Elastic optical networks (EONs) operating in the C-band have been widely deployed worldwide. However, two major technologies—multiband elastic optical networks (MB-EONs) and space division multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs)—can significantly increase network capacity beyond traditional EONs. A one-time greenfield deployment of these flexible-grid technologies may not be practical, as existing investments in flexible-grid EONs need to be preserved and ongoing services must face minimal disruption. Therefore, we envision the coexistence of flexible-grid, multiband, and multicore technologies during the brownfield migration. Each technology represents a tradeoff between higher capacity and greater deployment overhead, directly impacting network performance. Moreover, as traffic demands continue rising, capacity exhaustion becomes inevitable. Considering the different characteristics of these technologies, we propose a robust network planning solution called Progressive Optics Deployment and Integration for Growing Yields (PRODIGY+) to gradually migrate current C-band EONs. PRODIGY+ employs proactive measures inspired by the Swiss Cheese Model, making the network robust to traffic peaks while meeting service level agreements. The upgrade strategy enables a gradual transition to minimize migration costs while continuously supporting increasing traffic demands. We provide a detailed comparison of our proposed PRODIGY+ strategy against baseline strategies, demonstrating its superior performance.
在 C 波段运行的弹性光网络（EON）已在全球广泛部署。然而，两种主要技术--多频带弹性光网络（MB-EON）和空分复用弹性光网络（SDM-EON）--可以显著提高网络容量，超越传统的 EON。一次性全新部署这些灵活光网络技术可能并不现实，因为需要保留对灵活光网络 EON 的现有投资，而且必须尽量减少对现有服务的干扰。因此，我们设想在棕地迁移过程中，灵活网格、多频段和多核技术将共存。每种技术都要在更高容量和更大部署开销之间进行权衡，从而直接影响网络性能。此外，随着流量需求的不断增长，容量耗尽将不可避免。考虑到这些技术的不同特性，我们提出了一种稳健的网络规划解决方案，称为 "渐进式光学部署和集成，促进产量增长"（PRODIGY+），以逐步迁移当前的 C 波段 EON。PRODIGY+ 采用受瑞士奶酪模型启发的前瞻性措施，使网络在满足服务水平协议的同时，还能应对流量高峰。升级策略可实现逐步过渡，最大限度地降低迁移成本，同时持续支持不断增长的流量需求。我们详细比较了我们提出的 PRODIGY+ 策略和基准策略，证明了其卓越的性能。
{"title":"PRODIGY+: a robust progressive upgrade approach for elastic optical networks","authors":"Shrinivas Petale;Aleksandra Knapinska;Egemen Erbayat;Piotr Lechowicz;Krzysztof Walkowiak;Shih-Chun Lin;Motoharu Matsuura;Hiroshi Hasegawa;Suresh Subramaniam","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.525392","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.525392","url":null,"abstract":"Elastic optical networks (EONs) operating in the C-band have been widely deployed worldwide. However, two major technologies—multiband elastic optical networks (MB-EONs) and space division multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs)—can significantly increase network capacity beyond traditional EONs. A one-time greenfield deployment of these flexible-grid technologies may not be practical, as existing investments in flexible-grid EONs need to be preserved and ongoing services must face minimal disruption. Therefore, we envision the coexistence of flexible-grid, multiband, and multicore technologies during the brownfield migration. Each technology represents a tradeoff between higher capacity and greater deployment overhead, directly impacting network performance. Moreover, as traffic demands continue rising, capacity exhaustion becomes inevitable. Considering the different characteristics of these technologies, we propose a robust network planning solution called Progressive Optics Deployment and Integration for Growing Yields (PRODIGY+) to gradually migrate current C-band EONs. PRODIGY+ employs proactive measures inspired by the Swiss Cheese Model, making the network robust to traffic peaks while meeting service level agreements. The upgrade strategy enables a gradual transition to minimize migration costs while continuously supporting increasing traffic demands. We provide a detailed comparison of our proposed PRODIGY+ strategy against baseline strategies, demonstrating its superior performance.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"E48-E60"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With progressive network recovery, operators restore network connectivity after massive failures along multiple stages, by identifying the optimal sequence of repair actions to maximize carried live traffic. Motivated by the initial deployments of quantum-key-distribution (QKD) over optical networks appearing in several locations worldwide, in this work we model and solve the progressive QKD network recovery (PQNR) problem in QKD networks to accelerate the recovery after failures. We formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model to optimize the achievable accumulative key rates during recovery for four different QKD network architectures, considering different capabilities of using trusted relay and optical bypass. Due to the computational limitations of the ILP model, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm based on a twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradients (TD3) framework to solve the PQNR problem for large-scale topologies. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm approaches well compared to the optimal solution and outperforms several baseline algorithms. Moreover, using optical bypass jointly with trusted relay can improve the performance in terms of the key rate by 14% and 18% compared to the cases where only optical bypass and only trusted relay are applied, respectively.
