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Numerical Simulation of Density-Driven Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow 密度驱动非牛顿流体流动的数值模拟
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad017
Yu-Shan Li, Ching-Yao Chen
Density-driven flow is numerically studied. The sinking fluid is set as a power-law non-Newtonian fluid with a higher density than the environmental fluid. During the simulation process, saturation concentration is fixed on the upper boundary, thus downward plumes are formed because of gravitational instability. The dissolution flux undergoes a series of changes, from the initially diffusion-dominated regime to the convection-dominated regime due to the appearance of finger structures, and then to the transition of finger structures merging into larger plumes. Finally, it enters the shut-down regime as the plumes start to reach the impermeable bottom boundary. In the process of plume sinking, different fluid properties have an important impact on the downward velocity, shape of plumes, and the dissolution flux of the flow field. The tip velocity of the plumes is slowed until high-concentration fluid is supplied to further push the plumes downward. For the shear-thinning fluid ambient fluid, this phenomenon is even more drastic. However, for shear-thickening fluid, this phenomenon is almost not observed. In addition, unlike the condition of a Newtonian fluid, protoplumes on the original interface appear at the early stage. Prominent protoplumes have developed between the primary plumes in non-Newtonian fluids throughout the entire process.
对密度驱动流动进行了数值研究。下沉流体被设定为幂律非牛顿流体,其密度高于环境流体。在模拟过程中,饱和浓度固定在上边界,因此由于重力不稳定而形成向下的羽流。由于指状结构的出现,溶解通量经历了一系列变化,从最初的扩散主导状态到对流主导状态,再到指状结构合并为更大的羽流。最后,当羽流开始到达不可渗透的底部边界时,它进入关闭状态。在羽流下沉过程中,不同的流体性质对羽流的向下速度、羽流形状和流场的溶解通量有重要影响。羽流的尖端速度减慢,直到提供高浓度流体以进一步向下推动羽流。对于剪切稀化流体环境流体,这种现象甚至更加剧烈。然而,对于剪切增稠流体,几乎没有观察到这种现象。此外,与牛顿流体的情况不同,原始界面上的原羽流出现在早期阶段。在整个过程中,在非牛顿流体的初级羽流之间形成了突出的原羽流。
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引用次数: 0
A coupled finite element scheme to study the grinding force and warpage of silicon wafers during the backside grinding process 采用耦合有限元方法研究了硅片背面磨削过程中的磨削力和翘曲
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad018
Mei-Ling Wu, Wei-Jhih Wong, J. Lan
In this study, a finite element model is developed to analyze the grinding force and warpage of silicon wafers during the backside grinding process. Due to the decreasing size of consumer electronic devices, such as smartphones, notebooks, and portable electronics, it is necessary to address the issues pertaining to grinding silicon wafers. The backside grinding process is a mature technology that is widely used for silicon wafers. However, for ultrathin silicon wafers, warpage is a critical issue. Wafer warpage is induced by the residual stress and surface damage that arises during the backside grinding process. To analyze the grinding stress on silicon wafers during the backside grinding process, a finite element model is established by setting dynamic loads, and contact conditions. An explicit dynamic model is used to simulate the relationship between the grinding wheel and the silicon wafer. A static model is incorporated with the explicit dynamic model to predict wafer warpage. The simulation results for the residual stress are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results indicate that the wheel rotational speed, wafer rotational speed, and feed rate effectively control wafer warpage. Hence, the warpage of ultrathin silicon wafers can be decreased by adjusting the manufacturing process parameters. Furthermore, the developed simulation model can also be used to analyze warpage in fan-out wafers during the backside grinding process.
