover, we propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model and a “zero-waiting” heuristic algorithm to enhance schedulability and resource utilization efficiency. Simulation results show that the average schedulability and resource utilization efficiency of the CO-scheduling scheme are up to 20.83% and 41.37% higher than that of the traditional non-cooperative scheduling scheme, respectively.
{"title":"CO-scheduling and routing in a hybrid TSN and TDM-PON network for industrial flows","authors":"Chen Su;Lizhu Liu;Jiawei Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.559002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.559002","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of smart manufacturing, information technology (IT) and operation technology (OT) are gradually converging to carry various types of industrial flows that are characterized by time sensitivity and bandwidth hunger. To cope with their communication needs, hybrid networking technology has become a trend, where integrating time-division multiplexed passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) with time-sensitive networks (TSNs) is garnering considerable attention. TDM-PON offers enhanced bandwidth for north–south communications, while TSN delivers greater flexibility for east–west communications. However, this integration presents challenges related to delay in end-to-end (E2E) industrial flows traversing both the TSN and PON domains. Traditional scheduling approaches only guarantee deterministic transmission within each domain that leads to reduced schedulability and inefficient resource utilization. To address these issues, we propose a cooperative scheduling (CO-scheduling) and routing scheme that spans both the TSN and PON domains, aiming for a global optimization of E2E industrial flows. Initially, we introduce an Optical TSN model, which serves as a TSN equivalent for TDM-PON. By treating TDM-PON and traditional TSN switches as a unified network domain, we can implement CO-scheduling and routing. This CO-scheduling approach can facilitate E2E deterministic transmission by considering the delay budget as a whole. We utilize time-aware transmission window and cyclic transmission window (C-TW) strategies that were proposed in our previous works to ensure the determinism of synchronous and asynchronous periodic flows, respectively. Moreover, we propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model and a “zero-waiting” heuristic algorithm to enhance schedulability and resource utilization efficiency. Simulation results show that the average schedulability and resource utilization efficiency of the CO-scheduling scheme are up to 20.83% and 41.37% higher than that of the traditional non-cooperative scheduling scheme, respectively.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"808-819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chandra Shekhar;A. Arockia Bazil Raj;Zabih Ghassemlooy;Arun K. Majumdar
The worldwide communication industries are in urgent need of sixth-generation (6G) technology to meet the near-future terrestrial/space/deep-space data-rate/bandwidth requirements to provide the expected/demanded internet of everything (IoE) services. The ultra-broadband mixed-RF-signal transportation over the free-space optical (FSO) channel, i.e., RoFSO, is a potential and emerging candidate to fulfill the requirements of the near-future 6G era. The effective modulation and demodulation of a mixed-RF-signal to/from the RoFSO-channel is a primary requirement for the successful implementation of RoFSO schemes in 6G. An accurate spectral detection technique is proposed in this work in order to demodulate the transmitted mixed-RF signal over time. The proposed technique is validated using a 6 km RoFSO test-bed, and the results obtained from the different trials are reported. The results taped-out from the starting, intermediate, and the final stages of the proposed technique demonstrate the capability/accuracy of the proposed technique for the purpose of accurately demodulating the mixed-RF-signal from the RoFSO-channel. The measured correlation between the transmitted and received mixed-RF-signal is 100%, which proves the accuracy of the proposed demodulation technique. Furthermore, some recent research and challenges pointed out that RoFSO is mandatory for the implementation of advanced 6G-based applications such as undersea communication, space/deep-space FSO communication, quantum communications, secured wireless network for IoE applications, and multi-hop relay-based RoFSO satellite links.
