Christopher Alexander offers a critical perspective on the modernist approach to architecture, which he argues has prioritized innovation, abstraction, and mechanistic efficiency at the expense of human-centered and organic values. This shift has led to the proliferation of buildings that, while visually striking, often feel cold, impersonal, and disconnected from the deeper needs of the people who inhabit them. Alexander advocates for a return to timeless architectural principles such as harmony, balance, and a deep connection to the natural and cultural context. He introduces the concept of living structure, which emphasizes creating spaces that resonate with the intrinsic order found in nature and human life, fostering environments that are not only functional and beautiful but also profoundly life-affirming. By challenging the dominance of "iconic" but alienating designs, Alexander calls for a holistic, human-centered approach to architecture-one that prioritizes the well-being of individuals and communities, creating spaces that nurture a sense of place, belonging, and harmony with the world around them.
{"title":"The Status Quo of Architecture and Its Impact on Urban Management: Christopher Alexander's Insights","authors":"Bin Jiang","doi":"arxiv-2409.07496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.07496","url":null,"abstract":"Christopher Alexander offers a critical perspective on the modernist approach\u0000to architecture, which he argues has prioritized innovation, abstraction, and\u0000mechanistic efficiency at the expense of human-centered and organic values.\u0000This shift has led to the proliferation of buildings that, while visually\u0000striking, often feel cold, impersonal, and disconnected from the deeper needs\u0000of the people who inhabit them. Alexander advocates for a return to timeless\u0000architectural principles such as harmony, balance, and a deep connection to the\u0000natural and cultural context. He introduces the concept of living structure,\u0000which emphasizes creating spaces that resonate with the intrinsic order found\u0000in nature and human life, fostering environments that are not only functional\u0000and beautiful but also profoundly life-affirming. By challenging the dominance\u0000of \"iconic\" but alienating designs, Alexander calls for a holistic,\u0000human-centered approach to architecture-one that prioritizes the well-being of\u0000individuals and communities, creating spaces that nurture a sense of place,\u0000belonging, and harmony with the world around them.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluated the effects of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games on traffic demand on the Metropolitan expressway. We constructed panel data for both passenger and freight vehicles' demand using longitudinal disaggregated trip records from the Metropolitan expressway. Subsequently, we established a demand function and used a difference-in-differences method to individually estimate the impacts of toll surcharges and other Olympics-related factors by leveraging the fact that the toll surcharges were not applied to freight vehicles. The results indicate that toll surcharges resulted in a decrease of 25.0 % for weekdays and 36.8 % for weekends/holidays in passenger vehicle demand on the Metropolitan expressway. The estimated toll elasticities are 0.345 for weekdays and 0.615 for weekends/holidays, respectively. Notably, analysis of the Olympics-related factor demonstrated that travel demand management (TDM) strategies effectively curbed demand on weekends/holidays with a reduction of 2.9 % in traffic demand. However, on weekdays, induced demand surpassed the reduction of demand by other TDM strategies than tolling, resulting in a 4.6 % increase in traffic demand. Additionally, We developed a zone-based demand function and investigate the spatial heterogeneity in toll elasticity. Our findings revealed small heterogeneity for weekdays (0.283 to 0.509) and large heterogeneity for weekends/holidays (0.484 to 0.935).
