Andrew D. Nelson, Vaughn D. Collins, Jeremy S. Payne, Tim B. Abbe
We propose a holistic approach to define a river corridor as the minimum space needed to sustain key river functions based on an understanding of the desired functions of that corridor and the processes governing channel and floodplain formation. Giving such space is a fundamental nature-based solution to river management, as it allows the river to use its own energy to maintain flood conveyance and habitat function. The review of existing river corridor concepts shows that these often focus on one or two potential functions of a river corridor and may not be well suited as tools to optimize eco-geomorphic river function. We argue that evaluating the effects of river corridor width on multiple processes can provide an objective means to optimize delineation in areas where development encroaches onto floodplains and channel migration zones. Key processes are linked to channel migration and include floodplain rejuvenation, emergence of a dynamic patch mosaic of riparian habitat that sustains a functioning large wood cycle, and effects of constriction and confinement on channel dynamics and morphology. Quantification of these processes for an example river shows the most rapid gains for habitat and flood protection values up to the threshold for planform-controlled conditions and an asymptotically reducing rate of gain in function above that threshold. For the example river, the threshold width approaching that asymptote is substantially more than its constrained condition but much less than the width of the floodplain and channel migration zone, offering a compromise for managing rivers with developed floodplains.
{"title":"Proactive river corridor definition: Recommendations for a process-based width optimization approach illustrated in the context of the coastal Pacific Northwest","authors":"Andrew D. Nelson, Vaughn D. Collins, Jeremy S. Payne, Tim B. Abbe","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1711","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a holistic approach to define a river corridor as the minimum space needed to sustain key river functions based on an understanding of the desired functions of that corridor and the processes governing channel and floodplain formation. Giving such space is a fundamental nature-based solution to river management, as it allows the river to use its own energy to maintain flood conveyance and habitat function. The review of existing river corridor concepts shows that these often focus on one or two potential functions of a river corridor and may not be well suited as tools to optimize eco-geomorphic river function. We argue that evaluating the effects of river corridor width on multiple processes can provide an objective means to optimize delineation in areas where development encroaches onto floodplains and channel migration zones. Key processes are linked to channel migration and include floodplain rejuvenation, emergence of a dynamic patch mosaic of riparian habitat that sustains a functioning large wood cycle, and effects of constriction and confinement on channel dynamics and morphology. Quantification of these processes for an example river shows the most rapid gains for habitat and flood protection values up to the threshold for planform-controlled conditions and an asymptotically reducing rate of gain in function above that threshold. For the example river, the threshold width approaching that asymptote is substantially more than its constrained condition but much less than the width of the floodplain and channel migration zone, offering a compromise for managing rivers with developed floodplains.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139095742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atmospheric water vapor is a crucial factor in the Earth's water cycle. As an important greenhouse gas, changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor can contribute to the occurrence of various extreme weather phenomena. Lidar, with its high spatial and temporal resolutions, has great potential for applications in water vapor profile detection. Raman lidar and differential absorption lidar (DIAL) have been successfully used to detect atmospheric water vapor. System calibration is crucial to ensure that the measured profile accurately represents the concentration profile of atmospheric water vapor. Choosing an effective system calibration method can ensure the accuracy of long-term lidar measurements. This paper reviews the latest progress and applications of atmospheric water vapor lidar calibration in recent years. The basic principles of Raman lidar and DIAL calibration are introduced. Various methods and benefits of system calibration are discussed. Raman lidar has three commonly used calibration methods: external calibration, internal calibration, and hybrid calibration methods. The most commonly used method is external calibration based on radiosondes. DIAL is usually implemented with an advantageous self-calibration method. Finally, potential development directions for atmospheric water vapor lidar and calibration technology are discussed.