{"title":"Spectral segmentation-based RoFSO-channel’s mixed-RF-signal demodulation technique for the outdoor-optical 6G era network","authors":"Chandra Shekhar;A. Arockia Bazil Raj;Zabih Ghassemlooy;Arun K. Majumdar","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.546605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.546605","url":null,"abstract":"The worldwide communication industries are in urgent need of sixth-generation (6G) technology to meet the near-future terrestrial/space/deep-space data-rate/bandwidth requirements to provide the expected/demanded internet of everything (IoE) services. The ultra-broadband mixed-RF-signal transportation over the free-space optical (FSO) channel, i.e., RoFSO, is a potential and emerging candidate to fulfill the requirements of the near-future 6G era. The effective modulation and demodulation of a mixed-RF-signal to/from the RoFSO-channel is a primary requirement for the successful implementation of RoFSO schemes in 6G. An accurate spectral detection technique is proposed in this work in order to demodulate the transmitted mixed-RF signal over time. The proposed technique is validated using a 6 km RoFSO test-bed, and the results obtained from the different trials are reported. The results taped-out from the starting, intermediate, and the final stages of the proposed technique demonstrate the capability/accuracy of the proposed technique for the purpose of accurately demodulating the mixed-RF-signal from the RoFSO-channel. The measured correlation between the transmitted and received mixed-RF-signal is 100%, which proves the accuracy of the proposed demodulation technique. Furthermore, some recent research and challenges pointed out that RoFSO is mandatory for the implementation of advanced 6G-based applications such as undersea communication, space/deep-space FSO communication, quantum communications, secured wireless network for IoE applications, and multi-hop relay-based RoFSO satellite links.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"783-795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dannan Hong;Tong Ye;Qiang Guo;Bofang Zheng;Zhiwu Chang;Ruishan Chen;Luo Han
The surge in Internet traffic is driving traditional single-fiber fixed-grid optical networks to change toward multi-fiber flex-grid networks with fewer wavelengths per fiber. Designing a large-scale optical cross-connect (OXC) to adapt to these changes is challenging because the scalability of standard OXCs is limited by the port count of the wavelength-selective switch (WSS). The existing proposals either suffer from high insertion loss, lack a nonblocking property, or cannot support flexible grids. To this end, we propose a class of heterogeneous OXCs, using WSSs and port-level optical circuit switches (OCSs). Our idea is to employ WSSs to handle wavelength switching and OCSs to scale up the dimension of the OXC. In the context of flexible grids, we prove the conditions under which the heterogeneous OXCs are nonblocking on the line side, and colorless, directionless, and contentionless on the add/drop side. Also, our analysis shows that the port count of WSSs required by our proposals is governed only by the number of wavelengths in the network, rather than the dimension of the OXC. Also, our designs have low loss and a small filtering effect, as each lightpath only needs to pass through up to two WSSs in the OXC.
{"title":"Large-scale and nonblocking OXC using a hybrid of WSSs and OCSs","authors":"Dannan Hong;Tong Ye;Qiang Guo;Bofang Zheng;Zhiwu Chang;Ruishan Chen;Luo Han","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.566633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.566633","url":null,"abstract":"The surge in Internet traffic is driving traditional single-fiber fixed-grid optical networks to change toward multi-fiber flex-grid networks with fewer wavelengths per fiber. Designing a large-scale optical cross-connect (OXC) to adapt to these changes is challenging because the scalability of standard OXCs is limited by the port count of the wavelength-selective switch (WSS). The existing proposals either suffer from high insertion loss, lack a nonblocking property, or cannot support flexible grids. To this end, we propose a class of heterogeneous OXCs, using WSSs and port-level optical circuit switches (OCSs). Our idea is to employ WSSs to handle wavelength switching and OCSs to scale up the dimension of the OXC. In the context of flexible grids, we prove the conditions under which the heterogeneous OXCs are nonblocking on the line side, and colorless, directionless, and contentionless on the add/drop side. Also, our analysis shows that the port count of WSSs required by our proposals is governed only by the number of wavelengths in the network, rather than the dimension of the OXC. Also, our designs have low loss and a small filtering effect, as each lightpath only needs to pass through up to two WSSs in the OXC.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"771-782"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azarm Yeganehfallah;Andrea Sgambelluri;Emilio Paolini;Kayol Soares Mayer;Moises Felipe Silva;Darli A. A. Mello;Luca Valcarenghi
Proactive management of soft failures is crucial for enhancing the reliability of optical networks. However, developing solutions that are simultaneously accurate, operate in real time, ensure data confidentiality, and scale effectively represents a significant challenge. This paper proposes a method for soft failure localization that ensures data confidentiality. The approach is devised for a scenario where the data owner (e.g., the network provider) elaborates its confidential data (e.g., telemetry data) through machine learning services provided by a third party (i.e., machine learning as a service). Data confidentiality and, as an important by-product, reduced data exchange are achieved by using principal component analysis-based data dimension reduction before transmission. The data are then sent to a third party, where they are processed using a semi-supervised K-means clustering algorithm. The resulting cluster labels are returned to the data owner, who performs label matching to localize potential failures. The method’s effectiveness is validated in terms of failure localization accuracy, achieving up to 98.5% on large-scale simulated datasets and 98% on small-scale experimental data.