{"title":"DRL-based progressive recovery for quantum-key-distribution networks","authors":"Mengyao Li;Qiaolun Zhang;Alberto Gatto;Stefano Bregni;Giacomo Verticale;Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.526014","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.526014","url":null,"abstract":"With progressive network recovery, operators restore network connectivity after massive failures along multiple stages, by identifying the optimal sequence of repair actions to maximize carried live traffic. Motivated by the initial deployments of quantum-key-distribution (QKD) over optical networks appearing in several locations worldwide, in this work we model and solve the progressive QKD network recovery (PQNR) problem in QKD networks to accelerate the recovery after failures. We formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model to optimize the achievable accumulative key rates during recovery for four different QKD network architectures, considering different capabilities of using trusted relay and optical bypass. Due to the computational limitations of the ILP model, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm based on a twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradients (TD3) framework to solve the PQNR problem for large-scale topologies. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm approaches well compared to the optimal solution and outperforms several baseline algorithms. Moreover, using optical bypass jointly with trusted relay can improve the performance in terms of the key rate by 14% and 18% compared to the cases where only optical bypass and only trusted relay are applied, respectively.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"E36-E47"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a strong demand for creating primary/backup optical path pairs between a source and a destination node in order to continue a service when the primary path has some disorder. We also have to consider SRLG (shared risk link group)-disjoint primary/backup path settings for achieving robust path protection against possible network problems on primary paths. To deal with these issues, in this study, we use the $k$ -SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine primary/backup path routes between a specified source/destination node pair. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can find $k$ SRLG-disjoint primary/backup route pairs with much higher probability and with faster speed compared with other algorithms. In addition, the proposed algorithm can find primary/backup routes with nearly minimum route costs.
{"title":"Extension of the k-SPF algorithm for finding SRLG-disjoint primary and backup route pairs in optical networks","authors":"Hiroshi Matsuura;Kohjun Koshiji;Hanami Yokoi;Tatsuya Matsukawa;Takayuki Fujii","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.525178","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.525178","url":null,"abstract":"There is a strong demand for creating primary/backup optical path pairs between a source and a destination node in order to continue a service when the primary path has some disorder. We also have to consider SRLG (shared risk link group)-disjoint primary/backup path settings for achieving robust path protection against possible network problems on primary paths. To deal with these issues, in this study, we use the \u0000<tex>$k$</tex>\u0000-SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine primary/backup path routes between a specified source/destination node pair. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can find \u0000<tex>$k$</tex>\u0000 SRLG-disjoint primary/backup route pairs with much higher probability and with faster speed compared with other algorithms. In addition, the proposed algorithm can find primary/backup routes with nearly minimum route costs.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"E23-E35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical communication networks are operated with great care to avoid outages. In particular, significant outages having a devastating impact on society must be avoided, and several countries specify “significance standards” for network outages. Although the impact of possible outages strongly depends on routing methods for requested connections, there has been no research specifically on these standards. This paper for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, introduces a routing problem to minimize the impact of outages on a given significance standard. We have shown this problem to be non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness, and an efficient heuristic method is proposed. This method searches for a good solution by reducing the problem to a shortest-path search, where the significance of a link failure is regarded as the link weight, and suppresses outage impact compared with other routing methods. In addition, the analysis of the system dependence among a network model, mean time to repair (MTTR) of failure elements, and significance standards suggests that the total system design considering the MTTR, significance standards, and routing method could dramatically reduce the impact of significant outages on optical networks.