{"title":"A review of atmospheric water vapor lidar calibration methods","authors":"Xinqian Guo, Decheng Wu, Zhenzhu Wang, Bangxin Wang, Cheng Li, Qian Deng, Dong Liu","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1712","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric water vapor is a crucial factor in the Earth's water cycle. As an important greenhouse gas, changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor can contribute to the occurrence of various extreme weather phenomena. Lidar, with its high spatial and temporal resolutions, has great potential for applications in water vapor profile detection. Raman lidar and differential absorption lidar (DIAL) have been successfully used to detect atmospheric water vapor. System calibration is crucial to ensure that the measured profile accurately represents the concentration profile of atmospheric water vapor. Choosing an effective system calibration method can ensure the accuracy of long-term lidar measurements. This paper reviews the latest progress and applications of atmospheric water vapor lidar calibration in recent years. The basic principles of Raman lidar and DIAL calibration are introduced. Various methods and benefits of system calibration are discussed. Raman lidar has three commonly used calibration methods: external calibration, internal calibration, and hybrid calibration methods. The most commonly used method is external calibration based on radiosondes. DIAL is usually implemented with an advantageous self-calibration method. Finally, potential development directions for atmospheric water vapor lidar and calibration technology are discussed.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews research on sediment flux impacts on the receiving estuary, ports, and society in Cartagena, Colombia. The city hosts both the country's largest touristic and coastal industrial sectors and is home to vulnerable coastal communities whose health and livelihoods are impacted by pollution. These marginalized artisanal fishing communities lack basic water and health services but have finally been recognized in a new intersectoral committee for Cartagena Bay's environmental management. To support the governance of these complex socioenvironmental challenges, the Cartagena Bay Observatory has been developed as a scientific tool to monitor the bay's conditions and forecast the effects of future sediment remediation plans. Cartagena Bay receives large freshwater discharges from the Dique Canal, draining from the 260,000 km2 Magdalena River watershed where 80% of the national population resides. This runoff transports sediment loads of 2.3 Mt/year, dispersing large plumes that affect the marine ecosystems and tourism and make the bay one of the Caribbean's largest sediment‐receiving estuaries. Following decades of watershed deforestation and erosion, the upward trending sediment inputs and accretion of the Dique delta have resulted in deposition rates of 1.8 cm/year, and the need for frequent dredging. Mercury dumped by a chemical industry in the 1970s can be found in concentrations as high as 18.8 μg/g buried below the bay's bottom. Mercury has also been found in the bay's biota and human populations, and so the dredging needed for the port's sustainability thereby presents a health risk by allowing this trapped mercury to surface.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Hydrological Processes Science of Water > Water Quality Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
{"title":"Sustainability impacts of sediments on the estuary, ports, and fishing communities of Cartagena Bay, Colombian Caribbean","authors":"M. Tosic, Juan D. Restrepo Ángel","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1709","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews research on sediment flux impacts on the receiving estuary, ports, and society in Cartagena, Colombia. The city hosts both the country's largest touristic and coastal industrial sectors and is home to vulnerable coastal communities whose health and livelihoods are impacted by pollution. These marginalized artisanal fishing communities lack basic water and health services but have finally been recognized in a new intersectoral committee for Cartagena Bay's environmental management. To support the governance of these complex socioenvironmental challenges, the Cartagena Bay Observatory has been developed as a scientific tool to monitor the bay's conditions and forecast the effects of future sediment remediation plans. Cartagena Bay receives large freshwater discharges from the Dique Canal, draining from the 260,000 km2 Magdalena River watershed where 80% of the national population resides. This runoff transports sediment loads of 2.3 Mt/year, dispersing large plumes that affect the marine ecosystems and tourism and make the bay one of the Caribbean's largest sediment‐receiving estuaries. Following decades of watershed deforestation and erosion, the upward trending sediment inputs and accretion of the Dique delta have resulted in deposition rates of 1.8 cm/year, and the need for frequent dredging. Mercury dumped by a chemical industry in the 1970s can be found in concentrations as high as 18.8 μg/g buried below the bay's bottom. Mercury has also been found in the bay's biota and human populations, and so the dredging needed for the port's sustainability thereby presents a health risk by allowing this trapped mercury to surface.This article is categorized under:\u0000Science of Water > Hydrological Processes\u0000Science of Water > Water Quality\u0000Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change\u0000","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"112 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Five years ago, an article in WIREs Water provided the first comprehensive analysis of historic (legacy) landfill sites vulnerable to coastal flooding and erosion at a national scale (England). This update expands upon that article by considering the potential impacts of climate change upon inland historic landfills. Globally, there are hundreds of thousands of landfills that predate modern environmental regulations, and where waste is not isolated from the surrounding environment, but climate change impacts on the pollution risk from historic landfills in freshwater environments has received little attention. Where climate