{"title":"Understanding changes in traffic demand during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games","authors":"Takao Dantsuji, Masaki Nakagawa","doi":"arxiv-2409.05296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.05296","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluated the effects of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic\u0000Games on traffic demand on the Metropolitan expressway. We constructed panel\u0000data for both passenger and freight vehicles' demand using longitudinal\u0000disaggregated trip records from the Metropolitan expressway. Subsequently, we\u0000established a demand function and used a difference-in-differences method to\u0000individually estimate the impacts of toll surcharges and other Olympics-related\u0000factors by leveraging the fact that the toll surcharges were not applied to\u0000freight vehicles. The results indicate that toll surcharges resulted in a decrease of 25.0 %\u0000for weekdays and 36.8 % for weekends/holidays in passenger vehicle demand on\u0000the Metropolitan expressway. The estimated toll elasticities are 0.345 for\u0000weekdays and 0.615 for weekends/holidays, respectively. Notably, analysis of\u0000the Olympics-related factor demonstrated that travel demand management (TDM)\u0000strategies effectively curbed demand on weekends/holidays with a reduction of\u00002.9 % in traffic demand. However, on weekdays, induced demand surpassed the\u0000reduction of demand by other TDM strategies than tolling, resulting in a 4.6 %\u0000increase in traffic demand. Additionally, We developed a zone-based demand function and investigate the\u0000spatial heterogeneity in toll elasticity. Our findings revealed small\u0000heterogeneity for weekdays (0.283 to 0.509) and large heterogeneity for\u0000weekends/holidays (0.484 to 0.935).","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonathan Franceschi, Lorenzo Pareschi, Mattia Zanella
The degree distribution is a key statistical indicator in network theory, often used to understand how information spreads across connected nodes. In this paper, we focus on non-growing networks formed through a rewiring algorithm and develop kinetic Boltzmann-type models to capture the emergence of degree distributions that characterize both preferential attachment networks and random networks. Under a suitable mean-field scaling, these models reduce to a Fokker-Planck-type partial differential equation with an affine diffusion coefficient, that is consistent with a well-established master equation for discrete rewiring processes. We further analyze the convergence to equilibrium for this class of Fokker-Planck equations, demonstrating how different regimes -- ranging from exponential to algebraic rates -- depend on network parameters. Our results provide a unified framework for modeling degree distributions in non-growing networks and offer insights into the long-time behavior of such systems.
{"title":"Emerging properties of the degree distribution in large non-growing networks","authors":"Jonathan Franceschi, Lorenzo Pareschi, Mattia Zanella","doi":"arxiv-2409.06099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.06099","url":null,"abstract":"The degree distribution is a key statistical indicator in network theory,\u0000often used to understand how information spreads across connected nodes. In\u0000this paper, we focus on non-growing networks formed through a rewiring\u0000algorithm and develop kinetic Boltzmann-type models to capture the emergence of\u0000degree distributions that characterize both preferential attachment networks\u0000and random networks. Under a suitable mean-field scaling, these models reduce\u0000to a Fokker-Planck-type partial differential equation with an affine diffusion\u0000coefficient, that is consistent with a well-established master equation for\u0000discrete rewiring processes. We further analyze the convergence to equilibrium\u0000for this class of Fokker-Planck equations, demonstrating how different regimes\u0000-- ranging from exponential to algebraic rates -- depend on network parameters.\u0000Our results provide a unified framework for modeling degree distributions in\u0000non-growing networks and offer insights into the long-time behavior of such\u0000systems.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia S. Schmid1Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Sean Simmons2Anglers Atlas, Goldstream Publishing, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, Mark S. PoeschDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Pouria RamaziDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, Mark A. Lewis1Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Fishing is a valuable recreational activity in our society. To assess future fishing activity, identifying variables related to differences in fishing activity, such as gender or Covid-19, is helpful. We conducted a Canada-wide email survey of users of an online fishing platform and analyzed responses with a focus on gender, the impact of Covid-19, and variables directly related to fisher effort. Genders (90.1% male and 9.9% female respondents) significantly differed in demographics, socioeconomic status, and fishing skills but were similar in fishing preferences, fisher effort in terms of trip frequency, and travel distance. For almost half of the fishers, Covid-19 caused a change in trip frequency, determined by the activity level and gender of the fisher. A Bayesian network revealed that travel distance was the main determinant of trip frequency and negatively impacted the fishing activity of 61% of the fishers. Fisher effort was also directly related to fishing expertise. The study shows how online surveys and Bayesian networks can help understand the relationship between fishers' characteristics and activity and predict future fishing trends.
