I investigate the structure of $E_8$ under the action of the subalgebra/subgroup $A_1+G_2+C_3$, as a potential route to unification of the fundamental forces of nature into a single algebraic structure. The particular real form $E_{8(-24)}$ supports a decomposition into compact $G_2$ plus split $A_1+C_3$, which allows a restriction from $G_2$ to $SU(3)$ for QCD, together with split $SL_2(mathbb R)$ to break the symmetry of the weak interaction and give mass to the bosons. The factor $C_3$ contains a copy of the Lorentz group $SL_2(mathbb C)$ and extends the `spacetime' symmetries to the full group of symplectic symmetries of $3+3$-dimensional phase space.
{"title":"On the embedding of $C_3$ in $E_8$","authors":"Robert A. Wilson","doi":"arxiv-2404.18938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.18938","url":null,"abstract":"I investigate the structure of $E_8$ under the action of the\u0000subalgebra/subgroup $A_1+G_2+C_3$, as a potential route to unification of the\u0000fundamental forces of nature into a single algebraic structure. The particular\u0000real form $E_{8(-24)}$ supports a decomposition into compact $G_2$ plus split\u0000$A_1+C_3$, which allows a restriction from $G_2$ to $SU(3)$ for QCD, together\u0000with split $SL_2(mathbb R)$ to break the symmetry of the weak interaction and\u0000give mass to the bosons. The factor $C_3$ contains a copy of the Lorentz group\u0000$SL_2(mathbb C)$ and extends the `spacetime' symmetries to the full group of\u0000symplectic symmetries of $3+3$-dimensional phase space.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A theory of electron spin is developed here based on the extended least action principle and assumptions of intrinsic angular momentum of an electron with random orientations. By incorporating appropriate relative entropy for the random orientations of intrinsic angular momentum in the extended least action principle, the theory recovers the quantum formulation of electron spin. The two-level quantization of spin measurement is a natural mathematical consequence instead of a postulate. The formulation of measurement probability when a second Stern-Gerlach apparatus is rotated relative to the first Stern-Gerlach apparatus, and the Schr"{o}dinger-Pauli equation, are also derived successfully. Furthermore, we provide an intuitive physical model and formulation to explain the entanglement phenomenon between two electron spins. In this model, spin entanglement is the consequence of correlation between the random orientations of the intrinsic angular momenta of the two electrons. Since the orientation is an intrinsic local property of electron, the correlation of orientations can be preserved even when the two electrons are remotely separated. Such a correlation can be manifested without causal effect. Owing to this orientation correlation, the Bell-CHSH inequality is shown to be violated in a Bell test. The standard quantum theory of electron spin can be considered as an ideal approximation of the present theory when certain conditions are taken to the limits. A potential experiment is proposed to test the difference between the present theory and the standard quantum theory. In a typical Bell test that confirms the violation of Bell-CHSH inequality, the theory suggests that by adding a sufficiently large time delay before Bob's measurement, the Bell-CHSH inequality can become non-violated.
{"title":"Spin Theory Based on the Extended Least Action Principle and Information Metrics: Quantization, Entanglement, and Bell Test With Time Delay","authors":"Jianhao M. Yang","doi":"arxiv-2404.13783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.13783","url":null,"abstract":"A theory of electron spin is developed here based on the extended least\u0000action principle and assumptions of intrinsic angular momentum of an electron\u0000with random orientations. By incorporating appropriate relative entropy for the\u0000random orientations of intrinsic angular momentum in the extended least action\u0000principle, the theory recovers the quantum formulation of electron spin. The\u0000two-level quantization of spin measurement is a natural mathematical\u0000consequence instead of a postulate. The formulation of measurement probability\u0000when a second Stern-Gerlach apparatus is rotated relative to the first\u0000Stern-Gerlach apparatus, and the Schr\"{o}dinger-Pauli equation, are also\u0000derived successfully. Furthermore, we provide an intuitive physical model and\u0000formulation to explain the entanglement phenomenon between two electron spins.\u0000In this model, spin entanglement is the consequence of correlation between the\u0000random orientations of the intrinsic angular momenta of the two electrons.\u0000Since the orientation is an intrinsic local property of electron, the\u0000correlation of orientations can be preserved even when the two electrons are\u0000remotely separated. Such a correlation can be manifested without causal effect.\u0000Owing to this orientation correlation, the Bell-CHSH inequality is shown to be\u0000violated in a Bell test. The standard quantum theory of electron spin can be\u0000considered as an ideal approximation of the present theory when certain\u0000conditions are taken to the limits. A potential experiment is proposed to test\u0000the difference between the present theory and the standard quantum theory. In a\u0000typical Bell test that confirms the violation of Bell-CHSH inequality, the\u0000theory suggests that by adding a sufficiently large time delay before Bob's\u0000measurement, the Bell-CHSH inequality can become non-violated.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140803483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most widespread interpretations of the mass-energy equivalence establishes that not only can mass be transformed into energy (e.g., through nuclear fission, fusion, or annihilation) but that every type of energy also has mass (via the mass-energy equivalence formula). Here, we show that this is not always the case. With the help a few thought experiments, we show that, for instance, the electric potential energy of a charged capacitor should not contribute to the capacitor's gravitational rest mass (while still contributing to its linear momentum). That result is in agreement with the fact that light (ultimately, an electromagnetic phenomenon) has momentum but not rest mass.