change causes an increase in the frequency and magnitude of fluvial flood events, this will increase leachate generation and the probability of landfill erosion and solid waste release. Where there is increased drought the landfill capping materials may crack, opening up new pollutant pathways, and increasing the risk of solid waste release. Changes to groundwater movement resulting from climate change may open new leachate pathways, and in England alone, thousands of historic landfills are in (groundwater) Source Protection Zones where modern regulations to protect drinking water supplies would not permit their construction. This increased contaminant release from historic landfills in freshwater environments may impact surface and/or groundwater quality and ecological health, increase costs for drinking water monitoring/treatment, or make some abstraction sources unviable. This is especially of concern where receptors are subject to multiple pressures and may cause tipping points to be reached. Further research is warranted into contaminant behavior, receptor vulnerability, historic landfill risk prioritization, and mitigation/remediation methods.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Engineering Water Science of Water > Water Quality Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
{"title":"Potential pollution risks of historic landfills in England: Further analysis of climate change impacts","authors":"James H. Brand, Kate L. Spencer","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1706","url":null,"abstract":"Five years ago, an article in WIREs Water provided the first comprehensive analysis of historic (legacy) landfill sites vulnerable to coastal flooding and erosion at a national scale (England). This update expands upon that article by considering the potential impacts of climate change upon inland historic landfills. Globally, there are hundreds of thousands of landfills that predate modern environmental regulations, and where waste is not isolated from the surrounding environment, but climate change impacts on the pollution risk from historic landfills in freshwater environments has received little attention. Where climate change causes an increase in the frequency and magnitude of fluvial flood events, this will increase leachate generation and the probability of landfill erosion and solid waste release. Where there is increased drought the landfill capping materials may crack, opening up new pollutant pathways, and increasing the risk of solid waste release. Changes to groundwater movement resulting from climate change may open new leachate pathways, and in England alone, thousands of historic landfills are in (groundwater) Source Protection Zones where modern regulations to protect drinking water supplies would not permit their construction. This increased contaminant release from historic landfills in freshwater environments may impact surface and/or groundwater quality and ecological health, increase costs for drinking water monitoring/treatment, or make some abstraction sources unviable. This is especially of concern where receptors are subject to multiple pressures and may cause tipping points to be reached. Further research is warranted into contaminant behavior, receptor vulnerability, historic landfill risk prioritization, and mitigation/remediation methods.This article is categorized under:\u0000Engineering Water > Engineering Water\u0000Science of Water > Water Quality\u0000Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change\u0000Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems\u0000","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) and urban flooding are typically considered distinct environmental challenges. However, there are notable links between growing quantities of MPW and the rising incidence of floods in cities. A majority of people now live in cities, especially along coastlines and in estuaries where residents are both vulnerable to flooding and significant sources of plastic waste. Predicted increases in the frequency and severity of heavy rainfall associated with anthropogenic climate change coincide with rising global quantities of MPW, much of which is discharged into water bodies and the sea. Given the urgent and expanding nature of these issues, understanding impacts of urban floods on solid waste management and vice versa is crucial. Social‐ecological systems (SES) thinking calls for a holistic approach to the relationships and interactions between human actors and environmental systems which can result in dynamic and emergent outcomes. In this review paper, we make a first step towards better understanding of the interactions between urban flooding and MPW by synthesizing emerging quantitative and qualitative research on particular aspects of such interactions. More research is needed which explicitly focuses on and elaborates the nature of these interactions, and also to consider potential relations across scales (from global to local) and over both long and short timeframes. We conclude that an SES approach can make visible novel possibilities for interventions which are context specific and sensitive to the interactions between urban floods and MPW.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Human Water > Water Governance Engineering Water > Planning Water
{"title":"Multi‐scalar interactions between mismanaged plastic waste and urban flooding in an era of climate change and rapid urbanization","authors":"Elizabeth MacAfee, A. Löhr","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1708","url":null,"abstract":"Mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) and urban flooding are typically considered distinct environmental challenges. However, there are notable links between growing quantities of MPW and the rising incidence of floods in cities. A majority of people now live in cities, especially along coastlines and in estuaries where residents are both vulnerable to flooding and significant sources of plastic waste. Predicted increases in the frequency and severity of heavy rainfall associated with anthropogenic climate change coincide with rising global quantities of MPW, much of which is discharged into water bodies and the sea. Given the urgent and expanding nature of these issues, understanding impacts of urban floods on solid waste management and vice versa is