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Proactive river corridor definition: Recommendations for a process-based width optimization approach illustrated in the context of the coastal Pacific Northwest 积极界定河流走廊:基于过程的宽度优化方法建议,以西北太平洋沿岸地区为背景进行说明
Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1711
Andrew D. Nelson, Vaughn D. Collins, Jeremy S. Payne, Tim B. Abbe
We propose a holistic approach to define a river corridor as the minimum space needed to sustain key river functions based on an understanding of the desired functions of that corridor and the processes governing channel and floodplain formation. Giving such space is a fundamental nature-based solution to river management, as it allows the river to use its own energy to maintain flood conveyance and habitat function. The review of existing river corridor concepts shows that these often focus on one or two potential functions of a river corridor and may not be well suited as tools to optimize eco-geomorphic river function. We argue that evaluating the effects of river corridor width on multiple processes can provide an objective means to optimize delineation in areas where development encroaches onto floodplains and channel migration zones. Key processes are linked to channel migration and include floodplain rejuvenation, emergence of a dynamic patch mosaic of riparian habitat that sustains a functioning large wood cycle, and effects of constriction and confinement on channel dynamics and morphology. Quantification of these processes for an example river shows the most rapid gains for habitat and flood protection values up to the threshold for planform-controlled conditions and an asymptotically reducing rate of gain in function above that threshold. For the example river, the threshold width approaching that asymptote is substantially more than its constrained condition but much less than the width of the floodplain and channel migration zone, offering a compromise for managing rivers with developed floodplains.
我们提出了一种整体方法,将河流走廊定义为维持河流主要功能所需的最小空间,其基础是对走廊预期功能以及河道和洪泛平原形成过程的理解。给予这样的空间是基于自然的河流管理基本解决方案,因为它允许河流利用自身能量来维持洪水输送和生境功能。对现有河道走廊概念的审查表明,这些概念往往侧重于河道走廊的一两个潜在功能,可能并不适合作为优化河流生态地貌功能的工具。我们认为,评估河流走廊宽度对多种过程的影响,可以为优化洪泛区和河道迁移区的开发划界提供客观手段。关键过程与河道迁移有关,包括洪泛平原的恢复、河岸栖息地动态镶嵌的出现(维持大木头循环的功能)以及收缩和封闭对河道动态和形态的影响。对一条示例河流的这些过程进行量化后发现,在平面形态控制条件的阈值之前,生境和防洪价值的增加最为迅速,而在阈值之上,功能增加的速度则逐渐减小。对于该示例河流而言,接近该渐近线的阈值宽度大大超过其受限条件,但远小于洪泛区和河道迁移区的宽度,这为管理洪泛区发达的河流提供了一个折中方案。
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引用次数: 0
A review of atmospheric water vapor lidar calibration methods 大气水汽激光雷达校准方法综述
Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1712
Xinqian Guo, Decheng Wu, Zhenzhu Wang, Bangxin Wang, Cheng Li, Qian Deng, Dong Liu
Atmospheric water vapor is a crucial factor in the Earth's water cycle. As an important greenhouse gas, changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor can contribute to the occurrence of various extreme weather phenomena. Lidar, with its high spatial and temporal resolutions, has great potential for applications in water vapor profile detection. Raman lidar and differential absorption lidar (DIAL) have been successfully used to detect atmospheric water vapor. System calibration is crucial to ensure that the measured profile accurately represents the concentration profile of atmospheric water vapor. Choosing an effective system calibration method can ensure the accuracy of long-term lidar measurements. This paper reviews the latest progress and applications of atmospheric water vapor lidar calibration in recent years. The basic principles of Raman lidar and DIAL calibration are introduced. Various methods and benefits of system calibration are discussed. Raman lidar has three commonly used calibration methods: external calibration, internal calibration, and hybrid calibration methods. The most commonly used method is external calibration based on radiosondes. DIAL is usually implemented with an advantageous self-calibration method. Finally, potential development directions for atmospheric water vapor lidar and calibration technology are discussed.