{"title":"Routing problem for reducing significant outages in optical networks and its system analysis","authors":"Katsuaki Higashimori;Takafumi Tanaka;Takeru Inoue","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.520509","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.520509","url":null,"abstract":"Optical communication networks are operated with great care to avoid outages. In particular, significant outages having a devastating impact on society must be avoided, and several countries specify “significance standards” for network outages. Although the impact of possible outages strongly depends on routing methods for requested connections, there has been no research specifically on these standards. This paper for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, introduces a routing problem to minimize the impact of outages on a given significance standard. We have shown this problem to be non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness, and an efficient heuristic method is proposed. This method searches for a good solution by reducing the problem to a shortest-path search, where the significance of a link failure is regarded as the link weight, and suppresses outage impact compared with other routing methods. In addition, the analysis of the system dependence among a network model, mean time to repair (MTTR) of failure elements, and significance standards suggests that the total system design considering the MTTR, significance standards, and routing method could dramatically reduce the impact of significant outages on optical networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"E1-E10"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10634843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First-fit (FF) is a well-known and widely deployed algorithm for spectrum assignment (SA), but until our recent study [J. Opt. Commun. Netw.14, 165 (2022)], investigations of the algorithm had been experimental in nature and no formal properties of the algorithm with respect to SA were known. In this work, we make two contributions. First, we show that FF is a universal algorithm for the SA problem in the sense that, for any variant, 1) it can be used to construct solutions equivalent to, or better than, any solution obtained by any other algorithm, and 2) it can construct an optimal solution. This universality property applies to both the min-max and min-frag objectives and to variants of the SA problem with or without guard band constraints. Consequently, the spectrum symmetry-free model of our recent study [J. Opt. Commun. Netw.14, 165 (2022)] extends to all known SA variants, which therefore reduce to permutation problems. Second, we extend the spectrum symmetry-free model to the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem in general topologies. This model allows for the design of more efficient algorithms as it eliminates from consideration an exponential number of equivalent symmetric solutions. By sidestepping symmetry, the RSA solution space is naturally and optimally decomposed into a routing space and a connection permutation space. Building upon this property, we introduce a two-parameter, symmetry-free universal algorithm that can be used to tackle any RSA variant in a uniform manner. The algorithm is amenable to multi-threaded execution to speed up the search process, and the value of the parameters can be adjusted to strike a balance between running time and solution quality. Our evaluation provides insight into the relative benefits of path diversity (which determines the size of the routing space) and connection diversity (which determines the size of the permutation space).
First-fit (FF) 是一种众所周知并被广泛应用的频谱分配（SA）算法，但在我们最近的研究[J. Opt. Commun. Netw.14, 165 (2022)]之前，对该算法的研究一直是实验性质的，而且不知道该算法在频谱分配方面的正式特性。在这项工作中，我们有两个贡献。首先，我们证明了 FF 是 SA 问题的通用算法，即对于任何变体，1）它都可以用来构建等同于或优于任何其他算法得到的解，2）它可以构建最优解。这一普遍性既适用于最小最大目标和最小碎片目标，也适用于有或无保护带约束的 SA 问题变体。因此，我们最近研究的无频谱对称模型[J. Opt. Commun. Netw.14, 165 (2022)]可扩展到所有已知的 SA 变体，从而简化为置换问题。其次，我们将无频谱对称模型扩展到一般拓扑结构中的路由和频谱分配（RSA）问题。这一模型可以设计出更高效的算法，因为它消除了指数级数量的等效对称解。通过避开对称性，RSA 解决方案空间被自然、优化地分解为路由空间和连接置换空间。基于这一特性，我们引入了一种双参数、无对称的通用算法，可用于以统一的方式处理任何 RSA 变体。该算法适合多线程执行，以加快搜索过程，而且可以调整参数值，在运行时间和解决方案质量之间取得平衡。我们的评估深入分析了路径多样性（决定路由空间的大小）和连接多样性（决定排列空间的大小）的相对优势。
{"title":"Symmetry-free routing and spectrum assignment: a universal algorithm based on first-fit","authors":"George N. Rouskas","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.521978","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.521978","url":null,"abstract":"First-fit (FF) is a well-known and widely deployed algorithm for spectrum assignment (SA), but until our recent study [J. Opt. Commun. Netw.14, 165 (2022)], investigations of the algorithm had been experimental in nature and no formal properties of the algorithm with respect to SA were known. In this work, we make two contributions. First, we show that FF is a universal algorithm for the SA problem in the sense that, for any variant, 1) it can be used to construct solutions equivalent to, or better than, any solution obtained by any other algorithm, and 2) it can construct an optimal solution. This universality property applies to both the min-max and min-frag objectives and to variants of the SA problem with or without guard band constraints. Consequently, the spectrum symmetry-free model of our recent study [J. Opt. Commun. Netw.14, 165 (2022)] extends to all known SA variants, which therefore reduce to permutation problems. Second, we extend the spectrum symmetry-free model to the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem in general topologies. This model allows for the design of more efficient algorithms as it eliminates from consideration an exponential number of equivalent symmetric solutions. By sidestepping symmetry, the RSA solution space is naturally and optimally decomposed into a routing space and a connection permutation