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Forecasting bathing water quality in the UK: A critical review 英国海水浴场水质预测:重要评论
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1718
Karolina Urszula Krupska, Linda Speight, James Stephen Robinson, Adam James Gilbert, Hannah Cloke
Climate change is altering rainfall patterns resulting in increasing variability and intensity of rainfall events worldwide. Increases to short duration, intense rainfall (i.e., convective rainfall), will lead to increases in sewage overflow and run‐off from agricultural land. Such events generate spikes in micro‐organisms from feces and manure, especially Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, that temporarily end up in bathing waters posing serious health risks to bathers. Forecasting of bathing water quality associated with convective rainfall presents a distinctive forecasting challenge due to high uncertainties associated with predicting the timing, location, and impact of such events. In this article, we review examples of bathing water quality forecasting practices, with a focus on the United Kingdom where convective rainfall in the summer bathing water season is a particular concern, and question whether the current approach is robust in a changing climate. We discuss potential upgrades in bathing water forecasting and identify the main challenges that must be addressed before an improved framework for bathing water forecasting can be achieved. Although developments in meteorological and hydrological short‐range forecasting capabilities are promising, convective rainfall forecasting has significant predictability limits. We suggest taking full advantage of short‐range forecasts to provide sub‐daily bathing water forecasts, focusing on targeted bathing water monitoring regimes to improve model accuracy with the ultimate goal of providing improved information and guidance for beach users.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Human Water > Water Governance Science of Water > Water Quality
气候变化正在改变降雨模式,导致全球降雨事件的变异性和强度不断增加。短时强降雨(即对流性降雨)的增加将导致农田污水溢流和径流的增加。这些事件会导致粪便和粪便中的微生物,特别是大肠杆菌和肠球菌激增,这些微生物会暂时进入沐浴水域,对沐浴者的健康构成严重威胁。由于预测对流降雨事件的时间、地点和影响具有很大的不确定性,因此与对流降雨相关的沐浴水质预测是一项独特的预测挑战。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了沐浴水质预测实践的实例,重点关注英国夏季沐浴季节的对流降雨,并质疑当前的方法在不断变化的气候中是否稳健。我们讨论了海水浴场预报的升级潜力,并确定了在改进海水浴场预报框架之前必须应对的主要挑战。尽管气象和水文短程预报能力的发展前景广阔,但对流降雨预报仍存在很大的可预测性限制。我们建议充分利用短程预报提供次日常海水浴场预报,重点关注有针对性的海水浴场监测制度,以提高模型的准确性,最终目标是为海滩使用者提供更好的信息和指导:水科学 > 水与环境变化 人类用水 > 水治理 水科学 > 水质
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引用次数: 0
Review of water scarcity assessments: Highlights of Mexico's water situation 审查缺水评估:墨西哥水资源状况要点
Pub Date : 2024-02-18 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1721
Silvana Pacheco-Treviño, Mario Guadalupe Francisco Manzano-Camarillo
This article examines the situation of water scarcity and security in Mexico, with a focus on the drinking water supply issue in rural communities and the challenges posed by assessment methodologies. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to update the available information on the water crisis in Mexico and its impact on rural communities in the country, as well as the methodologies employed to assess water security and the methodological challenges associated with them. Among the most noteworthy findings is the persistent challenge in evaluating water scarcity and its implications for communities, due to the lack of consensus on the most precise methodology. Nevertheless, current methodological approaches suggest the integration of physical models with pertinent social, economic, and political data. The literature broadly agrees on the severity of the water scarcity crisis and the clear link between rural poverty and inadequate access to drinking water. Water scarcity is both a contributing factor to and a consequence of poverty, stemming from a complex interplay of socioeconomic pressures, inadequate institutional responses, and deficient water management. The paper concludes that water scarcity involves intricate interactions among various factors, encompassing physical water scarcity, pollution, and the impacts of climate change on the water cycle, and most critically, the complexities inherent in water management and regulatory frameworks. Therefore, the integration of well-informed policies, effective management practices, and collaborative efforts is crucial for ensuring a prosperous and sustainable future. Effective water management can effectively mitigate the challenges of water scarcity and alleviate poverty.
