Free-space optical (FSO) communication can reduce the routing complexity of data center networks (DCNs), not only ensuring high-capacity optical switching, but also owning similar flexibility to the wireless connectivity. Presently, mainstream wireless-optical switching units (WOSUs) have adopted serial beam control for unicasting. As a two-dimensional planar structure composed of meta-atoms with special electromagnetic properties arranged in a certain way, a passive metasurface (PMF) has strong parallel beam regulating capability. In this paper, we propose a wireless-optical intra-DC interconnection scheme based on PMFs. Through a real PMF chip, by adjusting the polarization of an incident beam, the power distribution between normal and abnormal reflected beams can be controlled. When both reflected beams are assigned with power, we obtain a pair of beams reflected in parallel, thus simultaneously communicating with two racks. In fact, we can perform 1-to- $N$ ( $N ge 2$ ) multicast by using cascaded PMFs, and 1-to- $N$ means that each source rack can communicate with $N$ destination racks, i.e., a wide communication coverage range. However, the cascaded PMFs may result in huge chip costs and high accumulated power loss. In this paper, we only demonstrate the 1-to-2 communication ability of our PMFs, so the communication coverage may be still limited. Hence, by introducing electrostatic drive to control the PMF rotation, each source rack can achieve a wider communication coverage range than before. As a result, all racks within the coverage range have the ability to establish communication links with the source rack. To this end, we also design a neural network to mimic the PMF rotation, further improving the communication capability between racks. We then propose a DCN-topology reconfiguration algorithm supporting the coexistence of unicasting and multicasting, in order to make real-time decisions on the matching between FSO ports with minimized latency. Finally, we established a proof-of-concept prototype system to demonstrate the parallel beam control of our PMF. The test results show that the angle error is less than 0.1°, satisfying the accuracy requirements of WOSUs, and our PMF always has a good polarization response with the insertion loss of less than 2 dB under various azimuth angles or rotation planes.
{"title":"Universal strategy study of applying passive metasurfaces to an intra-DC wireless-optical interconnection","authors":"Weijie Qiu;Weigang Hou;Jianou Huang;Xiangyu He;Pengxing Guo;Lei Guo","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.521214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.521214","url":null,"abstract":"Free-space optical (FSO) communication can reduce the routing complexity of data center networks (DCNs), not only ensuring high-capacity optical switching, but also owning similar flexibility to the wireless connectivity. Presently, mainstream wireless-optical switching units (WOSUs) have adopted serial beam control for unicasting. As a two-dimensional planar structure composed of meta-atoms with special electromagnetic properties arranged in a certain way, a passive metasurface (PMF) has strong parallel beam regulating capability. In this paper, we propose a wireless-optical intra-DC interconnection scheme based on PMFs. Through a real PMF chip, by adjusting the polarization of an incident beam, the power distribution between normal and abnormal reflected beams can be controlled. When both reflected beams are assigned with power, we obtain a pair of beams reflected in parallel, thus simultaneously communicating with two racks. In fact, we can perform 1-to-\u0000<tex>$N$</tex>\u0000 (\u0000<tex>$N ge 2$</tex>\u0000) multicast by using cascaded PMFs, and 1-to-\u0000<tex>$N$</tex>\u0000 means that each source rack can communicate with \u0000<tex>$N$</tex>\u0000 destination racks, i.e., a wide communication coverage range. However, the cascaded PMFs may result in huge chip costs and high accumulated power loss. In this paper, we only demonstrate the 1-to-2 communication ability of our PMFs, so the communication coverage may be still limited. Hence, by introducing electrostatic drive to control the PMF rotation, each source rack can achieve a wider communication coverage range than before. As a result, all racks within the coverage range have the ability to establish communication links with the source rack. To this end, we also design a neural network to mimic the PMF rotation, further improving the communication capability between racks. We then propose a DCN-topology reconfiguration algorithm supporting the coexistence of unicasting and multicasting, in order to make real-time decisions on the matching between FSO ports with minimized latency. Finally, we established a proof-of-concept prototype system to demonstrate the parallel beam control of our PMF. The test results show that the angle error is less than 0.1°, satisfying the accuracy requirements of WOSUs, and our PMF always has a good polarization response with the insertion loss of less than 2 dB under various azimuth angles or rotation planes.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 10","pages":"929-940"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Zhao;Yi Lin;Yunbo Li;Dechao Zhang;Yucong Liu;Yu Zheng;Dong Wang;Sheng Liu;Shan Cao;Haoyu Feng;Han Li;Xiang Liu
With the development of service, there are demands for flexible connection scheduling based on customer-side services, fast connection response, and efficient scheduling of line-side resources in an optical transport network (OTN). This article proposes a service-oriented multi-layer resource scheduling architecture and algorithm based on the introduction of OTN fine grain technology. Specifically, we propose a service awareness scheme that enables OTNs to better match service requirements. Based on a centralized distributed collaborative architecture, we extend a path computation element communication protocol (PCEP) to achieve more efficient connection distribution. We further design a resource scheduling strategy and an algorithm based on multi-layer collaboration to perform differentiated scheduling for services with different priorities. Through the mechanisms and algorithms proposed, it is technically feasible to achieve precise matching of customer-side services, flexible scheduling of connections and resources, and efficient service response, and promote the evolution of the OTN service supply from traditional fixed point-to-point connections to flexible service-oriented optical network (SOON) connections.