crucial. Social‐ecological systems (SES) thinking calls for a holistic approach to the relationships and interactions between human actors and environmental systems which can result in dynamic and emergent outcomes. In this review paper, we make a first step towards better understanding of the interactions between urban flooding and MPW by synthesizing emerging quantitative and qualitative research on particular aspects of such interactions. More research is needed which explicitly focuses on and elaborates the nature of these interactions, and also to consider potential relations across scales (from global to local) and over both long and short timeframes. We conclude that an SES approach can make visible novel possibilities for interventions which are context specific and sensitive to the interactions between urban floods and MPW.This article is categorized under:\u0000Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change\u0000Human Water > Water Governance\u0000Engineering Water > Planning Water\u0000","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"120 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco Suárez, Claudio Latorre, Magdalena Mendoza, Matías Frugone, José F. Muñoz
The water-dependent nature of arid ecosystems is closely related to the coupling between energy input through photosynthesis and the loss of water through transpiration (Tr), which can be expressed as water use efficiency (WUE). The relationship, however, between environmental factors and plant physiology in controlling evapotranspiration is not well understood in high-altitude arid environments. Here, we review the use of carbon isotope fractionation (δ13C) to indirectly track fluctuations in WUE and the use of the portable chamber method to partition landscape actual evapotranspiration (ETa) into Tr and bare soil evaporation (Ebs) in the alluvial deposits of the Silala River, a high elevation watershed located in northern Chile. Landscape ETa was also measured with Eddy covariance (EC) systems in the basin's riparian wetland and alluvial hillslope deposits. Carbon isotope results were consistent with what is known from the literature regarding these high-elevation ecosystems. WUE, as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination values, decreased in summer (the wet season), and increased in winter at all sites. These results were consistent with the EC measurements. Changes in WUE were much greater in the valley wetlands than along the hillslopes, most likely due to a large drop in available soil moisture along the valley bottom during the dry season. Portable chamber results obtained during summer and winter field campaigns showed that at the landscape scale, hillslope ETa was mainly dominated by bare soil evaporation; and ETa partitioning into Tr and Ebs had a seasonal change.
{"title":"Using foliar δ13C from high-Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency","authors":"Francisco Suárez, Claudio Latorre, Magdalena Mendoza, Matías Frugone, José F. Muñoz","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1707","url":null,"abstract":"The water-dependent nature of arid ecosystems is closely related to the coupling between energy input through photosynthesis and the loss of water through transpiration (<i>T</i><sub>r</sub>), which can be expressed as water use efficiency (WUE). The relationship, however, between environmental factors and plant physiology in controlling evapotranspiration is not well understood in high-altitude arid environments. Here, we review the use of carbon isotope fractionation (δ<sup>13</sup>C) to indirectly track fluctuations in WUE and the use of the portable chamber method to partition landscape actual evapotranspiration (ET<sub>a</sub>) into <i>T</i><sub>r</sub> and bare soil evaporation (<i>E</i><sub>bs</sub>) in the alluvial deposits of the Silala River, a high elevation watershed located in northern Chile. Landscape ET<sub>a</sub> was also measured with Eddy covariance (EC) systems in the basin's riparian wetland and alluvial hillslope deposits. Carbon isotope results were consistent with what is known from the literature regarding these high-elevation ecosystems. WUE, as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination values, decreased in summer (the wet season), and increased in winter at all sites. These results were consistent with the EC measurements. Changes in WUE were much greater in the valley wetlands than along the hillslopes, most likely due to a large drop in available soil moisture along the valley bottom during the dry season. Portable chamber results obtained during summer and winter field campaigns showed that at the landscape scale, hillslope <i>ET</i><sub>a</sub> was mainly dominated by bare soil evaporation; and <i>ET</i><sub>a</sub> partitioning into <i>T</i><sub>r</sub> and <i>E</i><sub>bs</sub> had a seasonal change.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shannon L. Speir, Lucy A. Rose, Joanna R. Blaszczak, Dustin W. Kincaid, Hannah M. Fazekas, Alex J. Webster, Michelle A. Wolford, Arial J. Shogren, Adam S. Wymore
Processes that drive variability in catchment solute sourcing, transformation, and transport can be investigated using concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships. These relationships reflect catchment and in-stream processes operating across nested temporal scales, incorporating both short and long-term patterns. Scientists can therefore leverage catchment-scale C–Q datasets to identify and distinguish among the underlying meteorological, biological, and geological processes that drive solute export patterns from catchments and influence the shape of their respective C–Q relationships. We have synthesized current knowledge regarding the influence of biological, geological, and meteorological processes on C–Q patterns for various solute types across diel to decadal time scales. We identify cross-scale linkages and tools researchers can use to explore these interactions across time scales. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of C–Q temporal dynamics as reflections of catchment and in-stream processes. We also lay the foundation for developing an integrated approach to investigate cross-scale linkages in the temporal dynamics of C–Q relationships, reflecting catchment biogeochemical processes and the effects of environmental change on water quality.