大气水汽是地球水循环的一个关键因素。作为一种重要的温室气体,大气水汽时空分布的变化可导致各种极端天气现象的发生。激光雷达具有很高的空间和时间分辨率,在水汽剖面探测方面具有很大的应用潜力。拉曼激光雷达和差分吸收激光雷达 (DIAL) 已成功用于探测大气水汽。系统校准对于确保测量到的剖面准确反映大气中水汽的浓度剖面至关重要。选择有效的系统校准方法可以确保激光雷达长期测量的准确性。本文回顾了近年来大气水汽激光雷达校准的最新进展和应用。介绍了拉曼激光雷达和 DIAL 校准的基本原理。讨论了系统校准的各种方法和优点。拉曼激光雷达有三种常用的校准方法:外部校准、内部校准和混合校准方法。最常用的方法是基于无线电探空仪的外部校准。DIAL 通常采用有利的自校准方法。最后,讨论了大气水汽激光雷达和校准技术的潜在发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainability impacts of sediments on the estuary, ports, and fishing communities of Cartagena Bay, Colombian Caribbean 沉积物对哥伦比亚加勒比海卡塔赫纳湾河口、港口和渔业社区的可持续性影响
Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1709
M. Tosic, Juan D. Restrepo Ángel
This article reviews research on sediment flux impacts on the receiving estuary, ports, and society in Cartagena, Colombia. The city hosts both the country's largest touristic and coastal industrial sectors and is home to vulnerable coastal communities whose health and livelihoods are impacted by pollution. These marginalized artisanal fishing communities lack basic water and health services but have finally been recognized in a new intersectoral committee for Cartagena Bay's environmental management. To support the governance of these complex socioenvironmental challenges, the Cartagena Bay Observatory has been developed as a scientific tool to monitor the bay's conditions and forecast the effects of future sediment remediation plans. Cartagena Bay receives large freshwater discharges from the Dique Canal, draining from the 260,000 km2 Magdalena River watershed where 80% of the national population resides. This runoff transports sediment loads of 2.3 Mt/year, dispersing large plumes that affect the marine ecosystems and tourism and make the bay one of the Caribbean's largest sediment‐receiving estuaries. Following decades of watershed deforestation and erosion, the upward trending sediment inputs and accretion of the Dique delta have resulted in deposition rates of 1.8 cm/year, and the need for frequent dredging. Mercury dumped by a chemical industry in the 1970s can be found in concentrations as high as 18.8 μg/g buried below the bay's bottom. Mercury has also been found in the bay's biota and human populations, and so the dredging needed for the port's sustainability thereby presents a health risk by allowing this trapped mercury to surface.This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Hydrological ProcessesScience of Water > Water QualityScience of Water > Water and Environmental Change
本文回顾了有关沉积物通量对哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳受纳河口、港口和社会影响的研究。卡塔赫纳既是该国最大的旅游城市,也是沿海工业部门的所在地,同时还是脆弱沿海社区的所在地,这些社区的健康和生计受到污染的影响。这些边缘化的手工捕鱼社区缺乏基本的水和医疗服务,但最终在一个新的卡塔赫纳湾环境管理跨部门委员会中得到了认可。为了支持对这些复杂的社会环境挑战进行治理,卡塔赫纳湾观测站已被开发成一种科学工具,用于监测海湾状况和预测未来沉积物整治计划的影响。卡塔赫纳湾从迪克运河(Dique Canal)接受大量淡水排放,这些淡水来自全国 80% 人口居住的 26 万平方公里的马格达莱纳河流域。这些径流每年带来 230 万吨的沉积物,散布的大量泥流影响了海洋生态系统和旅游业,使该海湾成为加勒比地区最大的沉积物接收河口之一。经过数十年的流域森林砍伐和侵蚀,迪克三角洲的沉积物输入和增加呈上升趋势,导致沉积率达到 1.8 厘米/年,因此需要经常疏浚。20 世纪 70 年代,一家化工厂倾倒的汞被发现埋在海湾底部,浓度高达 18.8 微克/克。在海湾的生物群和人类体内也发现了汞,因此港口可持续发展所需的疏浚工作会让这些被困的汞浮出水面,从而对健康造成威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Potential pollution risks of historic landfills in England: Further analysis of climate change impacts 英格兰历史垃圾填埋场的潜在污染风险:气候变化影响的进一步分析
Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1706
James H. Brand, Kate L. Spencer
Five years ago, an article in WIREs Water provided the first comprehensive analysis of historic (legacy) landfill sites vulnerable to coastal flooding and erosion at a national scale (England). This update expands upon that article by considering the potential impacts of climate change upon inland historic landfills. Globally, there are hundreds of thousands of landfills that predate modern environmental regulations, and where waste is not isolated from the surrounding environment, but climate change impacts on the pollution risk from historic landfills in freshwater environments has received little attention. Where climate change causes an increase in the frequency and magnitude of fluvial flood events, this will increase leachate generation and the probability of landfill erosion and solid waste release. Where there is increased drought the landfill capping materials may