{"title":"Multi-layer resource scheduling architecture and algorithm for a service-oriented optical network based on a fine grain OTN","authors":"Yang Zhao;Yi Lin;Yunbo Li;Dechao Zhang;Yucong Liu;Yu Zheng;Dong Wang;Sheng Liu;Shan Cao;Haoyu Feng;Han Li;Xiang Liu","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.527736","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.527736","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of service, there are demands for flexible connection scheduling based on customer-side services, fast connection response, and efficient scheduling of line-side resources in an optical transport network (OTN). This article proposes a service-oriented multi-layer resource scheduling architecture and algorithm based on the introduction of OTN fine grain technology. Specifically, we propose a service awareness scheme that enables OTNs to better match service requirements. Based on a centralized distributed collaborative architecture, we extend a path computation element communication protocol (PCEP) to achieve more efficient connection distribution. We further design a resource scheduling strategy and an algorithm based on multi-layer collaboration to perform differentiated scheduling for services with different priorities. Through the mechanisms and algorithms proposed, it is technically feasible to achieve precise matching of customer-side services, flexible scheduling of connections and resources, and efficient service response, and promote the evolution of the OTN service supply from traditional fixed point-to-point connections to flexible service-oriented optical network (SOON) connections.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 10","pages":"F13-F25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space division multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) enhance service provisioning by offering increased fiber capacity through the use of flexible spectrum allocation, multiple spatial modes, and efficient modulations. In these networks, the problem of allocating resources for connections involves assigning routes, modulations, cores, and spectrum (RMCSA). However, the presence of intercore crosstalk (XT) between ongoing connections on adjacent cores can degrade signal transmission, necessitating proper handling during resource assignment. The use of multiple modulations in translucent optical networks presents a challenge in balancing spectrum utilization and XT accumulation. In this paper, we propose a dual-optimized RMCSA algorithm called the Capacity Loss Aware Resource Assignment Algorithm (CLARA+), which optimizes network capacity utilization to improve resource availability and network performance. A two-step machine-learning-enabled optimization is used to improve the resource allocations by balancing the tradeoff between spectrum utilization and XT accumulation with the help of feature extraction from the network. Extensive simulations demonstrate that CLARA+ significantly reduces bandwidth blocking probability and enhances resource utilization across various scenarios. We show that our strategy applied to a few algorithms from the literature improves the bandwidth blocking probability by up to three orders of magnitude. The algorithm effectively balances spectrum utilization and XT accumulation more efficiently compared to existing algorithms in the literature.
