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Geophysics as a hypothesis‐testing tool for critical zone hydrogeology 地球物理学作为临界区水文地质学的假设检验工具
Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1732
Marc Dumont, Kamini Singha
Geophysical methods have long been used in earth and environmental science for the characterization of subsurface properties. While imaging the subsurface opens the “black box” of subsurface heterogeneity, we argue here that these tools can be used in a more powerful way than characterization, which is to develop and test hypotheses. Critical zone science has opened new questions and hypotheses in the hydrologic sciences holistically around controls on water fluxes between surface, biological, and underground compartments. While groundwater flows can be monitored in boreholes, water fluxes from the atmosphere to the aquifer through the soil and the root system are more complex to study than boreholes can inform upon. Here, we focus on the successful application of various geophysical tools to explore hypotheses in critical zone hydrogeology and highlight areas where future contributions could be made. Specifically, we look at questions around subsurface structural controls on flow, the dimensionality and partitioning of those flows in the subsurface, plant water uptake, and how geophysics may be used to constrain reactive transport. We also outline areas of future research that may push the boundaries of how geophysical methods are used to quantify critical zone complexity.This article is categorized under: Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems Science of Water > Hydrological Processes Water and Life > Methods
地球物理方法长期以来一直被用于地球和环境科学中的地下属性表征。虽然地下成像打开了地下异质性的 "黑匣子",但我们在此认为,这些工具可以以比表征更强大的方式使用,即开发和测试假设。临界区科学从整体上围绕地表、生物和地下之间的水流控制,为水文科学提出了新的问题和假设。虽然地下水流可以通过钻孔进行监测,但从大气通过土壤和根系进入含水层的水通量的研究比钻孔所能提供的信息更为复杂。在此,我们将重点介绍成功应用各种地球物理工具探索临界区水文地质学假说的情况,并强调未来可以做出贡献的领域。具体来说,我们探讨了地下结构对水流的控制、地下水流的维度和分区、植物吸水以及如何利用地球物理制约反应性迁移等问题。我们还概述了未来的研究领域,这些领域可能会推动地球物理方法用于量化临界区复杂性:水与生命> 淡水生态系统的性质 水科学> 水文过程 水与生命> 方法
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引用次数: 0
Opportunities and challenges for precipitation forcing data in post‐wildfire hydrologic modeling applications 野火后水文建模应用中降水强迫数据的机遇与挑战
Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1728
Trevor F. Partridge, Zachary C. Johnson, Rachel R. Sleeter, Sharon L. Qi, Michelle A. Walvoord, Sheila F. Murphy, Cara Peterman‐Phipps, Brian A. Ebel
The frequency and extent of wildfires have increased in recent decades with immediate and cascading effects on water availability in many regions of the world. Precipitation is used as primary input to hydrologic models and is a critical driver of post‐wildfire hydrologic hazards including debris flows, flash floods, water‐quality effects, and reservoir sedimentation. These models are valuable tools for understanding the hydrologic response to wildfire but require accurate precipitation data at suitable spatial and temporal resolutions. Wildfires often occur in data‐sparse, headwater catchments in complex terrain, and post‐wildfire hydrologic effects are particularly sensitive to high‐intensity, short‐duration precipitation events, which are highly variable and difficult to measure or estimate. Therefore, the assessment and prediction of wildfire‐induced changes to watershed hydrology, including the associated effects on ecosystems and communities, are complicated by uncertainty in precipitation data. When direct measurements of precipitation are not available, datasets of indirect measurements or estimates are often used. Choosing the most appropriate precipitation dataset can be difficult as different datasets have unique trade‐offs in terms of spatial and temporal accuracy, resolution, and completeness. Here, we outline the challenges and opportunities associated with different precipitation datasets as they apply to post‐wildfire hydrologic models and modeling objectives. We highlight the need for expanded precipitation gage deployment in wildfire‐prone areas and discuss potential opportunities for future research and the integration of precipitation data from disparate sources into a common hydrologic modeling framework.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Hydrological Processes Science of Water > Methods Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