crack, opening up new pollutant pathways, and increasing the risk of solid waste release. Changes to groundwater movement resulting from climate change may open new leachate pathways, and in England alone, thousands of historic landfills are in (groundwater) Source Protection Zones where modern regulations to protect drinking water supplies would not permit their construction. This increased contaminant release from historic landfills in freshwater environments may impact surface and/or groundwater quality and ecological health, increase costs for drinking water monitoring/treatment, or make some abstraction sources unviable. This is especially of concern where receptors are subject to multiple pressures and may cause tipping points to be reached. Further research is warranted into contaminant behavior, receptor vulnerability, historic landfill risk prioritization, and mitigation/remediation methods.This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Engineering WaterScience of Water > Water QualityScience of Water > Water and Environmental ChangeWater and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
五年前,《WIREs Water》上的一篇文章首次在全国范围内(英格兰)对易受沿海洪水和侵蚀影响的历史(遗留)垃圾填埋场进行了全面分析。本次更新在该文章的基础上,考虑了气候变化对内陆历史垃圾填埋场的潜在影响。在全球范围内,有成千上万个垃圾填埋场在现代环境法规出台之前就已存在,而且这些垃圾填埋场并未与周围环境隔离,但气候变化对淡水环境中历史垃圾填埋场污染风险的影响却很少受到关注。如果气候变化导致河流洪水事件的频率和规模增加,则会增加沥滤液的产生以及垃圾填埋场被侵蚀和固体废物排放的可能性。在干旱加剧的情况下,垃圾填埋场的覆盖材料可能会开裂,从而打开新的污染物通道,增加固体废物泄漏的风险。气候变化导致的地下水运动变化可能会打开新的沥滤液通道,仅在英格兰,就有数千个历史垃圾填埋场位于(地下水)水源保护区内,而现代饮用水供应保护法规不允许在这些地方建造垃圾填埋场。淡水环境中历史垃圾填埋场污染物释放量的增加可能会影响地表水和/或地下水的质量及生态健康,增加饮用水监测/处理的成本,或使某些取水源变得不可行。在受体受到多重压力的情况下,这一点尤其值得关注,并可能导致达到临界点。有必要对污染物行为、受体脆弱性、历史垃圾填埋场风险优先级以及缓解/修复方法进行进一步研究。本文归类为:工程水 > 工程水水科学 > 水质水科学 > 水与环境变化水与生命 > 生态系统的压力和应力
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引用次数: 0
Multi‐scalar interactions between mismanaged plastic waste and urban flooding in an era of climate change and rapid urbanization 气候变化和快速城市化时代管理不善的塑料垃圾与城市洪水之间的多尺度相互作用
Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1708
Elizabeth MacAfee, A. Löhr
Mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) and urban flooding are typically considered distinct environmental challenges. However, there are notable links between growing quantities of MPW and the rising incidence of floods in cities. A majority of people now live in cities, especially along coastlines and in estuaries where residents are both vulnerable to flooding and significant sources of plastic waste. Predicted increases in the frequency and severity of heavy rainfall associated with anthropogenic climate change coincide with rising global quantities of MPW, much of which is discharged into water bodies and the sea. Given the urgent and expanding nature of these issues, understanding impacts of urban floods on solid waste management and vice versa is crucial. Social‐ecological systems (SES) thinking calls for a holistic approach to the relationships and interactions between human actors and environmental systems which can result in dynamic and emergent outcomes. In this review paper, we make a first step towards better understanding of the interactions between urban flooding and MPW by synthesizing emerging quantitative and qualitative research on particular aspects of such interactions. More research is needed which explicitly focuses on and elaborates the nature of these interactions, and also to consider potential relations across scales (from global to local) and over both long and short timeframes. We conclude that an SES approach can make visible novel possibilities for interventions which are context specific and sensitive to the interactions between urban floods and MPW.This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Water and Environmental ChangeHuman Water > Water GovernanceEngineering Water > Planning Water
管理不善的塑料废物(MPW)和城市洪水通常被认为是截然不同的环境挑战。然而,城市中日益增多的 MPW 与不断上升的洪水发生率之间存在着明显的联系。目前,大多数人居住在城市,尤其是海岸线沿线和河口地区,那里的居民既容易遭受洪水侵袭,又是塑料废物的重要来源。据预测,由于人为气候变化,暴雨的频率和严重程度都会增加,与此同时,全球的主要塑料废物数量也在增加,其中大部分被排入水体和海洋。鉴于这些问题的紧迫性和不断扩大的性质,了解城市洪水对固体废物管理的影响至关重要,反之亦然。社会-生态系统(SES)思维要求采用整体方法来处理人类行为者与环境系统之间的关系和互动,这可能会产生动态和突发的结果。在这篇综述论文中,我们通过综合新出现的有关此类相互作用特定方面的定量和定性研究,为更好地理解城市洪水与 MPW 之间的相互作用迈出了第一步。需要开展更多的研究,明确关注和阐述这些相互作用的性质,并考虑跨尺度(从全球到地方)和长短时间跨度的潜在关系。我们的结论是,采用生态系统服务和环境方法可以为针对具体情况的干预措施提供新的可能性,并对城市洪水和 MPW 之间的相互作用保持敏感。本文所属分类:水科学 > 水与环境变化人类用水 > 水治理水工程 > 水规划