{"title":"CLARA+: dual machine learning optimized resource assignment for translucent SDM-EONs","authors":"Shrinivas Petale;Suresh Subramaniam","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.527846","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.527846","url":null,"abstract":"Space division multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) enhance service provisioning by offering increased fiber capacity through the use of flexible spectrum allocation, multiple spatial modes, and efficient modulations. In these networks, the problem of allocating resources for connections involves assigning routes, modulations, cores, and spectrum (RMCSA). However, the presence of intercore crosstalk (XT) between ongoing connections on adjacent cores can degrade signal transmission, necessitating proper handling during resource assignment. The use of multiple modulations in translucent optical networks presents a challenge in balancing spectrum utilization and XT accumulation. In this paper, we propose a dual-optimized RMCSA algorithm called the Capacity Loss Aware Resource Assignment Algorithm (CLARA+), which optimizes network capacity utilization to improve resource availability and network performance. A two-step machine-learning-enabled optimization is used to improve the resource allocations by balancing the tradeoff between spectrum utilization and XT accumulation with the help of feature extraction from the network. Extensive simulations demonstrate that CLARA+ significantly reduces bandwidth blocking probability and enhances resource utilization across various scenarios. We show that our strategy applied to a few algorithms from the literature improves the bandwidth blocking probability by up to three orders of magnitude. The algorithm effectively balances spectrum utilization and XT accumulation more efficiently compared to existing algorithms in the literature.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 10","pages":"F1-F12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid development of artificial intelligence has accelerated the arrival of the era of large models. Artificial-neural-network-based large models typically have millions to billions of parameters, and their training and reasoning processes put strict requirements on hardware, especially at the chip level, in terms of interconnection bandwidth, processing speed, latency, etc. The optical network-on-chip (ONoC) is a new interconnection technology that connects IP cores through a network of optical waveguides. Due to its incomparable advantages such as low loss, high throughput, and low delay, this communication mode has gradually become the key technology to improve the efficiency of large models. At present, the ONoC has been used to reduce the interconnection complexity of neural network accelerators, where neural network models are reshaped to map into the process elements of the ONoC and communicate at high speed on chip. In this paper, we first propose a torus-based O-type mapping strategy to realize efficient mapping of neuron groups to the chip. Additionally, an array congestion information-based low-congestion arbitrator is designed and then a multi-path low-congestion routing algorithm named TMLA is presented to alleviate array congestion and disperse the routing pressure of each path. Results demonstrate that the proposed mapping and routing scheme can reduce the average network delay without additional loss when the injection rate is relatively large, which provides a valuable reference for the research of neural network acceleration.
人工智能的快速发展加速了大型模型时代的到来。基于人工神经网络的大型模型通常拥有数百万到数十亿个参数，其训练和推理过程对硬件，尤其是芯片级硬件的互联带宽、处理速度、延迟等提出了严格的要求。片上光网络（ONoC）是一种通过光波导网络连接 IP 核的新型互连技术。由于其具有低损耗、高吞吐量、低延迟等无可比拟的优势，这种通信模式已逐渐成为提高大型模型效率的关键技术。目前，ONoC 已被用于降低神经网络加速器的互连复杂度，将神经网络模型重塑后映射到 ONoC 的工艺元件中，并在芯片上进行高速通信。在本文中，我们首先提出了一种基于环的 O 型映射策略，以实现神经元群到芯片的高效映射。此外，我们还设计了一种基于阵列拥塞信息的低拥塞仲裁器，然后提出了一种名为 TMLA 的多路径低拥塞路由算法，以缓解阵列拥塞并分散各路径的路由压力。结果表明，当注入率相对较大时，所提出的映射和路由方案可以在不增加额外损耗的情况下降低平均网络延迟，为神经网络加速研究提供了有价值的参考。
{"title":"Efficient O-type mapping and routing of large-scale neural networks to torus-based ONoCs","authors":"Qiuyan Yao;Daqing Meng;Hui Yang;Nan Feng;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.525666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.525666","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of artificial intelligence has accelerated the arrival of the era of large models. Artificial-neural-network-based large models typically have millions to billions of parameters, and their training and reasoning processes put strict requirements on hardware, especially at the chip level, in terms of interconnection bandwidth, processing speed, latency, etc. The optical network-on-chip (ONoC) is a new interconnection technology that connects IP cores through a network of optical waveguides. Due to its incomparable advantages such as low loss, high throughput, and low delay, this communication mode has gradually become the key technology to improve the efficiency of large models. At present, the ONoC has been used to reduce the interconnection complexity of neural network accelerators, where neural network models are reshaped to map into the process elements of the ONoC and communicate at high speed on chip. In this paper, we first propose a torus-based O-type mapping strategy to realize efficient mapping of neuron groups to the chip. Additionally, an array congestion information-based low-congestion arbitrator is designed and then a multi-path low-congestion routing algorithm named TMLA is presented to alleviate array congestion and disperse the routing pressure of each path. Results demonstrate that the proposed mapping and routing scheme can reduce the average network delay without additional loss when the injection rate is relatively large, which provides a valuable reference for the research of neural network acceleration.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"918-928"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for data transmission continues to grow, it is expected that the single-carrier bit rate will reach 1.4 Tb/s, necessitating a 14 Tb/s optical interface for efficient traffic transmissions. In such scenarios, a single request could occupy the entire C-band, and therefore such a large request can be transmitted without being groomed with others, eliminating the need for wavelength cross-connect (WXC). The spatial channel network (SCN) architecture has been proposed to address this issue. In SCNs, there are two types of groomed space lanes (SLs): spatial bypass SLs, which enable end-to-end transmission without the need for WXCs, and spectrally groomed SLs, equipped with WXCs and guardbands (GBs) to integrate requests from different nodes for transmission. Because of this characteristic of the SCN, the traditional first fit algorithm cannot allocate SLs efficiently for these two distinct SLs. In this paper, we propose a dynamic routing, spatial channel, and spectrum assignment (RSCSA) algorithm that employs a granularity switching threshold to differentiate incoming requests with different SLs. The proposed algorithm allocates smaller requests to spectrally groomed SLs and larger requests to spatial bypass SLs. This approach not only maintains network flexibility but also ensures transmission efficiency. We have identified by simulation the most suitable granularity switching threshold for given networks and request matrices.