近几十年来,野火发生的频率和范围不断增加,对世界许多地区的水供应产生了直接和连带的影响。降水是水文模型的主要输入,也是野火后水文危害(包括泥石流、山洪、水质影响和水库沉积)的关键驱动因素。这些模型是了解野火水文响应的宝贵工具,但需要具有适当空间和时间分辨率的准确降水数据。野火通常发生在数据稀少、地形复杂的上游集水区,野火后的水文效应对高强度、短时降水事件特别敏感,而这些降水事件变化很大,难以测量或估算。因此,由于降水数据的不确定性,评估和预测野火引起的流域水文变化(包括对生态系统和群落的相关影响)变得更加复杂。在无法直接测量降水量时,通常会使用间接测量或估算的数据集。选择最合适的降水数据集可能很困难,因为不同的数据集在时空精度、分辨率和完整性方面有独特的权衡。在此,我们概述了与不同降水数据集相关的挑战和机遇,因为它们适用于野火后水文模型和建模目标。我们强调了在野火易发地区扩大降水测量仪部署的必要性,并讨论了未来研究的潜在机遇以及将不同来源的降水数据整合到一个共同的水文建模框架中:水科学 > 水文过程 水科学 > 水方法 水科学 > 水与环境变化
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引用次数: 0
Creating transformational change in flood resilience strategies 实现抗洪战略的转型变革
Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1722
Kerri McClymont, Lindsay Beevers, Melissa Bedinger, Guy Walker
Flood hazards are increasing as a result of climate change and growing urbanization. Research has shown that people who are socially vulnerable are more exposed to flood risk. Flood disadvantage that exists today is projected to continue in the future: it is stubborn. We present a bold new research agenda for exploring how different physical, social, institutional, and natural resources interact in urban areas to influence social opportunities over time. These interactions must be modeled to understand how the flood-affected area is degraded, in terms of the functions it provides, as a result of varying levels and frequency of flood exposure. Nesting flood exposure within a wider functional view of urban environments enables a place-based, systems approach to resilience. It reveals the underlying mechanisms—and potential remediations—for spatial inequalities. In doing so resilience strategies can be designed to transform the current trajectory of stubborn disadvantage to flooding.
由于气候变化和城市化的不断发展,洪水灾害日益严重。研究表明,社会弱势群体面临的洪水风险更大。预计今天存在的洪灾不利条件在未来将继续存在:这是一个顽固的问题。我们提出了一个大胆的新研究议程,以探索不同的物理、社会、制度和自然资源如何在城市地区相互作用,从而随着时间的推移影响社会机会。必须对这些相互作用进行建模,以了解受洪水影响地区的功能是如何因洪水暴露程度和频率的不同而退化的。将洪水暴露置于城市环境更广泛的功能视角中,可以采用基于地方的系统方法来提高抗灾能力。它揭示了空间不平等的潜在机制和补救措施。这样就可以设计出抗灾战略,以改变目前洪水带来的顽固劣势。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying anthropogenic legacy in freshwater ecosystems 确定淡水生态系统中的人为遗产
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1729
Marta Antonelli, Patrick Laube, Michael Doering, Victoria Scherelis, Sidi Wu, Lorenz Hurni, Magnus Heitzler, Christine Weber
The legacy of historic anthropogenic disturbance can significantly affect the structure and function of contemporary freshwater ecosystems. Environmental research and management that neglect anthropogenic legacy are likely to lead to a biased interpretation of present and future ecosystem dynamics. Yet, anthropogenic legacy remains poorly considered, mainly because of the challenges associated with its identification. Synthesizing past progress in legacy research, we present a conceptual framework for the systematic identification of anthropogenic legacy. We focus on the dynamic processes occurring during legacy formation (e.g., disturbance regime, ecosystem trajectories). Based on the review of relevant case studies, we discuss the historical and contemporary sources of information (e.g., communication, cartographic, paleoenvironmental sources) that can be employed for legacy identification. Finally, we provide practical examples of anthropogenic legacy identification in real‐world freshwater ecosystems. Produced in multidisciplinary collaboration, this review presents a comprehensive approach to anthropogenic legacy to foster its informed and systematic consideration in freshwater research and management.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