{"title":"Confidentiality-preserving real-time localization of soft failures in optical networks based on PCA and MLaaS","authors":"Azarm Yeganehfallah;Andrea Sgambelluri;Emilio Paolini;Kayol Soares Mayer;Moises Felipe Silva;Darli A. A. Mello;Luca Valcarenghi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.562802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.562802","url":null,"abstract":"Proactive management of soft failures is crucial for enhancing the reliability of optical networks. However, developing solutions that are simultaneously accurate, operate in real time, ensure data confidentiality, and scale effectively represents a significant challenge. This paper proposes a method for soft failure localization that ensures data confidentiality. The approach is devised for a scenario where the data owner (e.g., the network provider) elaborates its confidential data (e.g., telemetry data) through machine learning services provided by a third party (i.e., machine learning as a service). Data confidentiality and, as an important by-product, reduced data exchange are achieved by using principal component analysis-based data dimension reduction before transmission. The data are then sent to a third party, where they are processed using a semi-supervised K-means clustering algorithm. The resulting cluster labels are returned to the data owner, who performs label matching to localize potential failures. The method’s effectiveness is validated in terms of failure localization accuracy, achieving up to 98.5% on large-scale simulated datasets and 98% on small-scale experimental data.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"D137-D143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In flexible-rate passive optical networks (PONs), optical network units (ONUs) with different channel conditions can achieve different data rates by implementing flexible transmission parameters, e.g., modulation format, thereby enhancing system capacity. Correspondingly, the downstream frame is divided into multiple subframes, each being received and processed only by ONUs in its targeted group. However, for downstream multicast services, the data need to be duplicated and encapsulated into multiple subframes for ONUs belonging to different groups, resulting in data redundancy and degradation of effective throughput (i.e., throughput without redundant data). To improve resource utilization, ONU grouping should be dynamically adjusted according to both channel conditions and time-varying network factors, e.g., traffic loads and multicast memberships. For this, we first enhance the current downstream scheduling protocol to support dynamic ONU grouping in a multicast scenario and propose a traffic-aware ONU grouping (TAOG) algorithm to improve effective throughput, which optimizes ONU grouping by considering time-varying network conditions. As ONUs belonging to different groups have different data rates, we further propose a group-based downstream time slot allocation (GBDTA) algorithm to adjust time slots for each service by considering their demands and ONU data rates. Exhaustive simulation results show that the integrated TAOG-GBDTA scheme adapts effectively to dynamic network conditions and, compared to conventional schemes, it effectively improves effective throughput, reduces redundancy, and achieves lower packet latency under various multicast scenarios.