本文建立了硅片背面磨削过程中磨削力和翘曲的有限元模型。由于智能手机、笔记本电脑和便携式电子产品等消费电子设备的尺寸不断减小,有必要解决与硅片磨削有关的问题。背磨工艺是一项成熟的技术,广泛应用于硅片加工。然而,对于超薄硅片,翘曲是一个关键问题。晶圆片翘曲是由背面磨削过程中产生的残余应力和表面损伤引起的。为了分析硅片背面磨削过程中的磨削应力,通过设置动载荷和接触条件建立了有限元模型。采用显式动力学模型模拟了砂轮与硅片之间的关系。将静态模型与显式动态模型相结合来预测晶圆翘曲。残余应力的模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。结果表明,砂轮转速、晶圆转速和进给量能有效地控制晶圆翘曲。因此,通过调整制造工艺参数可以减小超薄硅片的翘曲。此外,所建立的仿真模型还可用于分析扇形圆片背面磨削过程中的翘曲现象。
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引用次数: 0
Wafer-level packaging solder joint reliability lifecycle prediction using SVR-based machine learning algorithm 基于SVR的机器学习算法在晶圆级封装焊点可靠性生命周期预测中的应用
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad016
H. Kuo, C. Y. Chang, Cadmus C A Yuan, K. Chiang
The development of new electronic packaging structures often involves a design-on-simulation (DoS) approach. However, simulation results can be subjective, and there can be variances in outcomes depending on who is conducting the simulation. To address this issue, packaging designers are now turning to machine learning to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the design process. This research study focuses on using support vector regression (SVR) techniques, such as single kernel, multiple kernels, and a new support vector regression technique, to predict the reliability of the Wafer-Level Package (WLP). By doing so, the study aims to provide designers with a reliable way to assess the reliability life cycle of their packaging designs. The study involves three steps: validating the WLP's reliability using FEA and experiment results, the validated FEA result will serve as input to obtain a predictive model through the SVR technique, and the predictive model's performance will be evaluated. The results show that the predictive models developed using the SVR technique have stable performance on different testing data, which is consistent with the FEA results.
新的电子封装结构的开发通常涉及模拟设计(DoS)方法。然而,模拟结果可能是主观的,结果可能会有差异,这取决于谁在进行模拟。为了解决这个问题,包装设计师现在转向机器学习,以提高设计过程的准确性和效率。本研究的重点是使用支持向量回归(SVR)技术,如单核、多核和一种新的支持向量回归技术,来预测晶圆级封装(WLP)的可靠性。通过这样做,该研究旨在为设计师提供一种可靠的方法来评估其包装设计的可靠性生命周期。该研究包括三个步骤:使用有限元分析和实验结果验证WLP的可靠性,验证的有限元分析结果将作为输入,通过SVR技术获得预测模型,并评估预测模型的性能。结果表明,使用SVR技术开发的预测模型在不同的测试数据上具有稳定的性能,与有限元分析结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Buoy-Type Energy Harvesting Device in Lake Using Firefly Algorithm 湖泊浮标式能量收集装置的萤火虫算法优化
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad013
M. Chiu, Ho-Chih Cheng
It is of utmost importance to prioritize the exploration of alternative green energy sources, reducing our dependence on coal and oil, in order to mitigate the detrimental effects of greenhouse gases. This paper introduces an innovative energy harvester that utilizes a single magnet driven by a buoy attached to a pole within a lake. We delve into the correlation between the induced electricity and various factors such as wind speed, lake length and depth, as well as the design parameters of the energy harvester. To enhance the performance of the energy harvester, we employ the Firefly Algorithm, gradually fine-tuning its control parameters to acquire the most optimal design data. Our analysis reveals that, under specific conditions including a fetch of 4 km, a lake depth of 10 m, and a wind speed of 4.5 m/s, the one-magnet energy harvester exhibits a commendable electrical power output of 0.1 Watt. This research not only emphasizes the potential of hydraulic energy generation as a promising and sustainable green energy source but also provides valuable insights into optimizing energy harvesters to achieve maximum electricity production.