本文探讨了墨西哥的水资源短缺和安全状况,重点关注农村社区的饮用水供应问题以及评估方法所带来的挑战。我们进行了全面的文献综述,以更新关于墨西哥水危机及其对该国农村社区影响的现有信息,以及用于评估水安全的方法和与之相关的方法论挑战。其中最值得注意的发现是,由于对最精确的方法缺乏共识,在评估缺水及其对社区的影响方面一直存在挑战。不过,目前的方法论建议将物理模型与相关的社会、经济和政治数据相结合。文献对缺水危机的严重性以及农村贫困与饮用水不足之间的明显联系达成了广泛共识。缺水既是贫困的诱因,也是贫困的后果,它源于复杂的社会经济压力、不适当的制度反应和不完善的水资源管理之间的相互作用。本文的结论是,缺水问题涉及各种因素之间错综复杂的相互作用,包括实际缺水、污染、气候变化对水循环的影响,最关键的是水资源管理和监管框架的内在复杂性。因此,将充分知情的政策、有效的管理实践和协作努力结合起来,对于确保未来的繁荣和可持续发展至关重要。有效的水资源管理可以有效缓解水资源短缺的挑战,减轻贫困。
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引用次数: 0
Social practice theory and household water demand: A review of literature and research evidence 社会实践理论与家庭用水需求:文献和研究证据综述
Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1719
Joseph Cahill, Claire Hoolohan, Alison L. Browne
The changing climate, rapid increases in global consumption, and shock events are increasing stress on water resources globally. For policy makers and water sector stakeholders tasked with reducing demand, and for academic researchers interested in understanding how these complex issues intertwine to create current and future water demand profiles, the shortcomings of individualized behavior change approaches driven by psycho-econometric understandings of resource consumption is increasingly evident. Since the early 2000s, social practice theory has been increasingly recognized as deepening understandings of the complex ways water is consumed and the dynamic factors that influence household demands. This review examines evidence of how social practice ideas are deployed in academic research in scope (theory; geographical; practices entities/performances; sites, locations, and temporality of practices; infrastructural configurations); methods (historical; talk—interviews, focus groups; diaries; ethnography and home tours; surveys; living labs, experiments, design methods; mixed methods); and implications (co-production; materiality; diversity; disruption and insecurity; inequalities) including for policy and practice. Emerging from the review is a set of ideas that demonstrate how to apply insights from social practice more effectively in water studies and in water management, aiding the exploration of new areas of enquiry, policies and mechanisms to enable less intensive patterns of water use. This review points to a need for increased collaboration across the water sector and wider stakeholders to enact deep and meaningful change to how water is supplied and consumed in society.
不断变化的气候、全球用水量的快速增长以及突发事件都在增加全球水资源的压力。对于肩负减少需求任务的政策制定者和水行业利益相关者来说,对于有兴趣了解这些复杂问题如何交织在一起形成当前和未来水资源需求状况的学术研究人员来说,以对资源消耗的心理计量学理解为驱动力的个性化行为改变方法的缺点日益明显。自 21 世纪初以来,人们越来越认识到社会实践理论加深了人们对复杂的用水方式以及影响家庭需求的动态因素的理解。本综述从范围(理论;地理;实践实体/表现;实践的地点、位置和时间性;基础设施配置);方法(历史;谈话-访谈、焦点小组;日记;人种学和家庭参观;调查;生活实验室、实验、设计方法;混合方法);以及包括对政策和实践的影响(共同生产;物质性;多样性;破坏和不安全;不平等)等方面考察了学术研究中如何运用社会实践思想的证据。本综述提出了一系列观点,展示了如何在水资源研究和水资源管理中更有效地应用社会实践的见解,帮助探索新的研究领域、政策和机制,以实现较低强度的用水模式。本综述指出,有必要加强水部门和更广泛的利益相关者之间的合作,以便对社会的供水和用水方式进行深刻而有意义的变革。
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引用次数: 0
Cover Image, Volume 11, Issue 1 封面图片,第 11 卷第 1 期
Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1715
Cover Illustration: The Silala River at the junction with Quebrada Negra, by Denis Peach, in pastels.