{"title":"Analyzing fisher effort -- Gender differences and the impact of Covid-19","authors":"Julia S. Schmid1Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Sean Simmons2Anglers Atlas, Goldstream Publishing, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, Mark S. PoeschDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Pouria RamaziDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, Mark A. Lewis1Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada","doi":"arxiv-2409.07492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.07492","url":null,"abstract":"Fishing is a valuable recreational activity in our society. To assess future\u0000fishing activity, identifying variables related to differences in fishing\u0000activity, such as gender or Covid-19, is helpful. We conducted a Canada-wide\u0000email survey of users of an online fishing platform and analyzed responses with\u0000a focus on gender, the impact of Covid-19, and variables directly related to\u0000fisher effort. Genders (90.1% male and 9.9% female respondents) significantly\u0000differed in demographics, socioeconomic status, and fishing skills but were\u0000similar in fishing preferences, fisher effort in terms of trip frequency, and\u0000travel distance. For almost half of the fishers, Covid-19 caused a change in\u0000trip frequency, determined by the activity level and gender of the fisher. A\u0000Bayesian network revealed that travel distance was the main determinant of trip\u0000frequency and negatively impacted the fishing activity of 61% of the fishers.\u0000Fisher effort was also directly related to fishing expertise. The study shows\u0000how online surveys and Bayesian networks can help understand the relationship\u0000between fishers' characteristics and activity and predict future fishing\u0000trends.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Direct reciprocity, stemming from repeated interactions among players, is one of the fundamental mechanisms for understanding the evolution of cooperation. However, canonical strategies for the repeated prisoner's dilemma, such as Win-Stay-Lose-Shift and Tit-for-Tat, fail to consistently dominate alternative strategies during evolution. This complexity intensifies with the introduction of spatial structure or network behind individual interactions, where nodes represent players and edges represent their interactions. Here, we propose a new strategy, ``Cooperate-Stay-Defect-Tolerate" (CSDT), which can dominate other strategies within networked populations by adhering to three essential characteristics. This strategy maintains current behaviour when the opponent cooperates and tolerates defection to a limited extent when the opponent defects. We demonstrate that the limit of tolerance of CSDT can vary with the network structure, evolutionary dynamics, and game payoffs. Furthermore, we find that incorporating the Always Defect strategy (ALLD) can enhance the evolution of CSDT and eliminate strategies that are vulnerable to defection in the population, providing a new interpretation of the role of ALLD in direct reciprocity. Our findings offer a novel perspective on how cooperative strategy evolves on networked populations.
{"title":"Dominant strategy in repeated games on networks","authors":"Xiaochen Wang, Aming Li","doi":"arxiv-2409.04696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04696","url":null,"abstract":"Direct reciprocity, stemming from repeated interactions among players, is one\u0000of the fundamental mechanisms for understanding the evolution of cooperation.\u0000However, canonical strategies for the repeated prisoner's dilemma, such as\u0000Win-Stay-Lose-Shift and Tit-for-Tat, fail to consistently dominate alternative\u0000strategies during evolution. This complexity intensifies with the introduction\u0000of spatial structure or network behind individual interactions, where nodes\u0000represent players and edges represent their interactions. Here, we propose a\u0000new strategy, ``Cooperate-Stay-Defect-Tolerate\" (CSDT), which can dominate\u0000other strategies within networked populations by adhering to three essential\u0000characteristics. This strategy maintains current behaviour when the opponent\u0000cooperates and tolerates defection to a limited extent when the opponent\u0000defects. We demonstrate that the limit of tolerance of CSDT can vary with the\u0000network structure, evolutionary dynamics, and game payoffs. Furthermore, we\u0000find that incorporating the Always Defect strategy (ALLD) can enhance the\u0000evolution of CSDT and eliminate strategies that are vulnerable to defection in\u0000the population, providing a new interpretation of the role of ALLD in direct\u0000reciprocity. Our findings offer a novel perspective on how cooperative strategy\u0000evolves on networked populations.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Networks specifying who interacts with whom are crucial for mathematical models of epidemic spreading. In the context of emerging diseases, these networks have the potential to encode multiple interaction contexts where non-pharmaceutical interventions can be introduced, allowing for proper comparisons among different intervention strategies in a plethora of contexts. Consequently, a multilayer network describing interactions in a population and detailing their contexts in different layers constitutes an appropriate tool for such descriptions. These approaches however become challenging in large-scale systems such as cities, particularly in a framework where data protection policies are enhanced. In this work, we present a methodology to build such multilayer networks and make those corresponding to five Spanish cities available. Our work uses approaches informed by multiple available datasets to create realistic digital twins of the citizens and their interactions and provides a playground to explore different pandemic scenario in realistic settings for better preparedness.