优先开发可替代的绿色能源,减少我们对煤和石油的依赖,以减轻温室气体的有害影响,这是至关重要的。本文介绍了一种创新的能量收集器,它利用一个由浮标驱动的单一磁铁,该浮标附着在湖中的一根杆子上。研究了感应电与风速、湖长、湖深等因素以及能量采集器的设计参数之间的关系。为了提高能量采集器的性能,我们采用了萤火虫算法,逐步微调其控制参数,以获得最优的设计数据。我们的分析表明,在特定条件下,包括4公里的取水,10米的湖深,风速为4.5米/秒,单磁体能量采集器显示出值得称赞的0.1瓦的电力输出。这项研究不仅强调了水力发电作为一种有前途和可持续的绿色能源的潜力,而且为优化能量采集器以实现最大发电量提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating fracture toughness of graphene epoxy nanocomposites using single edge notched bending specimens 利用单刃缺口弯曲试样研究石墨烯环氧纳米复合材料的断裂韧性
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad007
Po-Chun Chuang, Chen- Yu Chao, Mi Yang, J. Tsai
The purpose of this study was to examine the fracture toughness of epoxy-based graphene nanocomposites. The single edge notched bending (SENB) samples with precrack tips were created by either tapping or sliding methods. For the tapping method, a single tap was conducted on a razor blade such a crack with a length of 2 mm was instantly propagated. For the sliding method, a razor blade was slid forward and backward into the samples, and a crack was generated with the blade edge. The SENB samples with graphene loadings (0.15 and 0.3 wt%) were subjected to three-point bending tests to evaluate fracture toughness. Results indicated that the graphene loading did not considerably affect the fracture toughness of the samples with tapping-induced precrack tips. However, the fracture toughness of the samples with sliding-induced precrack tips decreased as the graphene loading increased. For the 0.3-wt% graphene nanocomposites, the fracture toughness levels of the samples with sliding- and tapping-induced precrack tips were equal. In order to explicate the experimental results, the plastic zone sizes around the crack tip were evaluated using finite element analysis. For the sharp precrack tips (tapping method), the plastic zone was comparatively small (brittle behavior); hence, the effect of graphene on the inception of crack extension was minimal. Nevertheless, for blunt crack tips (sliding method), the plastic zone was larger and the size decreased as graphene loading increased; thus, the fracture behavior measured from the sliding method was dramatically influenced by the graphene loading.
本研究的目的是检测环氧基石墨烯纳米复合材料的断裂韧性。采用敲击法或滑动法制作了带有预裂纹尖端的单边缘缺口弯曲(SENB)样品。对于敲击方法,在剃须刀片上进行一次敲击,使得长度为2mm的裂纹立即扩展。对于滑动方法,将刀片向前和向后滑动到样品中,刀片边缘产生裂纹。对石墨烯负载量(0.15和0.3wt%)的SENB样品进行三点弯曲试验,以评估断裂韧性。结果表明,石墨烯负载量对具有轻敲诱导预裂纹尖端的样品的断裂韧性没有显著影响。然而,具有滑动诱导预裂纹尖端的样品的断裂韧性随着石墨烯负载的增加而降低。对于0.3-wt%石墨烯纳米复合材料,具有滑动和轻敲诱导的预裂纹尖端的样品的断裂韧性水平相等。为了解释实验结果,使用有限元分析对裂纹尖端周围的塑性区尺寸进行了评估。对于尖锐的预裂纹尖端(攻丝法),塑性区相对较小(脆性行为);因此,石墨烯对裂纹扩展开始的影响是最小的。然而,对于钝裂纹尖端(滑动法),随着石墨烯负载量的增加,塑性区更大,尺寸减小;因此,滑动法测量的断裂行为受到石墨烯负载的显著影响。
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引用次数: 1
Interaction behavior for multiple embedded cracks subjected to bending load in creep regimes 蠕变条件下弯曲荷载作用下多嵌埋裂纹的相互作用行为
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad005
Zhifang Gao, Lei Zhao
Multiple cracks grow from pre-existing defects during the manufacturing/installation process or from small cracks initiated are primary concerns in evaluating the structural integrity. In this study, the interaction behavior for coplanar multiple embedded cracks subjected to bending load in creep regimes was studied using numerical simulation approach. Influences of crack configurations (crack shape, crack depth and crack distance) and creep properties on creep interaction factor and C* distribution along the embedded cracks were evaluated based on the three-dimensional finite element solutions. Due to the interaction among the multiple cracks, the C* distribution was asymmetric along the crack front and the C* values were pronounced as the cracks approached each other. Moreover, crack depth, crack distance and creep exponent significantly affected the creep interaction factor and crack shape had limited influence. However, the maximum creep interaction factor did not coincide with the maximum C* values occurring along the crack front. The creep interaction factor determined by the average C* values along the crack front was employed to represent the intensity effect of multiple embedded cracks on the crack growth behavior. Finally, an empirical relation was proposed for estimating crack creep interaction factors of embedded cracks.