封面插图:西拉拉河与内格拉河交汇处,丹尼斯-皮奇(Denis Peach)用粉彩绘制。
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引用次数: 0
The role of rewilding in mitigating hydrological extremes: State of the evidence 野化在缓解极端水文现象中的作用:证据现状
Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1710
Gemma L. Harvey, Adam T. Hartley, Alexander J. Henshaw, Zareena Khan, Stewart J. Clarke, Christopher J. Sandom, Judy England, Sara King, Orlando Venn
Landscape rewilding has the potential to help mitigate hydrological extremes by allowing natural processes to function. Our systematic review assessed the evidence base for rewilding-driven mitigation of high and low flows. The review uncovers a lack of research directly addressing rewilding, but highlights research in analogue contexts which can, with caution, indicate the nature of change. There is a lack of before-after studies that enable deeper examination of temporal trajectories and legacy effects, and a lack of research on the scrub and shrubland habitats common in rewilding projects. Over twice as much evidence is available for high flows compared to low flows, and fewer than one third of studies address high and low flows simultaneously, limiting our understanding of co-benefits and contrasting effects. Flow magnitude variables are better represented within the literature than flow timing variables, and there is greater emphasis on modeling for high flows, and on direct measurement for low flows. Most high flow studies report a mitigating effect, but with variability in the magnitude of effect, and some exceptions. The nature of change for low flows is more complex and suggests a higher potential for increased low flow risks associated with certain trajectories but is based on a very narrow evidence base. We recommend that future research aims to: capture effects on both high and low flow extremes for a given type of change; analyze both magnitude and timing characteristics of flow extremes; and examine temporal trajectories (before and after data) ideally using a full before-after-control-impact design.
通过让自然过程发挥作用,景观野化有可能帮助缓解极端水文现象。我们的系统性综述评估了以野化为驱动力缓解高流量和低流量的证据基础。综述发现,缺乏直接针对野化的研究,但强调了模拟背景下的研究,这些研究可以谨慎地说明变化的性质。此外,也缺乏对野化项目中常见的灌木丛和灌木地栖息地的研究。与低流量相比,高流量方面的证据要多一倍以上,但只有不到三分之一的研究同时涉及高流量和低流量,这限制了我们对共同效益和对比效应的理解。与流量时间变量相比,流量大小变量在文献中得到了更好的体现,而且大流量研究更注重建模,小流量研究更注重直接测量。大多数大流量研究都报告了缓解效果,但效果的大小不一,也有一些例外。低流量变化的性质更为复杂,表明与某些轨迹相关的低流量风险增加的可能性更大,但所依据的证据基础非常狭窄。我们建议,未来的研究应着眼于:捕捉特定类型变化对高流量和低流量极端值的影响;分析极端流量的大小和时间特征;以及研究时间轨迹(前后数据),最好采用全面的前后控制-影响设计。
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引用次数: 0
Amphibitic stoneflies (Plecoptera) are integrators of ecosystem processes in alluvial aquifers of gravel-bed river floodplains 两栖石蝇(褶翅目)是砾石河漫滩冲积含水层生态系统过程的整合者
Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1720
Jack A. Stanford, Amanda G. DelVecchia, J. Joseph Giersch, Rachel L. Malison
Over 50 years ago nymphs of the Plecoptera species, Paraperla frontalis Banks, 1906 (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae), were shown to exist in a shallow floodplain aquifer of the Tobacco River, a gravel-bed river in western Montana and later they were documented throughout the main stems of the Flathead River system. Nymphs are almost never found in surface waters, until they emerge on the river shorelines. As teneral adults, they mate and subsequently deposit fertilized eggs into the river. This novel life cycle is termed “amphibitic.” Over the years we and others have found P. wilsoni Ricker, 1965 (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae), Kathroperla perdita Banks, 1920 (Plecoptera: Kathroperlidae), and five species of Isocapnia Banks, 1938 (Plecoptera: Capniidae), including long-winged and brachypterous adults and wingless dwarfs (male and female), occupying amphibitic niches in the alluvial aquifers of rivers in Washington, Idaho, Colorado, Alaska and British Columbia. These stoneflies are remarkably tolerant of hypoxia which allows them to exist as abundant consumers in aquifer food webs subsidized by ancient methane. Indeed, stonefly tissues contain carbon that is up to 7000 years old, underscoring the existence of a strong interaction involving the uptake of labile carbon derived from methanogenic and methanotrophic process in aquifers. Details of life cycles, trophic relationships, distribution and abundance have been documented by a suite of studies on the Nyack Floodplain of the Middle Flathead River, Montana. In this paper we review the ecophysiology and ecology of these unique stoneflies in the context of their functional role in gravel-bed river ecosystems.