{"title":"Mass-energy equivalence and the gravitational redshift: Does energy always have mass?","authors":"Germano D'Abramo","doi":"arxiv-2405.03694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.03694","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most widespread interpretations of the mass-energy equivalence\u0000establishes that not only can mass be transformed into energy (e.g., through\u0000nuclear fission, fusion, or annihilation) but that every type of energy also\u0000has mass (via the mass-energy equivalence formula). Here, we show that this is\u0000not always the case. With the help a few thought experiments, we show that, for\u0000instance, the electric potential energy of a charged capacitor should not\u0000contribute to the capacitor's gravitational rest mass (while still contributing\u0000to its linear momentum). That result is in agreement with the fact that light\u0000(ultimately, an electromagnetic phenomenon) has momentum but not rest mass.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We take the Christoffel coefficients as an operator and introduce new mappings for quaternionic products to reach the theory of electrodynamics in general spacetime. With the help of the directional operator of the covariant derivative, we generalize the quaternioic mechanism to the theory of gravity and show that the Einstein equation has the freedom to choose the constant term in agreement with the covariant derivative.
{"title":"Unification of the Gauge Theories","authors":"Abolfazl Jafari","doi":"arxiv-2404.18937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.18937","url":null,"abstract":"We take the Christoffel coefficients as an operator and introduce new\u0000mappings for quaternionic products to reach the theory of electrodynamics in\u0000general spacetime. With the help of the directional operator of the covariant\u0000derivative, we generalize the quaternioic mechanism to the theory of gravity\u0000and show that the Einstein equation has the freedom to choose the constant term\u0000in agreement with the covariant derivative.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free electron beams and their quantum coupling with photons is attracting a rising interest due to the basic questions it addresses and the cutting-edge technology these particles are involved in, such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and quantum computation. This work investigates theoretically the concept of electron-photon coupling in the spatial domain. Their interaction is discussed as a thought experiment of spontaneous photon emission from a dual-path free-electron (free-e) beam. We discuss a retro-causal paradox that may emerge from naively extending perceptions of single-path e-photon coupling to transversely separated paths, and its resolution through the physics of two-particle interference. The precise spatial control of electrons and photons within e-microscopes enables manipulation of their respective states, thus, such instruments can harness position-encoded free-e qubits for novel quantum sensing and the transfer of quantum information.
{"title":"On spatial electron-photon entanglement","authors":"Eitan Kazakevich, Hadar Aharon, Ofer Kfir","doi":"arxiv-2404.18936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.18936","url":null,"abstract":"Free electron beams and their quantum coupling with photons is attracting a\u0000rising interest due to the basic questions it addresses and the cutting-edge\u0000technology these particles are involved in, such as microscopy, spectroscopy,\u0000and quantum computation. This work investigates theoretically the concept of\u0000electron-photon coupling in the spatial domain. Their interaction is discussed\u0000as a thought experiment of spontaneous photon emission from a dual-path\u0000free-electron (free-e) beam. We discuss a retro-causal paradox that may emerge\u0000from naively extending perceptions of single-path e-photon coupling to\u0000transversely separated paths, and its resolution through the physics of\u0000two-particle interference. The precise spatial control of electrons and photons\u0000within e-microscopes enables manipulation of their respective states, thus,\u0000such instruments can harness position-encoded free-e qubits for novel quantum\u0000sensing and the transfer of quantum information.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ion Simaciu, Viorel Drafta, Zoltan Borsos, Gheorghe Dumitrescu
In this paper we study the properties of vortexes, as systems specific to the Acoustic World, using both hydrodynamic theory and the corresponding hydrodynamic Maxwell equations. According to this study, it follows that the vortex behaves like an acoustic dipole that has intrinsic/internal angular momentum. The system of two identical vortices also has orbital angular momentum and behaves, at distances much greater than the distance between the axes of the vortices, as a single vortex. With the help of Maxwell's hydrodynamic equations for the vortex we deduced the force between two vortices and obtained the expression of the equivalent mass of the vortex and the permittivity of the electroacoustic field. We also obtained and interpreted the expression for the energy density of the acoustic field. The density and pressure variations induced by the vortex cause the change in the propagation speed of the acoustic waves and the acoustic lensing property of the vortex.