制造/安装过程中预先存在的缺陷或引发的小裂纹产生的多个裂纹是评估结构完整性的主要问题。在本研究中,采用数值模拟方法研究了蠕变状态下共面多个嵌入裂纹在弯曲载荷作用下的相互作用行为。基于三维有限元解,评估了裂纹形态(裂纹形状、裂纹深度和裂纹距离)和蠕变特性对蠕变相互作用因子和C*沿嵌入裂纹分布的影响。由于多个裂纹之间的相互作用,C*沿裂纹前沿分布不对称,并且随着裂纹相互靠近,C*值显著。此外,裂纹深度、裂纹距离和蠕变指数对蠕变相互作用因子有显著影响,而裂纹形状的影响有限。然而,最大蠕变相互作用因子与沿裂纹前缘出现的最大C*值不一致。采用由沿裂纹前缘的平均C*值确定的蠕变相互作用因子来表示多个嵌入裂纹对裂纹扩展行为的强度效应。最后,提出了一个估算嵌入裂纹蠕变相互作用因子的经验关系式。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical reaction and activation energy on heat and mass transfer for convective flow along an inclined surface in darcy porous medium with soret and dufour effects 达西多孔介质倾斜表面对流传热传质的化学反应和活化能
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad006
J. S. Huang
This study investigated the heat and mass that are transferred when a fluid undergoes convective flow along an inclined plate through a porous medium, and also considered the corresponding chemical reaction and activation energy. The influences of the variable viscosity, mixed convection intensity, inclination angle, thermal radiation, magnetic field, internal heat source, activation energy, chemical reaction, and Soret and Dufour effects for fluid flowing through a Darcy porous medium are all discussed. Numerical techniques, namely Runge–Kutta integration and the shooting method, were applied to obtain solutions to similarity-transformed Eqs. governing continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration. The study examined the distributions of flow velocity, temperature, and concentration under the interactive effects of the fluid. The results revealed that the activation energy of the Arrhenius Eq. plays an important role in fluid transport mechanisms within a chemically reactive system involving the Soret and Dufour effects for a low-Schmidt-number fluid. When the activation energy parameter E was greater within the range 0 < E < 5, the wall shear stress was stronger, heat transfer rate increased, and mass transfer rate decreased.
本研究研究了流体在多孔介质中沿倾斜板进行对流时传递的热量和质量,并考虑了相应的化学反应和活化能。讨论了变粘度、混合对流强度、倾角、热辐射、磁场、内部热源、活化能、化学反应以及Soret和Dufour效应对流体在达西多孔介质中流动的影响。数值技术,即龙格-库塔积分和射击方法,被应用于获得相似变换方程的解。控制连续性、动量、能量和浓度。该研究考察了流体相互作用下流速、温度和浓度的分布。结果表明,对于低施密特数流体,Arrhenius方程的活化能在涉及Soret和Dufour效应的化学反应系统内的流体传输机制中起着重要作用。当活化能参数E在0
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引用次数: 0
A Stress Disturbance Barrier on a Circular Torque Tube blocking the End Effects 圆形扭矩管上的应力干扰屏障阻挡端部效应
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad004
Chung-Hao Wang
Knowing that the end effects arising from the end torsional loads will disturb the stress distribution in a torque tube, this paper develops a means of blocking the stress disturbances from the end where a torsional load is applied, such that the stress distributions of the Saint Venant torsion can be maintained. The stress disturbance barrier (SDB) as an end effect shielding barrier is considered installed on an end of a circular toque tube whose material property can be with the cylindrical orthotropy. In general, the SDB is comprised of two layers: the front layer and the blocking layer. The front layer which is optional and directly contacted with the external load is for enhancing the durability, while the blocking layer situated between the front layer and the torque tube body is mainly for blocking the stress disturbances. The analysis is base on the state space formalism, whose uncoupling feature on cylindrically orthotropic materials is benefit for the further extension of the research. It is found that the parameters crucial to determine an effective SDB with a given thickness are the cylindrical orthotropy parameter and the longitudinal shear modulus. The approach of how to determine the proper material constants for having an effective SDB is clearly provided. As shown by the numerical results presented in the examples, an effective SDB of this research can fully block the stress disturbances from the external torsional loads that can be mathematically expanded by power series.