{"title":"Dynamic routing, spatial channel, and spectrum assignment in spatial channel networks based on a granularity switching threshold","authors":"Yu Zheng;Weichang Zheng;Mingcong Yang;Cheng Jin;Chenxiao Zhang;Yongbing Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.523666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.523666","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for data transmission continues to grow, it is expected that the single-carrier bit rate will reach 1.4 Tb/s, necessitating a 14 Tb/s optical interface for efficient traffic transmissions. In such scenarios, a single request could occupy the entire C-band, and therefore such a large request can be transmitted without being groomed with others, eliminating the need for wavelength cross-connect (WXC). The spatial channel network (SCN) architecture has been proposed to address this issue. In SCNs, there are two types of groomed space lanes (SLs): spatial bypass SLs, which enable end-to-end transmission without the need for WXCs, and spectrally groomed SLs, equipped with WXCs and guardbands (GBs) to integrate requests from different nodes for transmission. Because of this characteristic of the SCN, the traditional first fit algorithm cannot allocate SLs efficiently for these two distinct SLs. In this paper, we propose a dynamic routing, spatial channel, and spectrum assignment (RSCSA) algorithm that employs a granularity switching threshold to differentiate incoming requests with different SLs. The proposed algorithm allocates smaller requests to spectrally groomed SLs and larger requests to spatial bypass SLs. This approach not only maintains network flexibility but also ensures transmission efficiency. We have identified by simulation the most suitable granularity switching threshold for given networks and request matrices.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"905-917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose methods and an architecture to conduct measurements and optimize newly installed optical fiber line systems semi-automatically using integrated physics-aware technologies in a data center interconnection (DCI) transmission scenario. We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, digital longitudinal monitoring (DLM) and optical line system (OLS) physical parameter calibration working together in real-time to extract physical link parameters for fast optical fiber line systems provisioning. Our methodology has the following advantages over traditional design: a minimized footprint at user sites, accurate estimation of the necessary optical network characteristics via complementary telemetry technologies, and the capability to conduct all operation work remotely. The last feature is crucial, as it enables remote operation to implement network design settings for immediate response to quality of transmission (QoT) degradation and reversion in the case of unforeseen problems. We successfully performed semi-automatic line system provisioning over field fiber network facilities at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. The tasks of parameter retrieval, equipment setting optimization, and system setup/provisioning were completed within 1 h. The field operation was supervised by on-duty personnel who could access the system remotely from different time zones. By comparing Q-factor estimates calculated from the extracted link parameters with measured results from 400G transceivers, we confirmed that our methodology has a reduction in the QoT prediction errors ( ${pm}0.3;{rm dB}$ ) over existing designs ( ${pm}0.6;{rm dB}$ ).