50 多年前,褶翅目物种 Paraperla frontalis Banks, 1906(褶翅目:氯蝶科)的若虫被证明存在于蒙大拿州西部一条砾石河 Tobacco 河的浅洪泛蓄水层中,后来它们在整个平头河水系的主干上都被记录下来。若虫几乎从未出现在地表水中,直到它们出现在河岸上。一般成虫交配后,会将受精卵放入河中。这种新奇的生命周期被称为 "两栖"。多年来,我们和其他人发现 P.wilsoni Ricker, 1965 (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae)、Kathroperla perdita Banks, 1920 (Plecoptera: Kathroperlidae)以及 Isocapnia Banks, 1938 (Plecoptera: Capniidae)的五个种类,包括长翅和腕足成虫以及无翅的侏儒(雄性和雌性),在华盛顿州、爱达荷州、科罗拉多州、阿拉斯加州和不列颠哥伦比亚省的河流冲积含水层中占据两栖壁龛。这些石蝇对缺氧有很强的耐受力,这使它们能够作为丰富的消费者存在于含水层食物网中,而含水层食物网则由古老的甲烷提供补贴。事实上,石蝇组织中含有的碳已有 7000 年的历史,这说明含水层中的甲烷生成过程和甲烷营养过程与吸收可变碳之间存在着强烈的相互作用。在蒙大拿州弗拉特黑德河中游的尼亚克洪泛区进行的一系列研究记录了生命周期、营养关系、分布和丰度等细节。在本文中,我们将结合这些独特石蝇在砾石河生态系统中的功能作用,对其生态生理学和生态学进行综述。
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引用次数: 0
From pixels to riverscapes: How remote sensing and geospatial tools can prioritize riverscape restoration at multiple scales 从像素到河景:遥感和地理空间工具如何在多种尺度上确定河景恢复的优先次序
Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1716
Hayley C. Glassic, Kenneth C. McGwire, William W. Macfarlane, Cashe Rasmussen, Nicolaas Bouwes, Joseph M. Wheaton, Robert Al-Chokhachy
Prioritizing restoration opportunities effectively across entire riverscape networks (i.e., riverine landscape including floodplain and stream channel networks) can be difficult when relying on in-channel, reach-scale monitoring data, or watershed-level summaries that fail to capture riverscape heterogeneity and the information necessary to implement restoration actions. Leveraging remote sensing and geospatial tools to develop spatially continuous information across nested hierarchical scales may support increased understanding of local riverscape reaches in their broader network context. Using riparian (vegetation) and geomorphic (elevation) indicators to assess status of riverscape health, along with a measure of restoration capacity (valley bottom area), could be adapted to fit specific management goals related to riverscape restoration. Frameworks using remotely sensed vegetation and elevation data to prioritize restoration continuously across riverscapes at restoration-relevant, reach-scales may uphold the ecosystem services provided by riverscapes. By incorporating local knowledge and identifying caveats for using these datasets, continuous inferences can be applied at network scales (watershed to regional extent and reach-scale resolution) to prioritize restoration over a wide variety of ecoregions.