历史遗留的人为干扰会对当代淡水生态系统的结构和功能产生重大影响。忽视人为遗留问题的环境研究和管理很可能导致对现在和未来生态系统动态的解释出现偏差。然而,对人为遗产的考虑仍然很少,这主要是因为对其进行识别所面临的挑战。综合过去遗产研究的进展,我们提出了一个系统识别人为遗产的概念框架。我们重点关注遗产形成过程中的动态过程(如干扰机制、生态系统轨迹)。在回顾相关案例研究的基础上,我们讨论了可用于遗产识别的历史和当代信息来源(如通信、制图、古环境来源)。最后,我们提供了在现实世界淡水生态系统中进行人为遗产识别的实际案例。通过多学科合作,本综述提出了一种全面的人为遗产方法,以促进在淡水研究和管理中对其进行知情和系统的考虑:水科学> 水与环境变化 水与生命> 生态系统的压力与应力
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引用次数: 0
Bridging the divide between inland water quantity and quality with satellite remote sensing: An interdisciplinary review 利用卫星遥感弥合内陆水量和水质之间的鸿沟:跨学科审查
Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1725
Emily A. Ellis, George H. Allen, Ryan M. Riggs, Huilin Gao, Yao Li, Cayelan C. Carey
The quantity and quality of surface water are inherently connected yet are overwhelmingly studied separately in the field of remote sensing. Remotely observable water quantity (e.g., water extent, water elevation, lake/reservoir volume, and river discharge) and water quality (e.g., color, turbidity, total suspended solids, chlorophyll a, colored dissolved organic matter, and temperature) parameters of inland waterbodies interact through a series of hydrological and biogeochemical processes. In this review, we analyzed trends in remote sensing publications to understand the prevalence of studies on the quantity versus quality of open-surface inland waterbodies (rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs) as well as identified opportunities for integrating both water quality and quantity sensing in future work. Our bibliometric analysis found that despite the increasing number of publications using remote sensing for inland waterbodies, few studies to date have used remote sensing tools or approaches to simultaneously study water quantity and quality. Ultimately, by providing insights into potential integration of the water quality and quantity studies, we aim to identify a pathway to advance the understanding of inland water dynamics and freshwater resources through remote sensing.
地表水的水量和水质本质上是相互关联的,但在遥感领域绝大多数情况下都是分开研究的。遥感观测到的内陆水体水量(如水域范围、水位、湖泊/水库水量和河流排水量)和水质(如颜色、浊度、总悬浮固体、叶绿素 a、有色溶解有机物和温度)参数通过一系列水文和生物地球化学过程相互作用。在这篇综述中,我们分析了遥感出版物的发展趋势,以了解有关开放地表内陆水体(河流、溪流、湖泊和水库)水量与水质的研究的普遍程度,并确定了在未来工作中将水质和水量传感相结合的机会。我们的文献计量分析发现,尽管利用遥感技术研究内陆水体的出版物越来越多,但迄今为止很少有研究利用遥感工具或方法同时研究水量和水质。最终,通过对水质和水量研究的潜在整合提供见解,我们旨在确定一条通过遥感促进对内陆水体动态和淡水资源了解的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Effect-based methods in cultured cells—Valuable tools for detection of chemical hazards in drinking water 培养细胞中基于效应的方法--检测饮用水中化学危害的宝贵工具
Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1730
Johan Lundqvist, Agneta Oskarsson
Chemical contamination of drinking water is of great concern for public health. Chemical analyses are used for monitoring of selected chemicals, however, no information on unknown chemicals or potential toxicity of the mixture of chemicals in a water sample is obtained. Effect-based methods in cells are new high throughput tools, to evaluate the hazard of the whole mixture of chemicals present in drinking water. These methods can be used together with chemical analysis for assessment of the chemical safety of drinking water. This article will review the principle of effect-based methods in cells and how they compare to traditionally used chemical analysis and effect-based methods in whole organisms. Further, this article will give examples from the literature, highlighting how cellular effect-based methods can be used in different practical applications to improve drinking water safety; for example, for monitoring of drinking water quality and evaluation of treatment efficiency in drinking water processing. Finally, this article will review the current regulatory and water sector acceptance of these methods and discuss future expectations on the role of effect-based methods for improved drinking water safety.