{"title":"Traffic-aware ONU grouping and downstream bandwidth allocation for multicast services in flexible-rate PONs","authors":"Xiang Lu;Xinshui Wei;Zhiyuan Zhong;Jun Li;Luis Velasco","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.562901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.562901","url":null,"abstract":"In flexible-rate passive optical networks (PONs), optical network units (ONUs) with different channel conditions can achieve different data rates by implementing flexible transmission parameters, e.g., modulation format, thereby enhancing system capacity. Correspondingly, the downstream frame is divided into multiple subframes, each being received and processed only by ONUs in its targeted group. However, for downstream multicast services, the data need to be duplicated and encapsulated into multiple subframes for ONUs belonging to different groups, resulting in data redundancy and degradation of effective throughput (i.e., throughput without redundant data). To improve resource utilization, ONU grouping should be dynamically adjusted according to both channel conditions and time-varying network factors, e.g., traffic loads and multicast memberships. For this, we first enhance the current downstream scheduling protocol to support dynamic ONU grouping in a multicast scenario and propose a traffic-aware ONU grouping (TAOG) algorithm to improve effective throughput, which optimizes ONU grouping by considering time-varying network conditions. As ONUs belonging to different groups have different data rates, we further propose a group-based downstream time slot allocation (GBDTA) algorithm to adjust time slots for each service by considering their demands and ONU data rates. Exhaustive simulation results show that the integrated TAOG-GBDTA scheme adapts effectively to dynamic network conditions and, compared to conventional schemes, it effectively improves effective throughput, reduces redundancy, and achieves lower packet latency under various multicast scenarios.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"757-770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exponential growth in mobile data traffic necessitates substantial advancements in fronthaul networks to support next-generation wireless communications. This paper comprehensively reviews two critical aspects for achieving large-capacity fronthaul networks: high-speed optical links and advanced radio-over-fiber (RoF) conversion interfaces. We first overview several fronthaul network architectures, including direct fiber connection, various wavelength-division multiplexing solutions, and point-to-multipoint architectures. Next, we explore optical transceiver modules for fronthaul networks, focusing on the evolution from none-return-to-zero to four-level pulse amplitude modulation format to achieve 50 Gb/s and beyond data rates and the standardization progress of these optical transceiver modules. We then analyze emerging challenges in high-speed optical fronthaul links, particularly chromatic dispersion, multi-path interference, and four-wave mixing, along with their respective mitigation strategies. Furthermore, we review advanced RoF conversion interfaces beyond conventional standardized digital interfaces, including digital RoF with data compression and unequal bit protection, analog RoF with enhanced robustness against noise, and hybrid digital–analog RoF with efficient signal-to-noise ratio scaling and low-complexity implementation. These technologies collectively enable the development of large-capacity fronthaul networks essential for supporting future 6G wireless communications.
{"title":"Advanced radio-over-fiber interfaces and high-speed optical links toward 6G large-capacity fronthaul networks [Invited]","authors":"Yicheng Xu;Leyan Fei;Yixiao Zhu;Xi Chen;Weisheng Hu;Qunbi Zhuge","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.568344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.568344","url":null,"abstract":"The exponential growth in mobile data traffic necessitates substantial advancements in fronthaul networks to support next-generation wireless communications. This paper comprehensively reviews two critical aspects for achieving large-capacity fronthaul networks: high-speed optical links and advanced radio-over-fiber (RoF) conversion interfaces. We first overview several fronthaul network architectures, including direct fiber connection, various wavelength-division multiplexing solutions, and point-to-multipoint architectures. Next, we explore optical transceiver modules for fronthaul networks, focusing on the evolution from none-return-to-zero to four-level pulse amplitude modulation format to achieve 50 Gb/s and beyond data rates and the standardization progress of these optical transceiver modules. We then analyze emerging challenges in high-speed optical fronthaul links, particularly chromatic dispersion, multi-path interference, and four-wave mixing, along with their respective mitigation strategies. Furthermore, we review advanced RoF conversion interfaces beyond conventional standardized digital interfaces, including digital RoF with data compression and unequal bit protection, analog RoF with enhanced robustness against noise, and hybrid digital–analog RoF with efficient signal-to-noise ratio scaling and low-complexity implementation. These technologies collectively enable the development of large-capacity fronthaul networks essential for supporting future 6G wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"E17-E36"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Egemen Erbayat;Gustavo B. Figueiredo;Shrinivas Petale;Shih-Chun Lin;Motoharu Matsuura;Hiroshi Hasegawa;Suresh Subramaniam
The evolution of wireless networks toward 5G and beyond has introduced challenges in designing efficient and cost-effective fronthaul networks. This paper focuses on the power-enabled optical fronthaul design (POFD) problem, which seeks to optimize the placement of optical splitters and their connections to radio units and distributed units while incorporating power over fiber (PWoF) technology. PWoF technology offers significant advantages by enabling simultaneous data and power delivery over optical fibers, thus eliminating the need for separate power units and improving network resilience. However, the POFD problem is NP-hard, as the complexity of determining optimal splitter placements and interconnections grows exponentially with the network size. To address this complexity, we propose two comprehensive heuristic-based approaches and benchmark their performance against clustering-based methods such as k-means clustering and genetic algorithms. For small networks, where exact solutions can be computed using integer linear programming (ILP), we demonstrate that our heuristics achieve near-optimal results. For large networks, where ILP is computationally infeasible, our heuristics provide scalable and effective solutions and maintain high performance compared to existing clustering-based methods in the literature that do not guarantee feasible solutions.