space. Building upon this property, we introduce a two-parameter, symmetry-free universal algorithm that can be used to tackle any RSA variant in a uniform manner. The algorithm is amenable to multi-threaded execution to speed up the search process, and the value of the parameters can be adjusted to strike a balance between running time and solution quality. Our evaluation provides insight into the relative benefits of path diversity (which determines the size of the routing space) and connection diversity (which determines the size of the permutation space).","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"E11-E22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the development of 5G and mobile edge computing, deep neural network (DNN) inference can be distributed at the edge to reduce communication overhead and inference time, namely, DNN distributed inference. DNN distributed inference will pose challenges to the resource allocation problem in metro optical networks (MONs). Efficient cooperative allocation of optical communication and computational resources can facilitate high-bandwidth and low-latency applications. However, it also introduces greater complexity to the resource allocation problem. In this study, we propose a joint resource allocation method using high-performance transfer deep reinforcement learning (T-DRL) to maximize network throughput. When the topologies or characteristics of MONs change, T-DRL requires only a small amount of transfer training to re-converge. Considering that the generalizability of conventional methods is inversely related to optimization performance, we develop two deployment schemes (i.e., single-agent and multi-agent) based on the T-DRL method to explore the performance of T-DRL. Simulation results demonstrate that T-DRL greatly reduces the blocking probability and average inference time of DNN inference requests. Besides, the multi-agent scheme can maintain a lower blocking probability of requests in MONs, while the single-agent has a shorter convergence time after network changes.
{"title":"DNN distributed inference offloading scheme based on transfer reinforcement learning in metro optical networks","authors":"Shan Yin;Lihao Liu;Mengru Cai;Yutong Chai;Yurong Jiao;Zheng Duan;Yian Li;Shanguo Huang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.533206","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.533206","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of 5G and mobile edge computing, deep neural network (DNN) inference can be distributed at the edge to reduce communication overhead and inference time, namely, DNN distributed inference. DNN distributed inference will pose challenges to the resource allocation problem in metro optical networks (MONs). Efficient cooperative allocation of optical communication and computational resources can facilitate high-bandwidth and low-latency applications. However, it also introduces greater complexity to the resource allocation problem. In this study, we propose a joint resource allocation method using high-performance transfer deep reinforcement learning (T-DRL) to maximize network throughput. When the topologies or characteristics of MONs change, T-DRL requires only a small amount of transfer training to re-converge. Considering that the generalizability of conventional methods is inversely related to optimization performance, we develop two deployment schemes (i.e., single-agent and multi-agent) based on the T-DRL method to explore the performance of T-DRL. Simulation results demonstrate that T-DRL greatly reduces the blocking probability and average inference time of DNN inference requests. Besides, the multi-agent scheme can maintain a lower blocking probability of requests in MONs, while the single-agent has a shorter convergence time after network changes.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"852-867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianmin Wang;Bin Li;Haochun Gao;Yang Lin;Zhiqian Su
The acquisition time of tens to hundreds of seconds in the optical link between satellites makes it difficult to meet the needs of constructing spatial optical networks. In addition, as a basic requirement for deep space explorers, autonomous attitude determination and autonomous navigation demand the installation of separate, expensive, and complex inertial devices, and the communication data rate is too low to meet the timely transmission of large amounts of data. In this paper, we proposed and developed a multifunctional fusion space optical communication system for space optical networks and deep space exploration, which has the functions of autonomous attitude determination, autonomous navigation, and high-speed optical communication. The sub-second acquisition time can meet the requirements of space optical network construction, and the ability of autonomous attitude determination and autonomous navigation significantly reduce the amount of R&D expenses of the explorer; decrease the volume, weight, and power consumption of the explorer; and improve the reliability and autonomous survival ability of the explorer. The paper provides the structure, working principle, and main algorithm models and conducts a feasibility analysis and field experiments. The experimental results showed that the average open-loop pointing accuracy of the optical terminal is 95.8 µrad (attitude determination accuracy), which can be improved to 39.1 µrad after filtering, and the acquisition time is less than 1 s. For deep space exploration, the navigation accuracy is less than 67.6 km in the cruise phase and 10 km in the acquisition phase, and field experiments have also proven its feasibility. The significance of our research work lies in proposing what we believe to be a new system operation scheme and design method for optical communication systems, and its results can be widely applied in all fields of space optical communication.