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引用次数: 0
Using foliar δ13C from high-Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency 利用高安第斯山植物(西拉拉河流域)的叶片δ13C,通过水分利用效率衡量潜在蒸散量
Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1707
Francisco Suárez, Claudio Latorre, Magdalena Mendoza, Matías Frugone, José F. Muñoz
The water-dependent nature of arid ecosystems is closely related to the coupling between energy input through photosynthesis and the loss of water through transpiration (Tr), which can be expressed as water use efficiency (WUE). The relationship, however, between environmental factors and plant physiology in controlling evapotranspiration is not well understood in high-altitude arid environments. Here, we review the use of carbon isotope fractionation (δ13C) to indirectly track fluctuations in WUE and the use of the portable chamber method to partition landscape actual evapotranspiration (ETa) into Tr and bare soil evaporation (Ebs) in the alluvial deposits of the Silala River, a high elevation watershed located in northern Chile. Landscape ETa was also measured with Eddy covariance (EC) systems in the basin's riparian wetland and alluvial hillslope deposits. Carbon isotope results were consistent with what is known from the literature regarding these high-elevation ecosystems. WUE, as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination values, decreased in summer (the wet season), and increased in winter at all sites. These results were consistent with the EC measurements. Changes in WUE were much greater in the valley wetlands than along the hillslopes, most likely due to a large drop in available soil moisture along the valley bottom during the dry season. Portable chamber results obtained during summer and winter field campaigns showed that at the landscape scale, hillslope ETa was mainly dominated by bare soil evaporation; and ETa partitioning into Tr and Ebs had a seasonal change.
干旱生态系统对水的依赖性与通过光合作用输入的能量和通过蒸腾作用(Tr)损失的水分之间的耦合密切相关,这可以用水分利用效率(WUE)来表示。然而,在高海拔干旱环境中,环境因素与植物生理在控制蒸腾作用方面的关系还不十分清楚。在此,我们回顾了利用碳同位素分馏法(δ13C)间接跟踪水分利用效率波动的情况,以及在智利北部高海拔流域西拉拉河冲积层中利用便携式箱法将景观实际蒸散量(ETa)划分为Tr蒸散量和裸土蒸散量(Ebs)的情况。此外,还利用涡度协方差(EC)系统测量了该流域河岸湿地和冲积山坡沉积物的景观蒸散发。碳同位素测量结果与文献中有关这些高海拔生态系统的研究结果一致。根据碳同位素判别值估算,所有地点的水分利用效率在夏季(雨季)都有所下降,而在冬季则有所上升。这些结果与导电率测量结果一致。谷地湿地的 WUE 变化远大于山坡,这很可能是由于旱季谷底可用土壤水分大幅下降所致。在夏季和冬季野外活动中获得的便携式试验箱结果表明,在地貌尺度上,山坡的蒸散发主要由裸露土壤的蒸发所主导;蒸散发在 Tr 和 Ebs 中的分配具有季节性变化。
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引用次数: 0
Catchment concentration–discharge relationships across temporal scales: A review 跨时间尺度的流域浓度-排水关系:综述
Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1702
Shannon L. Speir, Lucy A. Rose, Joanna R. Blaszczak, Dustin W. Kincaid, Hannah M. Fazekas, Alex J. Webster, Michelle A. Wolford, Arial J. Shogren, Adam S. Wymore
Processes that drive variability in catchment solute sourcing, transformation, and transport can be investigated using concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships. These relationships reflect catchment and in-stream processes operating across nested temporal scales, incorporating both short and long-term patterns. Scientists can therefore leverage catchment-scale C–Q datasets to identify and distinguish among the underlying meteorological, biological, and geological processes that drive solute export patterns from catchments and influence the shape of their respective C–Q relationships. We have synthesized current knowledge regarding the influence of biological, geological, and meteorological processes on C–Q patterns for various solute types across diel to decadal time scales. We identify cross-scale linkages and tools researchers can use to explore these interactions across time scales. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of C–Q temporal dynamics as reflections of catchment and in-stream processes. We also lay the foundation for developing an integrated approach to investigate cross-scale linkages in the temporal dynamics of C–Q relationships, reflecting catchment biogeochemical processes and the effects of environmental change on water quality.