{"title":"Vortexes as systems specific to the Acoustic World","authors":"Ion Simaciu, Viorel Drafta, Zoltan Borsos, Gheorghe Dumitrescu","doi":"arxiv-2405.00052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.00052","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we study the properties of vortexes, as systems specific to the\u0000Acoustic World, using both hydrodynamic theory and the corresponding\u0000hydrodynamic Maxwell equations. According to this study, it follows that the\u0000vortex behaves like an acoustic dipole that has intrinsic/internal angular\u0000momentum. The system of two identical vortices also has orbital angular\u0000momentum and behaves, at distances much greater than the distance between the\u0000axes of the vortices, as a single vortex. With the help of Maxwell's\u0000hydrodynamic equations for the vortex we deduced the force between two vortices\u0000and obtained the expression of the equivalent mass of the vortex and the\u0000permittivity of the electroacoustic field. We also obtained and interpreted the\u0000expression for the energy density of the acoustic field. The density and\u0000pressure variations induced by the vortex cause the change in the propagation\u0000speed of the acoustic waves and the acoustic lensing property of the vortex.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Berger shows theoretically in the paper Phys. Rev. B 109, 024501 (2024) that according to the Ginzburg-Landau theory the persistent current can create the persistent voltage, i.e. a dc voltage at thermodynamic equilibrium, on segments of nonuniform superconducting loop. A similar result was published early and was collaborated experimentally. The persistent power estimated by Berger is compared with the experimentally observed power. The attention of experimenters is drawn to the possibility to observe the persistent voltage thanks to its increase with the number of identical rings connected in series.
{"title":"Comment on \"Case of thermodynamic failure in the Ginzburg-Landau approach to fluctuation superconductivity\"","authors":"A. V. Nikulov","doi":"arxiv-2404.09056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.09056","url":null,"abstract":"Jorge Berger shows theoretically in the paper Phys. Rev. B 109, 024501 (2024)\u0000that according to the Ginzburg-Landau theory the persistent current can create\u0000the persistent voltage, i.e. a dc voltage at thermodynamic equilibrium, on\u0000segments of nonuniform superconducting loop. A similar result was published\u0000early and was collaborated experimentally. The persistent power estimated by\u0000Berger is compared with the experimentally observed power. The attention of\u0000experimenters is drawn to the possibility to observe the persistent voltage\u0000thanks to its increase with the number of identical rings connected in series.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been known that dimensional constants such as $hbar$, $c$, $G$, $e$, and $k$ are merely human constructs whose values and units vary depending on the chosen system of measurement. Therefore, the time variation of dimensional constants lacks operational significance due to their dependence on them. It is well-structured and represents a valid discussion. However, this fact only becomes a meaningful debate within the context of a static or present universe. As well-established theoretically and observationally, the current universe is undergoing accelerated expansion, wherein dimensional quantities, like the wavelength of light, also experience redshift phenomena elongating over cosmic time. In other words, in an expanding universe, dimensional quantities of physical parameters vary with cosmic time. From this perspective, there exists the possibility that dimensional constants, such as the speed of light, could vary with the expansion of the universe. In this review paper, we contemplate under what circumstances the speed of light may change or remain constant over cosmic time, and discuss the potential for distinguishing these cases observationally.
{"title":"Review on the minimally extended varying speed of light model","authors":"Seokcheon Lee","doi":"arxiv-2406.02556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.02556","url":null,"abstract":"It has been known that dimensional constants such as $hbar$, $c$, $G$, $e$,\u0000and $k$ are merely human constructs whose values and units vary depending on\u0000the chosen system of measurement. Therefore, the time variation of dimensional\u0000constants lacks operational significance due to their dependence on them. It is\u0000well-structured and represents a valid discussion. However, this fact only\u0000becomes a meaningful debate within the context of a static or present universe.\u0000As well-established theoretically and observationally, the current universe is\u0000undergoing accelerated expansion, wherein dimensional quantities, like the\u0000wavelength of light, also experience redshift phenomena elongating over cosmic\u0000time. In other words, in an expanding universe, dimensional quantities of\u0000physical parameters vary with cosmic time. From this perspective, there exists\u0000the possibility that dimensional constants, such as the speed of light, could\u0000vary with the expansion of the universe. In this review paper, we contemplate\u0000under what circumstances the speed of light may change or remain constant over\u0000cosmic time, and discuss the potential for distinguishing these cases\u0000observationally.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141520607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the results of F. Wilf on the need to take into account the quantum-mechanical correspondence rules in the Dirac equation for an electron, it was shown that the equation obtained by giving physical meaning to $alpha$-Dirac operators should be considered as a phenomenological equation for a particle of non-zero size - the EM polaron, previously introduced by the author. This allows a solution to be found to the inherent paradox of the Dirac equation, which consists of the equality of the velocity of the moving particles to the speed of light $c$ in a vacuum, which is a priori unobtainable, and to understand the physical essence of spin as the intrinsic mechanical moment of an EM polaron. It is also shown that the Dirac-Wilf equation for a single spatial dimension can be considered a generalization of the Schrodinger equation for relativistic energies.