{"title":"Catchment concentration–discharge relationships across temporal scales: A review","authors":"Shannon L. Speir, Lucy A. Rose, Joanna R. Blaszczak, Dustin W. Kincaid, Hannah M. Fazekas, Alex J. Webster, Michelle A. Wolford, Arial J. Shogren, Adam S. Wymore","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1702","url":null,"abstract":"Processes that drive variability in catchment solute sourcing, transformation, and transport can be investigated using concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships. These relationships reflect catchment and in-stream processes operating across nested temporal scales, incorporating both short and long-term patterns. Scientists can therefore leverage catchment-scale C–Q datasets to identify and distinguish among the underlying meteorological, biological, and geological processes that drive solute export patterns from catchments and influence the shape of their respective C–Q relationships. We have synthesized current knowledge regarding the influence of biological, geological, and meteorological processes on C–Q patterns for various solute types across diel to decadal time scales. We identify cross-scale linkages and tools researchers can use to explore these interactions across time scales. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of C–Q temporal dynamics as reflections of catchment and in-stream processes. We also lay the foundation for developing an integrated approach to investigate cross-scale linkages in the temporal dynamics of C–Q relationships, reflecting catchment biogeochemical processes and the effects of environmental change on water quality.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138547031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, metal alloys used for drinking water distribution are gradually being replaced by PVC and HDPE pipes. In areas of distribution networks made of plastic, consumer complaints related to a significant deterioration of organoleptic parameters of water are frequently recorded. The decline in water quality is most likely the result of chemical and biological processes occurring on the inner walls of the transmission pipes coexisting with the disappearance of disinfectant residues. Plastic pipes are also characterized by high failure rates associated with aging of polymeric materials under operating conditions. Published reports indicate disturbing phenomena occurring in plastic pipes: oxidative aging of polymers, degradation of antioxidant coatings, release of organic compounds to water as well as surface damage and scaling, generating microplastic particles. PE and PVC networks are also susceptible to biofilm formation, characterized by a high phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms. Studies presented in the literature, indicating the risks resulting from the exploitation of PE and PVC pipes, are mainly based on model tests. There is a lack of works, which would complementarily explain all the phenomena occurring in working water pipes made of plastics. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the phenomena and processes that can occur in PE and PVC pipes in service and their relevance to the safety and quality of drinking water in distribution networks, as well as to identify areas that require further analysis to enable water producers to deliver an appropriately high-quality product to consumers.
{"title":"Chemical and microbiological safety of drinking water in distribution networks made of plastic pipes","authors":"Joanna Świetlik, Marta Magnucka","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1704","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, metal alloys used for drinking water distribution are gradually being replaced by PVC and HDPE pipes. In areas of distribution networks made of plastic, consumer complaints related to a significant deterioration of organoleptic parameters of water are frequently recorded. The decline in water quality is most likely the result of chemical and biological processes occurring on the inner walls of the transmission pipes coexisting with the disappearance of disinfectant residues. Plastic pipes are also characterized by high failure rates associated with aging of polymeric materials under operating conditions. Published reports indicate disturbing phenomena occurring in plastic pipes: oxidative aging of polymers, degradation of antioxidant coatings, release of organic compounds to water as well as surface damage and scaling, generating microplastic particles. PE and PVC networks are also susceptible to biofilm formation, characterized by a high phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms. Studies presented in the literature, indicating the risks resulting from the exploitation of PE and PVC pipes, are mainly based on model tests. There is a lack of works, which would complementarily explain all the phenomena occurring in working water pipes made of plastics. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the phenomena and processes that can occur in PE and PVC pipes in service and their relevance to the safety and quality of drinking water in distribution networks, as well as to identify areas that require further analysis to enable water producers to deliver an appropriately high-quality product to consumers.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"237 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne-Lise Boyer, David Blanchon, Laurent Schmitt, Dominique Badariotti, Jean-Philippe Bedell, Jean-Nicolas Beisel, François Chabaux, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Frédéric Huneau, Gwenaël Imfeld, Brian F. O'Neill, Vanina Pasqualini, Olivier Radakovitch, Cybill Staentzel, François-Michel Le Tourneau