{"title":"Semi-automatic line-system provisioning with an integrated physical-parameter-aware methodology: field verification and operational feasibility","authors":"Hideki Nishizawa;Giacomo Borraccini;Takeo Sasai;Yue-Kai Huang;Toru Mano;Kazuya Anazawa;Masatoshi Namiki;Soichiroh Usui;Tatsuya Matsumura;Yoshiaki Sone;Zehao Wang;Seiji Okamoto;Takeru Inoue;Ezra Ip;Andrea D'Amico;Tingjun Chen;Vittorio Curri;Ting Wang;Koji Asahi;Koichi Takasugi","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.524669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.524669","url":null,"abstract":"We propose methods and an architecture to conduct measurements and optimize newly installed optical fiber line systems semi-automatically using integrated physics-aware technologies in a data center interconnection (DCI) transmission scenario. We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, digital longitudinal monitoring (DLM) and optical line system (OLS) physical parameter calibration working together in real-time to extract physical link parameters for fast optical fiber line systems provisioning. Our methodology has the following advantages over traditional design: a minimized footprint at user sites, accurate estimation of the necessary optical network characteristics via complementary telemetry technologies, and the capability to conduct all operation work remotely. The last feature is crucial, as it enables remote operation to implement network design settings for immediate response to quality of transmission (QoT) degradation and reversion in the case of unforeseen problems. We successfully performed semi-automatic line system provisioning over field fiber network facilities at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. The tasks of parameter retrieval, equipment setting optimization, and system setup/provisioning were completed within 1 h. The field operation was supervised by on-duty personnel who could access the system remotely from different time zones. By comparing Q-factor estimates calculated from the extracted link parameters with measured results from 400G transceivers, we confirmed that our methodology has a reduction in the QoT prediction errors (\u0000<tex>${pm}0.3;{rm dB}$</tex>\u0000) over existing designs (\u0000<tex>${pm}0.6;{rm dB}$</tex>\u0000).","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"894-904"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In satellite optical networks (SONs), laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) are energy hungry to drive pointing, acquisition, and tracking systems and laser devices to maintain fine link pointing and provide communication services. Rechargeable batteries are the sole energy support for satellites in the eclipse region, and unrestrained use of batteries may accelerate battery aging and shorten the satellite operation period. Real-time sleep/activate control on demand is not applicable to reduce the energy consumption of LISLs because waiting for link pointing delay is intolerable for most traffic requests, and aperiodically changing LISLs’ working states may affect the routing reliability in SONs. For the above problem, this paper proposes green LISL planning (GreenLP) to periodically switch LISLs’ working states to prolong the battery lifetime. Considering the possible degradation of network throughput by sleeping LISLs, this paper models GreenLP as a double-objective optimization problem from the perspective of topology design, and two topology features are expanded based on traffic prediction to numerically quantify LISLs’ potential importance. Simulation results indicate that, compared with existing schemes, GreenLP reduces battery lifetime consumption by 8.93% and the probability of request blocking by 5.65%. Numerical analysis shows that the expanded node betweenness centrality has the effectiveness and universality to quantify LISLs’ potential importance on network throughput.
{"title":"Green laser inter-satellite link planning in satellite optical networks: trading off the battery lifetime and network throughput using numerical quantization","authors":"Yu Liu;Xin Li;Daixuan Li;Chenyu Zhao;Shanguo Huang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.527910","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.527910","url":null,"abstract":"In satellite optical networks (SONs), laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) are energy hungry to drive pointing, acquisition, and tracking systems and laser devices to maintain fine link pointing and provide communication services. Rechargeable batteries are the sole energy support for satellites in the eclipse region, and unrestrained use of batteries may accelerate battery aging and shorten the satellite operation period. Real-time sleep/activate control on demand is not applicable to reduce the energy consumption of LISLs because waiting for link pointing delay is intolerable for most traffic requests, and aperiodically changing LISLs’ working states may affect the routing reliability in SONs. For the above problem, this paper proposes green LISL planning (GreenLP) to periodically switch LISLs’ working states to prolong the battery lifetime. Considering the possible degradation of network throughput by sleeping LISLs, this paper models GreenLP as a double-objective optimization problem from the perspective of topology design, and two topology features are expanded based on traffic prediction to numerically quantify LISLs’ potential importance. Simulation results indicate that, compared with existing schemes, GreenLP reduces battery lifetime consumption by 8.93% and the probability of request blocking by 5.65%. Numerical analysis shows that the expanded node betweenness centrality has the effectiveness and universality to quantify LISLs’ potential importance on network throughput.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"868-880"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical networks-on-chip (ONoCs) have emerged as a compelling platform for many-core systems owing to their notable attributes, including high bandwidth, low latency, and energy efficiency. Nonetheless, the integration of microring resonators (MRs) in ONoCs exposes them to vulnerabilities associated with hardware trojans (HTs). In response, we propose an innovative strategy that combines deep-learning-based HT attack prediction with a robust security defense mechanism to fortify the resilience of ONoCs. For HT attack prediction, we employ a multiple-inputs and multiple-outputs long short-term memory neural network model. This model serves to identify susceptible MRs by forecasting alterations in traffic patterns and detecting internal faults within optical routing nodes. On the defensive front, we introduce a fine-grained defense mechanism based on MR faults. This mechanism effectively thwarts HTs during the optical routing process, thereby optimizing node utilization in ONoCs while concurrently upholding security and reliability. Simulation outcomes underscore the efficacy of the proposed HT attack prediction mechanism, demonstrating high accuracy with a loss rate of less than 0.7%. The measured mean absolute error and root mean squared error stand at 0.045 and 0.07, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to conventional coarse-grained node-based defense algorithms, our solution achieves noteworthy reductions of up to 16.2%, 43.72%, and 44.86% in packet loss rate, insertion loss, and crosstalk noise, respectively.