{"title":"Toward scalable passive optically powered fronthaul networks","authors":"Egemen Erbayat;Gustavo B. Figueiredo;Shrinivas Petale;Shih-Chun Lin;Motoharu Matsuura;Hiroshi Hasegawa;Suresh Subramaniam","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.559900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.559900","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of wireless networks toward 5G and beyond has introduced challenges in designing efficient and cost-effective fronthaul networks. This paper focuses on the power-enabled optical fronthaul design (POFD) problem, which seeks to optimize the placement of optical splitters and their connections to radio units and distributed units while incorporating power over fiber (PWoF) technology. PWoF technology offers significant advantages by enabling simultaneous data and power delivery over optical fibers, thus eliminating the need for separate power units and improving network resilience. However, the POFD problem is NP-hard, as the complexity of determining optimal splitter placements and interconnections grows exponentially with the network size. To address this complexity, we propose two comprehensive heuristic-based approaches and benchmark their performance against clustering-based methods such as k-means clustering and genetic algorithms. For small networks, where exact solutions can be computed using integer linear programming (ILP), we demonstrate that our heuristics achieve near-optimal results. For large networks, where ILP is computationally infeasible, our heuristics provide scalable and effective solutions and maintain high performance compared to existing clustering-based methods in the literature that do not guarantee feasible solutions.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"D125-D136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philippe Chanclou;Fabienne Saliou;Gael Simon;Jeremy Potet;Stephane Le Huerou;Hugues Le Bras
The Optical Home LAN explores fiber-based connectivity solutions for residential environments, building on early concepts like wavelength and packet switching. It emphasizes point-to-point and multipoint topologies, with mature technologies such as G-PON and PtP, supporting high throughput and low latency. These solutions aim to enhance Wi-Fi coverage, performance, and interoperability through standards like Wi-Fi Alliance Easy Mesh and open-source platforms like PRPL. Integration with management protocols and energy efficiency mechanisms ensures scalable, reliable, and future-proof home networks. This approach seeks to deliver Fiber-To-The-Home-like experiences, optimizing in-home connectivity and supporting evolving digital services.
{"title":"Optical Home LAN innovations to meet past, current, and future needs [Invited]","authors":"Philippe Chanclou;Fabienne Saliou;Gael Simon;Jeremy Potet;Stephane Le Huerou;Hugues Le Bras","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.570426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.570426","url":null,"abstract":"The Optical Home LAN explores fiber-based connectivity solutions for residential environments, building on early concepts like wavelength and packet switching. It emphasizes point-to-point and multipoint topologies, with mature technologies such as G-PON and PtP, supporting high throughput and low latency. These solutions aim to enhance Wi-Fi coverage, performance, and interoperability through standards like Wi-Fi Alliance Easy Mesh and open-source platforms like PRPL. Integration with management protocols and energy efficiency mechanisms ensures scalable, reliable, and future-proof home networks. This approach seeks to deliver Fiber-To-The-Home-like experiences, optimizing in-home connectivity and supporting evolving digital services.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"18 1","pages":"A1-A8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one of the last-mile access network solutions, free-space optical (FSO) communication can satisfy the rapidly growing traffic demand of 6G fronthaul networks. However, outdoor FSO transmission has to confront the influence of atmospheric conditions; fog and turbulence are worth more attention. To resist the impact of fog and turbulence on the distribution of optical signal amplitudes, we propose an environment-aware geometric shaping (GS) of signal amplitudes scheme for FSO fronthaul networks with four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4). The FSO networks are aware of channel states caused by fog and turbulence through visibility and temperature sensors to avoid the need for feedback links. Based on the environment-aware channel state information, the proposed GS algorithm determines adaptively the optimal electrical signal amplitudes of PAM-4, aiming to minimize the average bit error rate (BER) under the varying channel conditions. The effects of visibility and turbulence on PAM-4 signal amplitudes are theoretically modeled and experimentally evaluated using an environmental simulation chamber. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of the environment-aware GS in combating the effects of visibility and turbulence on FSO transmission performance. Experimental results show that the GS algorithm can reduce the average BER by 1/3 compared to the traditional PAM-4 using uniform amplitude distribution.