{"title":"Space optical communication system for space optical networks and deep space exploration","authors":"Jianmin Wang;Bin Li;Haochun Gao;Yang Lin;Zhiqian Su","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.520301","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.520301","url":null,"abstract":"The acquisition time of tens to hundreds of seconds in the optical link between satellites makes it difficult to meet the needs of constructing spatial optical networks. In addition, as a basic requirement for deep space explorers, autonomous attitude determination and autonomous navigation demand the installation of separate, expensive, and complex inertial devices, and the communication data rate is too low to meet the timely transmission of large amounts of data. In this paper, we proposed and developed a multifunctional fusion space optical communication system for space optical networks and deep space exploration, which has the functions of autonomous attitude determination, autonomous navigation, and high-speed optical communication. The sub-second acquisition time can meet the requirements of space optical network construction, and the ability of autonomous attitude determination and autonomous navigation significantly reduce the amount of R&D expenses of the explorer; decrease the volume, weight, and power consumption of the explorer; and improve the reliability and autonomous survival ability of the explorer. The paper provides the structure, working principle, and main algorithm models and conducts a feasibility analysis and field experiments. The experimental results showed that the average open-loop pointing accuracy of the optical terminal is 95.8 µrad (attitude determination accuracy), which can be improved to 39.1 µrad after filtering, and the acquisition time is less than 1 s. For deep space exploration, the navigation accuracy is less than 67.6 km in the cruise phase and 10 km in the acquisition phase, and field experiments have also proven its feasibility. The significance of our research work lies in proposing what we believe to be a new system operation scheme and design method for optical communication systems, and its results can be widely applied in all fields of space optical communication.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"843-851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141673905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond 5G, the next-generation wireless communication standard requires an optical communication network with a more reliable point-to-multipoint system. A highly reliable, futuristic point-to-multipoint coherent optical system must update wavelength-division-multiplexing-based passive optical networks to a more disaster-resistant architecture that can switch between bypass and backup links. We propose, to our knowledge, a novel link-pair shared protection that can respond locally to double-link failures that result from a significant disaster. We validate the high availability of several network configurations, assuming a double-link disconnection, can be obtained irrespective of the transmission distance of the feeder fiber. We experimentally demonstrate link-pair shared protection with bidirectional wavelength pre-assignment for two of the four feeder fiber failures and validate a penalty of less than 2 dB for double-link failures. Furthermore, we prove that reconnection can be performed with a penalty of at most 2 dB in an experiment with shared protection with a single-link broadcast-and-select function that can manage partial double-link failures using a simple configuration.
在 5G 之后，下一代无线通信标准要求光通信网络具备更可靠的点对多点系统。高可靠性的未来型点对多点相干光系统必须将基于波分复用技术的无源光网络更新为能在旁路和备份链路之间切换的抗灾能力更强的架构。据我们所知，我们提出了一种新型链路对共享保护方式，可在本地响应重大灾难导致的双链路故障。我们验证了几种网络配置的高可用性，假设双链路断开，无论馈线光纤的传输距离有多远，都能获得高可用性。我们在实验中演示了链路对共享保护与双向波长预分配，可应对四种馈线光纤故障中的两种故障，并验证了双链路故障的惩罚小于 2 dB。此外，我们还证明，在具有单链路广播和选择功能的共享保护实验中，使用简单的配置就能管理部分双链路故障，并能以最多 2 dB 的惩罚进行重新连接。
{"title":"Double-link-failure-tolerant shared protection for fully coupled/half-split switchable point-to-multipoint coherent optical systems","authors":"Takahiro Kodama;Tomoya Nakagawa;Shota Eguchi;Keiji Shimada;Ryosuke Matsumoto","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.511029","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.511029","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond 5G, the next-generation wireless communication standard requires an optical communication network with a more reliable point-to-multipoint system. A highly reliable, futuristic point-to-multipoint coherent optical system must update wavelength-division-multiplexing-based passive optical networks to a more disaster-resistant architecture that can switch between bypass and backup links. We propose, to our knowledge, a novel link-pair shared protection that can respond locally to double-link failures that result from a significant disaster. We validate the high availability of several network configurations, assuming a double-link disconnection, can be obtained irrespective of the transmission distance of the feeder fiber. We experimentally demonstrate link-pair shared protection with bidirectional wavelength pre-assignment for two of the four feeder fiber failures and validate a penalty of less than 2 dB for double-link failures. Furthermore, we prove that reconnection can be performed with a penalty of at most 2 dB in an experiment with shared protection with a single-link broadcast-and-select function that can manage partial double-link failures using a simple configuration.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"832-842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141686877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen Vazquez;Ruben Altuna;Juan Dayron Lopez-Cardona
This paper introduces the concept of power over fiber (PoF) and potential applications envisioned in radio access networks with optical fronthauling using different types of optical fibers. It is an open discussion on exploring PoF technology with current experiments integrating analog radio over fiber using 5G-NR signals in compliance with 3GPP, PoF, and monitoring techniques and general requirements in future deployments along with its potential to be part of the energy efficiency strategy in beyond 5G networks.