饮用水的化学污染是公众健康的重大问题。化学分析用于监测选定的化学物质,但无法获得水样中未知化学物质或化学混合物潜在毒性的信息。基于细胞效应的方法是一种新的高通量工具,可用于评估饮用水中存在的整个化学品混合物的危害。这些方法可与化学分析一起用于评估饮用水的化学安全性。本文将回顾在细胞中采用基于效应的方法的原理,以及这些方法与传统的化学分析方法和在整个生物体中采用基于效应的方法的比较。此外,本文还将列举文献中的实例,强调如何在不同的实际应用中使用基于细胞效应的方法来提高饮用水的安全性;例如,用于监测饮用水水质和评估饮用水处理过程中的处理效率。最后,本文将回顾目前监管机构和水务部门对这些方法的接受程度,并讨论基于效应的方法在改善饮用水安全方面的作用的未来预期。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a common methodological framework for the sampling, extraction, and isotopic analysis of water in the Critical Zone to study vegetation water use 建立临界区水取样、提取和同位素分析的通用方法框架,以研究植被用水情况
Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1727
Natalie Ceperley, Teresa E. Gimeno, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Matthias Beyer, Maren Dubbert, Benjamin Fischer, Josie Geris, Ladislav Holko, Angelika Kübert, Samuel Le Gall, Marco M. Lehmann, Pilar Llorens, Cody Millar, Daniele Penna, Iván Prieto, Jesse Radolinski, Francesca Scandellari, Michael Stockinger, Christine Stumpp, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Ilja van Meerveld, Christiane Werner, Oktay Yildiz, Giulia Zuecco, Adrià Barbeta, Natalie Orlowski, Youri Rothfuss
The analysis of the stable isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen in water samples from soils and plants can help to identify sources of vegetation water uptake. This approach requires that the heterogeneous nature of plant and soil matrices is carefully accounted for during experimental design, sample collection, water extraction and analyses. The comparability and shortcomings of the different methods for extracting water and analyzing isotopic composition have been discussed in specialized literature. Yet, despite insightful comparisons of extraction methods and benchmarking methodologies of laboratories worldwide, the community still lacks a roadmap to guide sample collection, extraction, and isotopic analyses, and many practical issues for potential users remain unresolved: for example, which (soil or plant) water pool(s) does the extracted water represent? These constitute a hurdle for the implementation of the approach by newcomers. Here, we summarize discussions led in the framework of the COST Action WATSON (“WATer isotopeS in the critical zONe: from groundwater recharge to plant transpiration”—CA19120). We provide guidelines for (1) sampling soil and plant material for isotopic analysis, (2) methods for laboratory or in situ water extraction, and (3) measurements of isotopic composition. We highlight the importance of considering the process chain as a whole, from experimental design to isotopic analysis to minimize biased estimates of the relative contribution of different water sources to plant water uptake. We conclude by acknowledging some of the limitations of this methodology and advice on the collection of key environmental parameters prior to sample collection for isotopic analyses.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Hydrological Processes Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Science of Water > Water Extremes
分析土壤和植物水样中氢和氧的稳定同位素组成有助于确定植被吸水的来源。这种方法要求在实验设计、样本采集、水提取和分析过程中仔细考虑植物和土壤基质的异质性。专业文献已经讨论了不同的水提取和同位素组成分析方法的可比性和缺点。然而,尽管对世界各地实验室的提取方法和基准方法进行了深入比较,但业界仍缺乏指导样本采集、提取和同位素分析的路线图,潜在用户的许多实际问题仍未得到解决:例如,提取的水代表哪个(土壤或植物)水池?这些都是新用户实施该方法的障碍。在此,我们总结了在 COST 行动 WATSON("临界区的水同位素:从地下水补给到植物蒸腾作用"-CA19120)框架内开展的讨论。我们提供了以下方面的指导原则:(1) 对土壤和植物材料进行取样以进行同位素分析;(2) 实验室或原位水提取方法;(3) 测量同位素组成。我们强调了从实验设计到同位素分析整个过程链的重要性,以最大限度地减少对不同水源对植物水分吸收的相对贡献的偏差估计。最后,我们承认了这种方法的一些局限性,并就在采集同位素分析样本之前收集关键环境参数提出了建议:水科学 > 水文过程 水科学 > 水与环境变化 水科学 > 水极端事件
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引用次数: 0
Rising water temperature in rivers: Ecological impacts and future resilience 河流水温上升:生态影响与未来恢复能力
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1724
Matthew F. Johnson, Lindsey K. Albertson, Adam C. Algar, Stephen J. Dugdale, Patrick Edwards, Judy England, Christopher Gibbins, So Kazama, Daisuke Komori, Andrew D. C. MacColl, Eric A. Scholl, Robert L. Wilby, Fabio de Oliveira Roque, Paul J. Wood