根据 F. Wilf 关于在电子的狄拉克方程中需要考虑量子-机械对应规则的研究成果，研究表明，通过赋予$α$-狄拉克算子以物理意义而得到的方程，应被视为一个非零尺寸粒子--电磁极子--的现象学方程，这是由作者先前提出的。这样就可以解决狄拉克方程的内在悖论，即运动粒子的速度与真空中光速 $c$ 相等，而这是可以先验得到的；还可以把自旋的物理本质理解为电磁极子的内在机械力矩。研究还表明，单空间维度的狄拉克-威尔方程可视为相对论能量下薛定谔方程的广义化。
{"title":"Resolving the paradox of the Dirac equation: phenomenology","authors":"Serge F. Timashev","doi":"arxiv-2404.08009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.08009","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the results of F. Wilf on the need to take into account the\u0000quantum-mechanical correspondence rules in the Dirac equation for an electron,\u0000it was shown that the equation obtained by giving physical meaning to\u0000$alpha$-Dirac operators should be considered as a phenomenological equation\u0000for a particle of non-zero size - the EM polaron, previously introduced by the\u0000author. This allows a solution to be found to the inherent paradox of the Dirac\u0000equation, which consists of the equality of the velocity of the moving\u0000particles to the speed of light $c$ in a vacuum, which is a priori\u0000unobtainable, and to understand the physical essence of spin as the intrinsic\u0000mechanical moment of an EM polaron. It is also shown that the Dirac-Wilf\u0000equation for a single spatial dimension can be considered a generalization of\u0000the Schrodinger equation for relativistic energies.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What does it mean to study PDE(=Partial Differential Equation)? How and what to do "to claim proudly that I'm studying a certain PDE"? Newton mechanic uses mainly ODE(=Ordinary Differential Equation) and describes nicely movements of Sun, Moon and Earth etc. Now, so-called quantum phenomenum is described by, say Schr"odinger equation, PDE which explains both wave and particle characters after quantization of ODE. The coupled Maxwell-Dirac equation is also "quantized" and QED(=Quantum Electro-Dynamics) theory is invented by physicists. Though it is said this QED gives very good coincidence between theoretical and experimental observed quantities, but what is the equation corresponding to QED? Or, is it possible to describe QED by "equation" in naive sense?
研究 PDE（=偏微分方程）意味着什么？如何 "自豪地宣称我在研究某个 PDE"？牛顿力学主要使用 ODE（=二元微分方程），很好地描述了太阳、月亮和地球等的运动。现在，所谓的量子现象是用薛定谔方程（Schr"odinger equation）来描述的，PDE 在 ODE 量子化之后解释了波和粒子的特性。耦合的麦克斯韦-狄拉克方程也被 "量子化"，物理学家发明了 QED（= 量子电动力学）理论。虽然据说 QED 在理论观测量和实验观测量之间给出了非常好的吻合度，但与 QED 相对应的方程是什么呢？或者说，用 "方程 "来描述 QED 是否可行？
{"title":"Does there exist the applicability limit of PDE to describe physical phenomena? -- A personal survey of Quantization, QED, Turbulence","authors":"Atsushi Inoue","doi":"arxiv-2405.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.00045","url":null,"abstract":"What does it mean to study PDE(=Partial Differential Equation)? How and what\u0000to do \"to claim proudly that I'm studying a certain PDE\"? Newton mechanic uses\u0000mainly ODE(=Ordinary Differential Equation) and describes nicely movements of\u0000Sun, Moon and Earth etc. Now, so-called quantum phenomenum is described by, say\u0000Schr\"odinger equation, PDE which explains both wave and particle characters\u0000after quantization of ODE. The coupled Maxwell-Dirac equation is also\u0000\"quantized\" and QED(=Quantum Electro-Dynamics) theory is invented by\u0000physicists. Though it is said this QED gives very good coincidence between\u0000theoretical and experimental observed quantities, but what is the equation\u0000corresponding to QED? Or, is it possible to describe QED by \"equation\" in naive\u0000sense?","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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