考虑到端部扭转载荷产生的端部效应会干扰扭矩管中的应力分布,本文开发了一种方法来阻断施加扭转载荷的端部的应力干扰,从而保持Saint-Venant扭转的应力分配。应力干扰屏障(SDB)作为端效应屏蔽屏障,被认为安装在材料性质可以具有圆柱形正交性的圆形扭矩管的端部。通常,SDB由两层组成:前层和阻塞层。前层是可选的并直接与外部负载接触,用于增强耐久性,而位于前层和扭矩管体之间的阻挡层主要用于阻挡应力扰动。该分析基于状态空间形式,其在圆柱正交各向异性材料上的解耦特性有利于研究的进一步扩展。研究发现,确定给定厚度的有效SDB的关键参数是圆柱正交各向异性参数和纵向剪切模量。清楚地提供了如何确定具有有效SDB的适当材料常数的方法。如实例中的数值结果所示,本研究的有效SDB可以完全阻断来自外部扭转载荷的应力扰动,这些应力扰动可以通过幂级数进行数学扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Material Characteristics on Thermal Stress around an Equiangular Polygonal Hole in a Thermoelectric Material 材料特性对热电材料等角多边形孔周围热应力的影响
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad003
M. Shen, Yi-Lun Liao, S. Tseng, C. Chao
In this study, we conducted a theoretical analysis of thermal stress around an arbitrarily-shaped hole in a thermoelectric material under electric current density and energy flux loading. Based on complex variable methods, conformal mapping, and analytical continuation theorem, the exact solutions of the thermal stress around a hole were obtained for the Seebeck coefficient and electric and heat conductivity. Based on the conversion efficiency equation of thermoelectric materials, higher electrical conductivity, and lower heat conductivity should be selected to achieve an optimal design. The theoretical results indicated that higher electrical conductivity could reduce the thermal stress around the hole. However, energy flux and thermal stress concentration might be generated around the adiabatic hole due to the presence of a matrix with lower heat conductivity. Hence, thermoelectric materials with lower thermal conductivity should be selected carefully to avoid premature failure around the hole caused by thermal stress concentration. Finally, we also obtained and discussed the stress intensity factors of a hypocycloid-type crack.
在本研究中,我们对电流密度和能量通量载荷下热电材料中任意形状孔洞周围的热应力进行了理论分析。基于复变法、保角映射和解析延拓定理,得到了塞贝克系数、电导率和导热系数的孔周热应力精确解。根据热电材料的转换效率方程,应选择电导率高、导热系数低的材料进行优化设计。理论结果表明,较高的电导率可以减小孔周围的热应力。然而,由于存在导热系数较低的基体,在绝热孔周围可能会产生能量通量和热应力集中。因此,应谨慎选择导热系数较低的热电材料,避免热应力集中导致孔周围过早失效。最后,我们还得到并讨论了次摆线型裂纹的应力强度因子。
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引用次数: 0
A direct numerical simulation method for solid-solid collision and coupling with fluid 固体-固体碰撞与流体耦合的直接数值模拟方法
IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/jom/ufad001
Ming Yang, Ju-bao Liu, Y. Ding, Q. Yue, Qiang Zhang
The collision between solids in fluid is common in engineering, but the numerical simulation method is less studied. A direct numerical simulation method combining the sharp interface immersed boundary method and the finite element method based on penalty function was established for solid-solid collision and coupling with fluid. The lubrication model for cylinder structures with and without fluid flow was developed using the data regression method. The partitioned coupling algorithm was used to realize the coupling solution between the fluid and solid domains. Four numerical examples were presented to demonstrate the validity of the established method. The numerical simulation of the vortex-induced collisions between two side-by-side cylinders showed the capabilities of the proposed method.
流体中固体之间的碰撞在工程中很常见,但数值模拟方法研究较少。将锐界面浸入边界法和基于罚函数的有限元法相结合,建立了固-固碰撞与流体耦合的直接数值模拟方法。采用数据回归方法建立了有液流和无液流圆柱结构的润滑模型。采用分区耦合算法实现了流体与固体区域的耦合求解。通过四个算例验证了该方法的有效性。对两个并排圆柱体之间涡流诱导碰撞的数值模拟表明了该方法的能力。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Mechanics
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