Rising water temperatures in rivers due to climate change are already having observable impacts on river ecosystems. Warming water has both direct and indirect impacts on aquatic life, and further aggravates pervasive issues such as eutrophication, pollution, and the spread of disease. Animals can survive higher temperatures through physiological and/or genetic acclimation, behavioral and phenological change, and range shifts to more suitable locations. As such, those animals that are adapted to cool-water regions typically found in high altitudes and latitudes where there are fewer dispersal opportunities are most at risk of future extinction. However, sub-lethal impacts on animal physiology and phenology, body-size, and trophic interactions could have significant population-level effects elsewhere. Rivers are vulnerable to warming because historic management has typically left them exposed to solar radiation through the removal of riparian shade, and hydrologically disconnected longitudinally, laterally, and vertically. The resilience of riverine ecosystems is also limited by anthropogenic simplification of habitats, with implications for the dispersal and resource use of resident organisms. Due to the complex indirect impacts of warming on ecosystems, and the species-specific physiological and behavioral response of organisms to warming, predicting how river ecosystems will change in the future is challenging. Restoring rivers to provide connectivity and heterogeneity of conditions would provide resilience to a range of expected co-occurring pressures, including warming, and should be considered a priority as part of global strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation.
气候变化导致河流水温上升,已经对河流生态系统产生了明显的影响。水温升高会对水生生物产生直接和间接影响,并进一步加剧富营养化、污染和疾病传播等普遍问题。动物可以通过生理和/或基因适应、行为和物候变化以及迁移到更合适的地点来适应更高的温度。因此,那些适应冷水区域的动物,通常分布在高海拔和高纬度地区,这些地区的动物扩散机会较少,未来灭绝的风险最大。然而,对动物生理和物候、体型和营养相互作用的亚致死影响可能会对其他地方的种群产生重大影响。河流容易受到气候变暖的影响,因为历史上的管理方式通常是通过移除河岸遮荫物使河流暴露在太阳辐射下,并在纵向、横向和纵向上造成水文断裂。河流生态系统的恢复能力也受到人为简化栖息地的限制,这对常住生物的扩散和资源利用产生了影响。由于气候变暖对生态系统的间接影响十分复杂,而且生物对气候变暖的生理和行为反应也因物种而异,因此预测河流生态系统未来将如何变化具有挑战性。恢复河流以提供连通性和条件的异质性,将为包括气候变暖在内的一系列预期同时出现的压力提供复原力,应被视为全球气候适应和减缓战略的优先事项。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing river floodplain management with nature‐based solutions: Overcoming barriers and harnessing enablers 利用基于自然的解决方案加强河流洪泛区管理:克服障碍,利用有利因素
Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1723
Nikita Christopher, Astrid Vachette, Avril Horne, Anna Kosovac
Floodplains are regularly inundated areas of land that provide ecosystem benefits for the entire catchment area, along with numerous benefits for communities making them ideal for human settlement. The management of floodplains involves an ongoing dilemma; how best to balance the need to protect urban settlements from significant flood events with the benefits that inundation brings to the environmental and cultural values of the floodplain. These flood events have been traditionally addressed using technical flood protection measures. However, nature‐based solutions (NbS), provide a potential alternative approach. In this research, we analyze 29 global case studies centered on river floodplain management to investigate the barriers and enablers that affect the implementation of NbS, including floodplain restoration, mangroves, riparian forest restoration, wetland green infrastructure, among other strategies. The aim of this paper is to gain insights into improving floodplain management through the assessment of barriers and enablers evident in these case studies. The barriers and enablers were divided into six categories: social, technical, financial, political, institutional and economic and further into several sub‐divided categories. Social and technical categories were the most commonly described barriers and enablers closely followed by the institutional category. The discussion is centered around four topics: understanding community and decision‐maker risk perceptions, increased focus on stakeholders, managing multiple conflicting objectives, and consideration of multiple spatial scales. Further research on the uptake of NbS needs to focus on addressing risk communication and modeling, managing trade‐offs, and demonstration of delayed benefits.This article is categorized under: Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