在整个河流景观网络(即包括洪泛平原和河道网络在内的河流景观)中,如果依赖于河道内、河段尺度的监测数据或水域尺度的总结,就很难有效地对修复机会进行优先排序,因为这些数据或总结无法捕捉到河流景观的异质性以及实施修复行动所需的信息。利用遥感和地理空间工具,在嵌套的分级尺度上开发空间上连续的信息,可有助于在更广泛的网络背景下加深对当地河流景观河段的了解。利用河岸(植被)和地貌(海拔)指标来评估河景健康状况,同时衡量恢复能力(谷底面积),可以适应与河景恢复相关的特定管理目标。利用遥感植被和海拔数据,在与恢复相关的范围内对河流景观持续进行优先恢复的框架,可维护河流景观提供的生态系统服务。通过结合当地知识并确定使用这些数据集的注意事项,可在网络尺度(从流域到区域范围以及到达尺度分辨率)上应用连续推断,以确定各种生态区域的修复优先次序。
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引用次数: 0
Reviving Europe's rivers: Seven challenges in the implementation of the Nature Restoration Law to restore free-flowing rivers 复兴欧洲的河流:实施《自然恢复法》以恢复自由流动河流的七大挑战
Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1717
Twan Stoffers, Florian Altermatt, Damiano Baldan, Olena Bilous, Florian Borgwardt, Anthonie D. Buijse, Elisabeth Bondar-Kunze, Nuria Cid, Tibor Erős, Maria Teresa Ferreira, Andrea Funk, Gertrud Haidvogl, Severin Hohensinner, Johannes Kowal, Leopold A. J. Nagelkerke, Jakob Neuburg, Tianna Peller, Stefan Schmutz, Gabriel A. Singer, Günther Unfer, Simon Vitecek, Sonja C. Jähnig, Thomas Hein
The EU Nature Restoration Law represents an important opportunity for freshwater habitat restoration and, consequently, freshwater biodiversity protection. However, a number of challenges must be anticipated in its implementation, which may compromise its success. Some aspects, particularly those relating to freshwater ecosystems, require more clarification. We use riverine ecosystems to illustrate existing ambiguities in the proposed legislation and the potential consequences of leaving these aspects open to interpretation during the implementation process. We also discuss potential solutions to these problems which could help ensure that the law's objectives are met. We argue that river network structure and connectivity dimensions, which result into river meta-ecosystems, must be explicitly considered. For that purpose, we ask for clear definitions of the critical terms “free-flowing rivers,” “barriers,” and “reference areas.” In addition, we recommend developing methods for integrated assessment of connectivity across river networks. As a key property of river ecosystems, this must be used to prioritize actions to increase the length and number of free-flowing rivers. Adequate restoration planning at larger spatial scales will benefit from a meta-ecosystem perspective and accurate representation of aquatic-terrestrial linkages, which will significantly improve the efficacy of restoration efforts. Furthermore, stakeholder and citizen engagement offer important opportunities at local, national, and European scales, and should be fostered to ensure inclusive decision-making. The conservation challenges outlined here are particularly important for rivers, but they also have implications for other ecosystems. These considerations are useful for policymakers, conservationists, and other stakeholders involved in the Nature Restoration Law and related policy initiatives.
欧盟自然恢复法》为淡水生境恢复,进而为淡水生物多样性保护提供了重要机遇。然而,在其实施过程中必须预见到一些挑战,这些挑战可能会影响其成功。有些方面,特别是与淡水生态系统有关的方面,需要进一步澄清。我们以河流生态系统为例,说明拟议立法中存在的模糊之处,以及在实施过程中对这些方面进行解释的潜在后果。我们还讨论了解决这些问题的潜在方案,这些方案有助于确保法律目标的实现。我们认为,必须明确考虑河网结构和连通性维度,因为它们会形成河流元生态系统。为此,我们要求明确定义 "自由流动的河流"、"障碍 "和 "参考区域 "等关键术语。此外,我们建议制定综合评估河流网络连通性的方法。连通性是河流生态系统的一个关键属性,必须利用这一属性来确定行动的优先次序,以增加自由流动河流的长度和数量。在更大的空间范围内进行适当的修复规划,将受益于元生态系统视角和水陆联系的准确表述,这将大大提高修复工作的效率。此外,利益相关者和公民的参与在地方、国家和欧洲范围内都提供了重要的机会,应促进利益相关者和公民的参与,以确保决策的包容性。本文概述的保护挑战对河流尤为重要,但对其他生态系统也有影响。这些考虑因素对政策制定者、保护主义者以及参与《自然恢复法》和相关政策倡议的其他利益相关者都很有用。
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引用次数: 0
Flash drought: A state of the science review 闪电干旱:科学现状综述
Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1714
Jordan I. Christian, Mike Hobbins, Andrew Hoell, Jason A. Otkin, Trent W. Ford, Amanda E. Cravens, Kathryn A. Powlen, Hailan Wang, Vimal Mishra
In the two decades, since the advent of the term “flash drought,” considerable research has been directed toward the topic. Within the scientific community, we have actively forged a new paradigm that has avoided a chaotic evolution of conventional drought but instead recognizes that flash droughts have distinct dynamics and, particularly, impacts. We have moved beyond the initial debate over the definition of flash drought to a centralized focus on the triad of rapid onset, drought development, and associated impacts. The refinement toward this general set of principles has led to significant progress in determining key variables for monitoring flash drought development, identifying notable case studies, and compiling fundamental physical characteristics of flash drought. However, critical focus areas still remain, including advancing our knowledge on the atmospheric and oceanic drivers of flash drought; developing flash drought-specific detection indices and monitoring systems tailored to practitioners; improving subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction of these events; constraining uncertainty in flash drought and impact projections; and using social science to further our understanding of impacts, particularly with regard to sectors that lie outside of our traditional hydroclimatological focus, such as wildfire management and food-security monitoring. Researchers and stakeholders working together on these critical topics will assure society is resilient to flash drought in a changing climate.