可以利用浓度-排水量(C-Q)关系来研究驱动集水区溶质来源、转化和迁移变化的过程。这些关系反映了在嵌套时间尺度上运行的集水和内流过程,同时包含短期和长期模式。因此,科学家可以利用集水尺度的 C-Q 数据集来识别和区分驱动集水区溶质输出模式并影响其各自 C-Q 关系形状的基本气象、生物和地质过程。我们综合了当前关于生物、地质和气象过程对各种溶质类型的 C-Q 模式的影响的知识,涵盖了从日到十年的时间尺度。我们确定了跨尺度联系以及研究人员可用于探索这些跨时间尺度相互作用的工具。最后,我们还指出了在理解 C-Q 时间动态反映流域和内流过程方面存在的知识差距。我们还为开发一种综合方法奠定了基础,以研究 C-Q 时间动态关系中的跨尺度联系,反映集水区生物地球化学过程和环境变化对水质的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical and microbiological safety of drinking water in distribution networks made of plastic pipes 塑料管配网中饮用水的化学和微生物安全
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1704
Joanna Świetlik, Marta Magnucka
In recent years, metal alloys used for drinking water distribution are gradually being replaced by PVC and HDPE pipes. In areas of distribution networks made of plastic, consumer complaints related to a significant deterioration of organoleptic parameters of water are frequently recorded. The decline in water quality is most likely the result of chemical and biological processes occurring on the inner walls of the transmission pipes coexisting with the disappearance of disinfectant residues. Plastic pipes are also characterized by high failure rates associated with aging of polymeric materials under operating conditions. Published reports indicate disturbing phenomena occurring in plastic pipes: oxidative aging of polymers, degradation of antioxidant coatings, release of organic compounds to water as well as surface damage and scaling, generating microplastic particles. PE and PVC networks are also susceptible to biofilm formation, characterized by a high phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms. Studies presented in the literature, indicating the risks resulting from the exploitation of PE and PVC pipes, are mainly based on model tests. There is a lack of works, which would complementarily explain all the phenomena occurring in working water pipes made of plastics. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the phenomena and processes that can occur in PE and PVC pipes in service and their relevance to the safety and quality of drinking water in distribution networks, as well as to identify areas that require further analysis to enable water producers to deliver an appropriately high-quality product to consumers.