This contribution points out that while the importance of hydrologic, geomorphic, ecological, temporal, and socio-cultural connectivity in the functioning of hydrosystems has been acknowledged in three dimensions (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical), vertical connectivity has often been overlooked. Drawing on a multidisciplinary literature review, the authors aim to highlight the socio-cultural connectivity of subsurface flows and aquifers as a crucial factor for socio-hydrosystem understanding and management. The piece builds on emergent literature which underscores how groundwater, shallow groundwater, and the hyporheic zone are coproduced by nature and society through time. Furthermore, the review explores how verticality has become an important heuristic dimension at the intersection of the environmental and social sciences, and there has been a particular focus on the hyporheic zone to look at how notions of interstitiality and (in)visibility can be better integrated with socio-hydrosystem science and management. Finally, the paper calls for further research to integrate the vertical dimension of hydrosystems into more comprehensive socio-hydrological frameworks, which remain, at times, empirically and theoretically weak on questions of social power, even if they do incorporate aspects of political systems. Especially as societies' relationships to groundwater may be at the heart of climate change adaptation strategies, greater consideration of the social connectivity to subflows is a necessary direction for sustainable water resource management and scholarship.
{"title":"The social connectivity of subsurface flows: Towards a better integration of the vertical dimension in socio-hydrosystem studies","authors":"Anne-Lise Boyer, David Blanchon, Laurent Schmitt, Dominique Badariotti, Jean-Philippe Bedell, Jean-Nicolas Beisel, François Chabaux, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Frédéric Huneau, Gwenaël Imfeld, Brian F. O'Neill, Vanina Pasqualini, Olivier Radakovitch, Cybill Staentzel, François-Michel Le Tourneau","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1703","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution points out that while the importance of hydrologic, geomorphic, ecological, temporal, and socio-cultural connectivity in the functioning of hydrosystems has been acknowledged in three dimensions (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical), vertical connectivity has often been overlooked. Drawing on a multidisciplinary literature review, the authors aim to highlight the socio-cultural connectivity of subsurface flows and aquifers as a crucial factor for socio-hydrosystem understanding and management. The piece builds on emergent literature which underscores how groundwater, shallow groundwater, and the hyporheic zone are coproduced by nature and society through time. Furthermore, the review explores how verticality has become an important heuristic dimension at the intersection of the environmental and social sciences, and there has been a particular focus on the hyporheic zone to look at how notions of interstitiality and (in)visibility can be better integrated with socio-hydrosystem science and management. Finally, the paper calls for further research to integrate the vertical dimension of hydrosystems into more comprehensive socio-hydrological frameworks, which remain, at times, empirically and theoretically weak on questions of social power, even if they do incorporate aspects of political systems. Especially as societies' relationships to groundwater may be at the heart of climate change adaptation strategies, greater consideration of the social connectivity to subflows is a necessary direction for sustainable water resource management and scholarship.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"211 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glaciers are often portrayed as an important water resource in scientific research and public debate. However, the scientific literature calls for caution when presenting this idea. While melting glaciers can increase water insecurity, their contribution to runoff is often minor and other factors like excessive groundwater pumping for irrigation or surface and groundwater contamination pose much greater threats to water availability. As we consider the wide range of environmental impacts due to glacier changes, we must also question the “glacier as water resource” narrative that may unnecessarily contribute to public anxiety.
{"title":"A call for an accurate presentation of glaciers as water resources","authors":"Simon Gascoin","doi":"10.1002/wat2.1705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1705","url":null,"abstract":"Glaciers are often portrayed as an important water resource in scientific research and public debate. However, the scientific literature calls for caution when presenting this idea. While melting glaciers can increase water insecurity, their contribution to runoff is often minor and other factors like excessive groundwater pumping for irrigation or surface and groundwater contamination pose much greater threats to water availability. As we consider the wide range of environmental impacts due to glacier changes, we must also question the “glacier as water resource” narrative that may unnecessarily contribute to public anxiety.","PeriodicalId":501223,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Water","volume":"240 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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