{"title":"Environment-aware geometric shaping for digital FSO fronthaul networks","authors":"Qiming Sun;Yejun Liu;Song Song;Yue Zhu;Xinkai Ni;Zhiwei Jiao;Lei Guo","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.562110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.562110","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the last-mile access network solutions, free-space optical (FSO) communication can satisfy the rapidly growing traffic demand of 6G fronthaul networks. However, outdoor FSO transmission has to confront the influence of atmospheric conditions; fog and turbulence are worth more attention. To resist the impact of fog and turbulence on the distribution of optical signal amplitudes, we propose an environment-aware geometric shaping (GS) of signal amplitudes scheme for FSO fronthaul networks with four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4). The FSO networks are aware of channel states caused by fog and turbulence through visibility and temperature sensors to avoid the need for feedback links. Based on the environment-aware channel state information, the proposed GS algorithm determines adaptively the optimal electrical signal amplitudes of PAM-4, aiming to minimize the average bit error rate (BER) under the varying channel conditions. The effects of visibility and turbulence on PAM-4 signal amplitudes are theoretically modeled and experimentally evaluated using an environmental simulation chamber. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of the environment-aware GS in combating the effects of visibility and turbulence on FSO transmission performance. Experimental results show that the GS algorithm can reduce the average BER by 1/3 compared to the traditional PAM-4 using uniform amplitude distribution.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 11","pages":"E37-E49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum key distribution networks (QKDNs) enable secure communication even in the age of powerful quantum computers. In the hands of a network operator, which can offer its service to many users, the economic viability of a QKDN increases significantly. The highly challenging operator–user relationship in a large-scale network setting demands additional requirements to ensure carrier-grade operation. Addressing this challenge, this work presents a carrier-grade QKDN architecture, which combines the functional QKDN architecture with the operational perspective of a network operator, ultimately enhancing the economic viability of QKDNs. The focus is on the network and key management aspects of a QKDN while assuming state-of-the-art commercial QKD modules. The presented architecture was rolled out within an in-field demonstrator, connecting the cities of Berlin and Bonn over a link distance of 923 km across Germany. We could show that the proposed network architecture is feasible, integrable, and scalable, making it suitable for deployment in real-world networks. Overall, the presented carrier-grade QKDN architecture promises to serve as a blueprint for network operators providing QKD-based services to their customers.
{"title":"DemoQuanDT: a carrier-grade QKD network","authors":"P. Horoschenkoff;J. Henrich;R. Bohn;I. Khan;J. Rodiger;M. Gunkel;M. Bauch;J. Benda;P. Blacker;E. Eichhammer;U. Eismann;G. Frenck;H. Griesser;W. Jontofsohn;N. Kopshoff;S. Rohrich;F. Seidl;N. Schark;E. Sollner;D. von Blanckenburg;A. Heinemann;M. Stiemerling;M. Gartner","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.563470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.563470","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution networks (QKDNs) enable secure communication even in the age of powerful quantum computers. In the hands of a network operator, which can offer its service to many users, the economic viability of a QKDN increases significantly. The highly challenging operator–user relationship in a large-scale network setting demands additional requirements to ensure carrier-grade operation. Addressing this challenge, this work presents a carrier-grade QKDN architecture, which combines the functional QKDN architecture with the operational perspective of a network operator, ultimately enhancing the economic viability of QKDNs. The focus is on the network and key management aspects of a QKDN while assuming state-of-the-art commercial QKD modules. The presented architecture was rolled out within an in-field demonstrator, connecting the cities of Berlin and Bonn over a link distance of 923 km across Germany. We could show that the proposed network architecture is feasible, integrable, and scalable, making it suitable for deployment in real-world networks. Overall, the presented carrier-grade QKDN architecture promises to serve as a blueprint for network operators providing QKD-based services to their customers.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"17 9","pages":"743-756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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