{"title":"Neural-network-based hardware trojan attack prediction and security defense mechanism in optical networks-on-chip","authors":"Xiangyu He;Pengxing Guo;Jiahao Zhou;Jingsi Li;Fan Zhang;Weigang Hou;Lei Guo","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.519470","DOIUrl":"10.1364/JOCN.519470","url":null,"abstract":"Optical networks-on-chip (ONoCs) have emerged as a compelling platform for many-core systems owing to their notable attributes, including high bandwidth, low latency, and energy efficiency. Nonetheless, the integration of microring resonators (MRs) in ONoCs exposes them to vulnerabilities associated with hardware trojans (HTs). In response, we propose an innovative strategy that combines deep-learning-based HT attack prediction with a robust security defense mechanism to fortify the resilience of ONoCs. For HT attack prediction, we employ a multiple-inputs and multiple-outputs long short-term memory neural network model. This model serves to identify susceptible MRs by forecasting alterations in traffic patterns and detecting internal faults within optical routing nodes. On the defensive front, we introduce a fine-grained defense mechanism based on MR faults. This mechanism effectively thwarts HTs during the optical routing process, thereby optimizing node utilization in ONoCs while concurrently upholding security and reliability. Simulation outcomes underscore the efficacy of the proposed HT attack prediction mechanism, demonstrating high accuracy with a loss rate of less than 0.7%. The measured mean absolute error and root mean squared error stand at 0.045 and 0.07, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to conventional coarse-grained node-based defense algorithms, our solution achieves noteworthy reductions of up to 16.2%, 43.72%, and 44.86% in packet loss rate, insertion loss, and crosstalk noise, respectively.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"881-893"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Special Issue contains a collection of invitation-only extensions based on papers presented at the Optical Networks and Systems Symposium at IEEE GLOBECOM held 4–8 December 2023 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We present a brief introduction followed by an overview of each of the papers.
{"title":"Introduction to the GLOBECOM 2023 Optical Networks and Systems Symposium Special Issue","authors":"Nicola Andriolli;Jerzy Domzal;Elaine Wong","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.539472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.539472","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue contains a collection of invitation-only extensions based on papers presented at the Optical Networks and Systems Symposium at IEEE GLOBECOM held 4–8 December 2023 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We present a brief introduction followed by an overview of each of the papers.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"ONS1-ONS2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10643137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leading by the development of Starlink, the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks are expected to be the customer-grade Internet infrastructure for carrying Internet traffic. In this paper, focusing on network usage fluctuations that are caused by both human activity variations in work and rest time slots and inter-orbital-plane ISL length variations, we introduce the time-zone-based traffic model and the link compensation matrix into the global satellite network. Accordingly, we propose relay routing algorithms to balance the workload of the satellites over different time zones and latitudes, and we also compare the proposed algorithms with the baseline strategies. Then simulation results show that the proposed model and algorithm can achieve a 97.23% reduction in blocking ratio with a 0.29% increase in latency.
{"title":"Latitude- and time-zone-aware load balancing in optical satellite networks","authors":"Kexin Gao;Wei Wang;Yongli Zhao;Yanran Xiao;Xin Zhang;Liyazhou Hu;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOCN.525353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.525353","url":null,"abstract":"Leading by the development of Starlink, the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks are expected to be the customer-grade Internet infrastructure for carrying Internet traffic. In this paper, focusing on network usage fluctuations that are caused by both human activity variations in work and rest time slots and inter-orbital-plane ISL length variations, we introduce the time-zone-based traffic model and the link compensation matrix into the global satellite network. Accordingly, we propose relay routing algorithms to balance the workload of the satellites over different time zones and latitudes, and we also compare the proposed algorithms with the baseline strategies. Then simulation results show that the proposed model and algorithm can achieve a 97.23% reduction in blocking ratio with a 0.29% increase in latency.","PeriodicalId":50103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Communications and Networking","volume":"16 9","pages":"E61-E72"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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