洪泛区是经常被洪水淹没的土地区域,为整个集水区提供生态系统效益,同时也为社区带来众多好处,是人类居住的理想场所。洪泛区的管理一直是一个两难问题:如何在保护城市住区免受重大洪水事件影响的需要与洪泛区的环境和文化价值所带来的利益之间取得最佳平衡。这些洪水事件传统上都是通过技术性防洪措施来解决的。然而,基于自然的解决方案(NbS)提供了一种潜在的替代方法。在这项研究中,我们分析了 29 个以河流洪泛区管理为中心的全球案例研究,以调查影响 NbS 实施的障碍和推动因素,包括洪泛区恢复、红树林、河岸森林恢复、湿地绿色基础设施等策略。本文旨在通过评估这些案例研究中明显存在的障碍和有利因素,深入了解如何改善洪泛区管理。障碍和促进因素分为六类:社会、技术、金融、政治、机构和经济,并进一步分为若干细分类别。社会和技术类别是最常见的障碍和推动因素,紧随其后的是机构类别。讨论围绕四个主题展开:了解社区和决策者的风险认知、更加关注利益相关者、管理多个相互冲突的目标以及考虑多个空间尺度。有关吸收 NbS 的进一步研究需要重点解决风险交流和建模、权衡管理以及延迟效益展示等问题:水与生命> 水的保护、管理和认知科学> 水与环境变化
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引用次数: 0
Exploring drought-to-flood interactions and dynamics: A global case review 探索干旱与洪水的相互作用和动态:全球案例回顾
Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1726
Marlies H. Barendrecht, Alessia Matanó, Heidi Mendoza, Ruben Weesie, Melanie Rohse, Johanna Koehler, Marleen de Ruiter, Margaret Garcia, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Philip J. Ward, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Rosie Day, Anne F. Van Loon
This study synthesizes the current understanding of the hydrological, impact, and adaptation processes underlying drought-to-flood events (i.e., consecutive drought and flood events), and how they interact. Based on an analysis of literature and a global assessment of historic cases, we show how drought can affect flood risk and assess under which circumstances drought-to-flood interactions can lead to increased or decreased risk. We make a distinction between hydrological, socio-economic and adaptation processes. Hydrological processes include storage and runoff processes, which both seem to mostly play a role when the drought is a multiyear event and when the flood occurs during the drought. However, which process is dominant when and where, and how this is influenced by human intervention needs further research. Processes related to socio-economic impacts have been studied less than hydrological processes, but in general, changes in vulnerability seem to play an important role in increasing or decreasing drought-to-flood impacts. Additionally, there is evidence of increased water quality problems due to drought-to-flood events, when compared to drought or flood events by themselves. Adaptation affects both hydrological (e.g., through groundwater extraction) or socio-economic (e.g., influencing vulnerability) processes. There are many examples of adaptation, but there is limited evidence of when and where certain processes occur and why. Overall, research on drought-to-flood events is scarce. To increase our understanding of drought-to-flood events we need more comprehensive studies on the underlying hydrological, socio-economic, and adaptation processes and their interactions, as well as the circumstances that lead to the dominance of certain processes.
本研究综述了目前对干旱到洪水事件(即连续干旱和洪水事件)背后的水文、影响和适应过程以及它们如何相互作用的理解。基于对文献的分析和对历史案例的全球评估,我们展示了干旱如何影响洪水风险,并评估了在哪些情况下干旱与洪水的相互作用会导致风险的增加或减少。我们区分了水文过程、社会经济过程和适应过程。水文过程包括蓄水过程和径流过程,当干旱是多年事件和洪水发生在干旱期间时,这两种过程似乎都会发挥主要作用。然而,哪种过程在何时何地起主导作用,以及人类干预对其有何影响,还需要进一步研究。与水文过程相比,与社会经济影响相关的过程研究较少,但总体而言,脆弱性的变化似乎在增加或减少旱涝影响方面发挥着重要作用。此外,有证据表明,与干旱或洪水事件本身相比,干旱转化为洪水事件会导致水质问题加剧。适应既影响水文过程(如通过抽取地下水),也影响社会经济过程(如影响脆弱性)。适应的例子很多,但关于某些过程发生的时间和地点以及原因的证据却很有限。总体而言,有关旱涝灾害的研究很少。为了加深我们对旱涝灾害事件的了解,我们需要对基本的水文、社会经济和适应过程及其相互作用以及导致某些过程占主导地位的情况进行更全面的研究。
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