{"title":"Power over fiber in radio access networks: 5G and beyond","authors":"Carmen Vazquez;Ruben Altuna;Juan Dayron Lopez-Cardona","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.522900","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.522900","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces the concept of power over fiber (PoF) and potential applications envisioned in radio access networks with optical fronthauling using different types of optical fibers. It is an open discussion on exploring PoF technology with current experiments integrating analog radio over fiber using 5G-NR signals in compliance with 3GPP, PoF, and monitoring techniques and general requirements in future deployments along with its potential to be part of the energy efficiency strategy in beyond 5G networks.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 8","pages":"D119-D128"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141666740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linsheng Fan;Yanfu Yang;Qun Zhang;Siyu Gong;Yuchen Jia;Chen Cheng;Yong Yao
Optical performance monitoring is vital for enabling dynamically reconfigurable optical networks. This paper introduces a monitoring scheme that is robust to transceiver impairments for coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) systems that simultaneously monitors polarization-dependent loss (PDL), differential group delay (DGD), and chromatic dispersion (CD). In the proposed scheme, a pair of frequency domain pilot tones (FPTs) are inserted into the ${X}$ and ${Y}$ polarizations of the transmitted dual-polarization signal. Both the signal and the FPTs endure identical channel impairments during fiber transmission. At the receiver side, the transmitted FPTs are extracted to monitor the channel impairments. We begin by establishing a simplified system model using a single frequency tone to analyze the effects of system impairments on the frequency domain pilots. Based on this model, CD, PDL, and DGD are jointly and accurately estimated. In addition, the influences of temporal, amplitude, and phase mismatches between in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of transceivers on channel impairment monitoring are completely eliminated. This achieves a channel impairment monitoring scheme that is robust to transceiver impairments. Experimental verification shows that the proposed scheme can jointly and accurately estimate a wide range of CD, PDL, and DGD. Additionally, the proposed monitoring scheme demonstrates strong robustness against transceiver impairments, rapid polarization fluctuations, and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise.
光性能监测对于实现动态可重构光网络至关重要。本文介绍了一种对相干数字子载波多路复用（DSCM）系统的收发器损伤具有鲁棒性的监测方案，可同时监测偏振相关损耗（PDL）、差分群延迟（DGD）和色度色散（CD）。在提议的方案中，一对频域先导音（FPT）被插入到传输的双极化信号的 X 极化和 Y 极化中。在光纤传输过程中，信号和 FPT 都会受到相同的信道损伤。在接收端，通过提取传输的 FPT 来监测信道损伤。我们首先使用单个频率音建立一个简化的系统模型，以分析系统损伤对频域飞行员的影响。在此模型的基础上，CD、PDL 和 DGD 被联合准确地估算出来。此外，还完全消除了收发器同相（I）和正交（Q）分量之间的时间、振幅和相位不匹配对信道损伤监测的影响。这就实现了对收发器损伤具有鲁棒性的信道损伤监测方案。实验验证表明，所提出的方案可以联合并准确地估计各种 CD、PDL 和 DGD。此外，所提出的监测方案对收发器损伤、快速极化波动和放大自发辐射（ASE）噪声具有很强的鲁棒性。
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