{"title":"Multilayer networks describing interactions in urban systems: a digital twin of five cities in Spain","authors":"Jorge P. Rodríguez, Alberto Aleta, Yamir Moreno","doi":"arxiv-2409.04299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04299","url":null,"abstract":"Networks specifying who interacts with whom are crucial for mathematical\u0000models of epidemic spreading. In the context of emerging diseases, these\u0000networks have the potential to encode multiple interaction contexts where\u0000non-pharmaceutical interventions can be introduced, allowing for proper\u0000comparisons among different intervention strategies in a plethora of contexts.\u0000Consequently, a multilayer network describing interactions in a population and\u0000detailing their contexts in different layers constitutes an appropriate tool\u0000for such descriptions. These approaches however become challenging in\u0000large-scale systems such as cities, particularly in a framework where data\u0000protection policies are enhanced. In this work, we present a methodology to\u0000build such multilayer networks and make those corresponding to five Spanish\u0000cities available. Our work uses approaches informed by multiple available\u0000datasets to create realistic digital twins of the citizens and their\u0000interactions and provides a playground to explore different pandemic scenario\u0000in realistic settings for better preparedness.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contemporary literature on the dynamics of economic activities in growing cities mainly focused on a few years or decades time frames. Using a new geo-historical database constructed from historical directories with about 1 million entries, we present a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of activities in a major city, Paris, over almost a century (1829-1907). Our analysis suggests that activities that accompany city growth can be classified in different categories according to their dynamics and their scaling with population: (i) linear for everyday needs of residents (food stores, clothing retailers, health care practitioners), (ii) sublinear for public services (legal, administrative, educational), (iii) superlinear for the city's specific features (passing fads, specialization, timely needs). The dynamics of these activities is in addition very sensitive to historical perturbations such as large scale public works or political conflicts. These results shed light on the evolution of activities, a crucial component of growing cities.
{"title":"A typology of activities over a century of urban growth","authors":"Julie Gravier, Marc Barthelemy","doi":"arxiv-2409.03263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03263","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary literature on the dynamics of economic activities in growing\u0000cities mainly focused on a few years or decades time frames. Using a new\u0000geo-historical database constructed from historical directories with about 1\u0000million entries, we present a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of\u0000activities in a major city, Paris, over almost a century (1829-1907). Our\u0000analysis suggests that activities that accompany city growth can be classified\u0000in different categories according to their dynamics and their scaling with\u0000population: (i) linear for everyday needs of residents (food stores, clothing\u0000retailers, health care practitioners), (ii) sublinear for public services\u0000(legal, administrative, educational), (iii) superlinear for the city's specific\u0000features (passing fads, specialization, timely needs). The dynamics of these\u0000activities is in addition very sensitive to historical perturbations such as\u0000large scale public works or political conflicts. These results shed light on\u0000the evolution of activities, a crucial component of growing cities.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert W. Epps, Amanda A. Volk, Robert R. White, Robert Tirawat, Rosemary C. Bramante, Joseph J. Berry
The modern technological landscape has trended towards increased precision and greater digitization of information. However, the methods used to record and communicate scientific procedures have remained largely unchanged over the last century. Written text as the primary means for communicating scientific protocols poses notable limitations in human and machine information transfer. In this work, we present the Universal Workflow Language (UWL) and the open-source Universal Workflow Language interface (UWLi). UWL is a graph-based data architecture that can capture arbitrary scientific procedures through workflow representation of protocol steps and embedded procedure metadata. It is machine readable, discipline agnostic, and compatible with FAIR reporting standards. UWLi is an accompanying software package for building and manipulating UWL files into tabular and plain text representations in a controlled, detailed, and multilingual format. UWL transcription of protocols from three high-impact publications resulted in the identification of substantial deficiencies in the detail of the reported procedures. UWL transcription of these publications identified seventeen procedural ambiguities and thirty missing parameters for every one hundred words in published procedures. In addition to preventing and identifying procedural omission, UWL files were found to be compatible with geometric learning techniques for representing scientific protocols. In a surrogate function designed to represent an arbitrary multi-step experimental process, graph transformer networks were able to predict outcomes in approximately 6,000 fewer experiments than equivalent linear models. Implementation of UWL and UWLi into the scientific reporting process will result in higher reproducibility between both experimentalists and machines, thus proving an avenue to more effective modeling and control of complex systems.