自 "闪旱 "一词出现以来的二十年间,针对这一主题开展了大量研究。在科学界,我们积极创建了一种新的范式,它避免了传统干旱的混乱演变,而是承认闪旱具有独特的动态,特别是影响。我们已经超越了最初关于闪旱定义的争论,集中关注快速发生、干旱发展和相关影响这三要素。通过对这套一般原则的完善,我们在确定监测闪旱发展的关键变量、确定著名的案例研究以及汇编闪旱的基本物理特征方面取得了重大进展。然而,关键的重点领域仍然存在,包括增进我们对造成山洪暴发干旱的大气和海洋驱动因素的了解;开发针对山洪暴发干旱的探测指数和监测系统,为实践者量身定制;改进对这些事件的分季节到季节性预测;限制山洪暴发干旱和影响预测中的不确定性;以及利用社会科学进一步了解影响,特别是在我们传统的水文气候学重点之外的领域,如野火管理和粮食安全监测。研究人员和利益相关者在这些关键问题上的合作将确保社会在不断变化的气候中对闪旱具有抗灾能力。
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引用次数: 0
A review on microplastics in major European rivers 欧洲主要河流中的微塑料综述
Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1713
Sijia Gao, Natalie Orlowski, Franziska Kristin Bopf, Lutz Breuer
The topic of riverine microplastics is of great interest to the general public, yet the univocal scientific knowledge on this topic is limited. This review investigated the occurrence of microplastics in 6 major European rivers and their tributaries based on the results from 29 studies. We examined the reviewed studies in regard to data quality and reproducibility and assessed the abundance of microplastics in different sections of the water column. Furthermore, we investigated the chemical composition and potential origin of the reported riverine microplastics. We found that polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene were the most abundant polymer types. The majority of primary microplastics arose from the industry sector as well as from personal care and cleaning products, whereas secondary microplastics constituted fibers from synthetic textiles and fragments of diverse origins. We highlighted the diversity of experimental and analytical approaches that could lead to high uncertainties in the measurements of microplastics abundance. Furthermore, the presence of microplastics in rivers was found to vary spatially likely due to point and nonpoint pollution sources of anthropogenic activities. Heterogenous environmental processes impacted the fate of microplastics characterized by various forms, sizes, and densities, in different ways. This impeded the identification of representative quantitative measurements of microplastics across different time frames. We advocate for the development of standardized protocols by the research community to ensure higher reproducibility of sampling, processing, and analysis of microplastics in aquatic environments. We recommend long-term and site-specific monitoring on microplastics with high data comparability to better inform policy making.
河流中的微塑料是公众非常感兴趣的话题,但有关这一话题的统一科学知识却很有限。本综述基于 29 项研究的结果,调查了欧洲 6 条主要河流及其支流中微塑料的发生情况。我们从数据质量和可重复性方面审查了所审查的研究,并评估了微塑料在水体不同部分的丰度。此外,我们还调查了所报道的河道微塑料的化学成分和潜在来源。我们发现,聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯和聚乙烯是含量最高的聚合物类型。大部分原生微塑料来自工业部门以及个人护理和清洁产品,而次生微塑料则由合成纺织品的纤维和不同来源的碎片组成。我们强调了实验和分析方法的多样性,这可能会导致微塑料丰度测量的高度不确定性。此外,我们还发现河流中微塑料的存在存在空间差异,这可能是由于人为活动的点污染源和非点污染源造成的。不同的环境过程以不同的方式影响着以各种形态、大小和密度为特征的微塑料的命运。这阻碍了对不同时间段内具有代表性的微塑料进行定量测量。我们提倡研究界制定标准化方案,以确保水生环境中微塑料的取样、处理和分析具有更高的可重复性。我们建议对微塑料进行长期的、针对具体地点的监测,以提高数据的可比性,从而更好地为政策制定提供信息。
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