近年来,用于饮用水配水的金属合金逐渐被PVC和HDPE管材所取代。在由塑料制成的配电网地区,经常记录到消费者对水的感官参数严重恶化的投诉。水质的下降很可能是在输水管道内壁发生的化学和生物过程与消毒剂残留消失共存的结果。塑料管的另一个特点是,在操作条件下,由于聚合物材料的老化,故障率也很高。已发表的报告指出,塑料管中出现了令人不安的现象:聚合物氧化老化、抗氧化涂层降解、有机化合物释放到水中,以及表面损坏和结垢,产生微塑料颗粒。PE和PVC网络也容易受到生物膜形成的影响,其特征是微生物的高度系统发育多样性。文献中提出的研究表明,PE和PVC管道的开采造成的风险,主要是基于模型试验。缺少工程,这可以补充解释塑料水管工作中出现的所有现象。本综述的目的是介绍目前关于在使用中的PE和PVC管道中可能发生的现象和过程的知识状况及其与分配网络中饮用水安全和质量的相关性,并确定需要进一步分析的领域,以使水生产商能够向消费者提供适当的高质量产品。
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引用次数: 0
The social connectivity of subsurface flows: Towards a better integration of the vertical dimension in socio-hydrosystem studies 地下水流的社会连通性:在社会水文系统研究中更好地整合垂直维度
Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1703
Anne-Lise Boyer, David Blanchon, Laurent Schmitt, Dominique Badariotti, Jean-Philippe Bedell, Jean-Nicolas Beisel, François Chabaux, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Frédéric Huneau, Gwenaël Imfeld, Brian F. O'Neill, Vanina Pasqualini, Olivier Radakovitch, Cybill Staentzel, François-Michel Le Tourneau
This contribution points out that while the importance of hydrologic, geomorphic, ecological, temporal, and socio-cultural connectivity in the functioning of hydrosystems has been acknowledged in three dimensions (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical), vertical connectivity has often been overlooked. Drawing on a multidisciplinary literature review, the authors aim to highlight the socio-cultural connectivity of subsurface flows and aquifers as a crucial factor for socio-hydrosystem understanding and management. The piece builds on emergent literature which underscores how groundwater, shallow groundwater, and the hyporheic zone are coproduced by nature and society through time. Furthermore, the review explores how verticality has become an important heuristic dimension at the intersection of the environmental and social sciences, and there has been a particular focus on the hyporheic zone to look at how notions of interstitiality and (in)visibility can be better integrated with socio-hydrosystem science and management. Finally, the paper calls for further research to integrate the vertical dimension of hydrosystems into more comprehensive socio-hydrological frameworks, which remain, at times, empirically and theoretically weak on questions of social power, even if they do incorporate aspects of political systems. Especially as societies' relationships to groundwater may be at the heart of climate change adaptation strategies, greater consideration of the social connectivity to subflows is a necessary direction for sustainable water resource management and scholarship.
这篇文章指出,虽然水文、地貌、生态、时间和社会文化连通性在水文系统功能中的重要性已经在三个维度(纵向、横向和垂直)得到承认,但垂直连通性往往被忽视。根据多学科文献综述,作者旨在强调地下水流和含水层的社会文化连通性是社会水文系统理解和管理的关键因素。该作品建立在新兴文献的基础上,这些文献强调了地下水、浅层地下水和潜流带是如何随着时间的推移由自然和社会共同产生的。此外,该综述还探讨了垂直性如何成为环境科学和社会科学交叉领域的一个重要启发式维度,并特别关注了隐隐带,以研究如何将间隙性和可见性的概念更好地与社会水文系统科学和管理相结合。最后,论文呼吁进行进一步的研究,将水文系统的垂直维度整合到更全面的社会水文框架中,这些框架有时在社会权力问题上的经验和理论仍然薄弱,即使它们确实包含了政治系统的各个方面。特别是由于社会与地下水的关系可能是气候变化适应战略的核心,因此更多地考虑与地下水的社会联系是可持续水资源管理和学术研究的必要方向。
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引用次数: 0
A call for an accurate presentation of glaciers as water resources 呼吁将冰川准确地描述为水资源
Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1705
Simon Gascoin
Glaciers are often portrayed as an important water resource in scientific research and public debate. However, the scientific literature calls for caution when presenting this idea. While melting glaciers can increase water insecurity, their contribution to runoff is often minor and other factors like excessive groundwater pumping for irrigation or surface and groundwater contamination pose much greater threats to water availability. As we consider the wide range of environmental impacts due to glacier changes, we must also question the “glacier as water resource” narrative that may unnecessarily contribute to public anxiety.
在科学研究和公共辩论中,冰川经常被描绘成一种重要的水资源。然而,科学文献呼吁在提出这一观点时要谨慎。虽然冰川融化会增加水的不安全,但它们对径流的贡献往往很小,而其他因素,如用于灌溉的过量抽取地下水或地表水和地下水污染,对水的可得性构成更大的威胁。当我们考虑到冰川变化对环境的广泛影响时,我们也必须质疑“冰川是水资源”的说法,这可能会不必要地引起公众的焦虑。
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