{"title":"Universal Workflow Language and Software Enables Geometric Learning and FAIR Scientific Protocol Reporting","authors":"Robert W. Epps, Amanda A. Volk, Robert R. White, Robert Tirawat, Rosemary C. Bramante, Joseph J. Berry","doi":"arxiv-2409.05899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.05899","url":null,"abstract":"The modern technological landscape has trended towards increased precision\u0000and greater digitization of information. However, the methods used to record\u0000and communicate scientific procedures have remained largely unchanged over the\u0000last century. Written text as the primary means for communicating scientific\u0000protocols poses notable limitations in human and machine information transfer.\u0000In this work, we present the Universal Workflow Language (UWL) and the\u0000open-source Universal Workflow Language interface (UWLi). UWL is a graph-based\u0000data architecture that can capture arbitrary scientific procedures through\u0000workflow representation of protocol steps and embedded procedure metadata. It\u0000is machine readable, discipline agnostic, and compatible with FAIR reporting\u0000standards. UWLi is an accompanying software package for building and\u0000manipulating UWL files into tabular and plain text representations in a\u0000controlled, detailed, and multilingual format. UWL transcription of protocols\u0000from three high-impact publications resulted in the identification of\u0000substantial deficiencies in the detail of the reported procedures. UWL\u0000transcription of these publications identified seventeen procedural ambiguities\u0000and thirty missing parameters for every one hundred words in published\u0000procedures. In addition to preventing and identifying procedural omission, UWL\u0000files were found to be compatible with geometric learning techniques for\u0000representing scientific protocols. In a surrogate function designed to\u0000represent an arbitrary multi-step experimental process, graph transformer\u0000networks were able to predict outcomes in approximately 6,000 fewer experiments\u0000than equivalent linear models. Implementation of UWL and UWLi into the\u0000scientific reporting process will result in higher reproducibility between both\u0000experimentalists and machines, thus proving an avenue to more effective\u0000modeling and control of complex systems.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work we propose a simple model for the emergence of drug dealers. For this purpose, we built a compartmental model considering four subpopulations, namely susceptibles, passive supporters, drug dealers and arrested drug dealers. The target is to study the influence of the passive supporters on the long-time prevalence of drug dealers. Passive supporters are people who are passively consenting to the drug trafficking cause. First we consider the model on a fully-connected newtork, in such a way that we can write a rate equation for each subpopulation. Our analytical and numerical results show that the emergence of drug dealers is a consequence of the rapid increase number of passive supporters. Such increase is associated with a nonequilibrium active-absorbing phase transition. After that, we consider the model on a two-dimensional square lattice, in order to compare the results in the presence of a simple social network with the previous results. The Monte Carlo simulation results suggest a similar behavior in comparison with the fully-connected network case, but the location of the critical point of the transition is distinct, due to the neighbors' correlations introduced by the presence of the lattice.
{"title":"Dynamics of drug trafficking: Results from a simple compartmental model","authors":"Nuno Crokidakis","doi":"arxiv-2409.02659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.02659","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we propose a simple model for the emergence of drug dealers. For\u0000this purpose, we built a compartmental model considering four subpopulations,\u0000namely susceptibles, passive supporters, drug dealers and arrested drug\u0000dealers. The target is to study the influence of the passive supporters on the\u0000long-time prevalence of drug dealers. Passive supporters are people who are\u0000passively consenting to the drug trafficking cause. First we consider the model\u0000on a fully-connected newtork, in such a way that we can write a rate equation\u0000for each subpopulation. Our analytical and numerical results show that the\u0000emergence of drug dealers is a consequence of the rapid increase number of\u0000passive supporters. Such increase is associated with a nonequilibrium\u0000active-absorbing phase transition. After that, we consider the model on a\u0000two-dimensional square lattice, in order to compare the results in the presence\u0000of a simple social network with the previous results. The Monte Carlo\u0000simulation results suggest a similar behavior in comparison with the\u0000fully-connected network case, but the location of the critical point of the\u0000transition is distinct, due to the neighbors' correlations introduced by the\u0000presence of the lattice.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dennis Robert Windham, Caroline J. Wendt, Alex Crane, Sorelle A. Friedler, Blair D. Sullivan, Aaron Clauset
When information spreads across a network via pairwise sharing, large disparities in information access can arise from the network's structural heterogeneity. Algorithms to improve the fairness of information access seek to maximize the minimum access of a node to information by sequentially selecting new nodes to seed with the spreading information. However, existing algorithms are computationally expensive. Here, we develop and evaluate a set of 10 new scalable algorithms to improve information access in social networks; in order to compare them to the existing state-of-the-art, we introduce both a new performance metric and a new benchmark corpus of networks. Additionally, we investigate the degree to which algorithm performance on minimizing information access gaps can be predicted ahead of time from features of a network's structure. We find that while no algorithm is strictly superior to all others across networks, our new scalable algorithms are competitive with the state-of-the-art and orders of magnitude faster. We introduce a meta-learner approach that learns which of the fast algorithms is best for a specific network and is on average only 20% less effective than the state-of-the-art performance on held-out data, while about 75-130 times faster. Furthermore, on about 20% of networks the meta-learner's performance exceeds the state-of-the-art.
{"title":"Fast algorithms to improve fair information access in networks","authors":"Dennis Robert Windham, Caroline J. Wendt, Alex Crane, Sorelle A. Friedler, Blair D. Sullivan, Aaron Clauset","doi":"arxiv-2409.03127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03127","url":null,"abstract":"When information spreads across a network via pairwise sharing, large\u0000disparities in information access can arise from the network's structural\u0000heterogeneity. Algorithms to improve the fairness of information access seek to\u0000maximize the minimum access of a node to information by sequentially selecting\u0000new nodes to seed with the spreading information. However, existing algorithms\u0000are computationally expensive. Here, we develop and evaluate a set of 10 new\u0000scalable algorithms to improve information access in social networks; in order\u0000to compare them to the existing state-of-the-art, we introduce both a new\u0000performance metric and a new benchmark corpus of networks. Additionally, we\u0000investigate the degree to which algorithm performance on minimizing information\u0000access gaps can be predicted ahead of time from features of a network's\u0000structure. We find that while no algorithm is strictly superior to all others\u0000across networks, our new scalable algorithms are competitive with the\u0000state-of-the-art and orders of magnitude faster. We introduce a meta-learner\u0000approach that learns which of the fast algorithms is best for a specific\u0000network and is on average only 20% less effective than the state-of-the-art\u0000performance on held-out data, while about 75-130 times faster. Furthermore, on\u0000about 20% of networks the meta-learner's performance exceeds the\u0000state-of-the-art.","PeriodicalId":501043,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Physics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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