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A visual proof of entropy production during thermalization with a heat reservoir 热库热化过程中熵产生的直观证明
Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: arxiv-2409.03581
Ramandeep S. Johal
In this note, the equilibrium curve of a thermodynamic system is used todepict entropy production in the process of thermalization with a reservoir.For the given initial and final equilibrium states of the system, the entropyproduction is reduced when work is also extracted during thermalization. Thecase of maximum work extraction corresponds to a reversible process. For lessthan optimal work extraction, the lost available work is shown to be directlyproportional to the entropy produced.
对于给定的系统初始和最终平衡状态,当热化过程中也提取功时,熵的产生就会减少。最大功提取的情况与可逆过程相对应。对于非最佳功提取,损失的可用功与产生的熵成正比。
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引用次数: 0
Physical Modelling of Piano Sound 钢琴声音的物理模型
Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: arxiv-2409.03481
Haifan Xie
This paper develops a comprehensive physical model and numericalimplementation schemes for a grand piano, building upon the prior works ofChabassier et al. The model encompasses various subsystems, including hammerfelt, hammer shank, string, soundboard, air and room barriers, each modelled inthree dimensions to approach their realistic dynamics. A general framework for3D elastic solids accounting for prestress and prestrain is introduced,particularly addressing the complexities of prestressed piano strings. Thestudy also examines coupling between subsystem through mechanisms of surfaceforce transmission and displacement/velocity continuity. To facilitatenumerical simulations, strong PDEs are translated into weak ODEs via a flexiblespace discretization approach. Modal transformation of system ODEs is thenemployed to decouple and reduce DOFs, and an explicit time discretizationscheme is customized for generating digital audio in the time domain. The studyconcludes with a discussion of the piano models capabilities, limitations, andpotential future enhancements.
该模型包含各种子系统,包括槌毛、槌柄、琴弦、音板、空气和房间屏障,每个子系统都以三维建模,以接近其真实动态。研究介绍了考虑预应力和预应变的三维弹性固体的一般框架,特别是预应力钢琴弦的复杂性。该研究还通过表面力传递和位移/速度连续性机制研究了子系统之间的耦合。为了便于数值模拟,通过柔性空间离散化方法将强 PDE 转换为弱 ODE。然后利用系统 ODE 的模态变换来解耦和减少 DOF,并定制了一个显式时间离散化方案,用于在时域生成数字音频。研究最后讨论了钢琴模型的功能、局限性和未来可能的改进。
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引用次数: 0
Deriving a working hypothesis in thermodynamics on electromagnetic work from first principles 从第一原理推导出关于电磁功的热力学工作假设
Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: arxiv-2409.01203
Q. H. Liu
The Maxwell stress tensor for the linear and uniform media in staticelectromagnetic field implies a new form of pressure caused by the mutual fieldenergy density. When it is introduced into the fundamental thermodynamicequation for the media, we have a new pressure-volume work term. Thecombination of new term and proper electromagnetic work term naturally givesthe well-known form that is currently obtained by a working hypothesis.
在静态电磁场中,线性均匀介质的麦克斯韦应力张量意味着由相互场能密度引起的一种新的压力形式。当把它引入介质的基本热力学方程时,我们就得到了一个新的压力-体积功项。新项与适当的电磁功项结合,自然就得到了目前通过工作假设得到的众所周知的形式。
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引用次数: 0
Effective transport barriers in the biquadratic nontwist map 双曲非扭曲图中的有效传输障碍
Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: arxiv-2409.00785
Gabriel C. Grime, Ricardo L. Viana, Yves Elskens Iberê L. Caldas
Nontwist area-preserving maps violate the twist condition at specific orbits,resulting in shearless invariant curves that prevent chaotic transport. Plasmasand fluids with nonmonotonic equilibrium profiles may be described usingnontwist systems, where even after these shearless curves breakdown, effectivetransport barriers persist, partially reducing transport coefficients. Somenontwist systems present multiple shearless curves in phase space, increasingthe complexity of transport phenomena, which have not been thoroughlyinvestigated until now. In this work, we examine the formation of effectivetransport barriers in a nontwist area-preserving mapping with multipleshearless transport barriers. By quantifying the effectiveness of eachtransport barrier in phase space, we identified two scenarios where particularbarriers dominate over others. Our results also reveal configurations where theinterplay of two transport barriers creates regions in phase space withsignificant orbit trapping, thereby influencing the overall transport dynamics.
非扭转区域保留映射在特定轨道上违反了扭转条件,导致无剪切不变曲线,从而阻止了混沌输运。具有非单调平衡剖面的等离子体和流体可以用非扭曲系统来描述,在这些系统中,即使这些无剪切曲线被破坏,有效的传输障碍仍然存在,从而部分地降低了传输系数。非扭曲系统在相空间中呈现多条无剪切力曲线,增加了输运现象的复杂性,但迄今为止尚未对其进行深入研究。在这项工作中,我们研究了具有多重无剪切输运障碍的非扭曲区域保留映射中有效输运障碍的形成。通过量化相空间中每个传输障碍的有效性,我们确定了特定障碍优先于其他障碍的两种情况。我们的研究结果还揭示了两种传输障碍相互作用在相空间中形成具有显著轨道捕获的区域,从而影响整体传输动力学的构型。
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引用次数: 0
A Note on the Objectivity (Rotational Invariance) of the Stored Energy Density in Continuum Physics 关于连续物理中存储能量密度的客观性(旋转不变性)的说明
Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: arxiv-2409.07478
Jiashi Yang
This short note is concerned with the rotational invariance of the storedenergy density in continuum physics as a scalar function of a few vectors. Asimple derivation is presented for the determination of the general form of theenergy density in the case of a two-dimensional space. It is also shown thatthe general form of the energy density so determined may be further reduced.The three-dimensional case is also discussed.
这篇短文涉及连续物理学中作为几个矢量的标量函数的储能密度的旋转不变性。本文给出了在二维空间中确定能量密度一般形式的简单推导。此外,还讨论了三维空间的情况。
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引用次数: 0
First part of Clausius heat theorem in terms of Noether's theorem 从诺特定理看克劳修斯热定理的第一部分
Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: arxiv-2408.15773
Aaron Beyen, Christian Maes
After Helmholtz, the mechanical foundation of thermodynamics included theFirst Law $d E = delta Q + delta W$, and the first part of the Clausius heattheorem $delta Q^text{rev}/T = dS$. The resulting invariance of the entropy$S$ for quasistatic changes in thermally isolated systems invites a connectionwith Noether's theorem (only established later). In this quest, we continue anidea, first brought up by Wald in black hole thermodynamics and by Sasa$textit{et al.}$ in various contexts. We follow both Lagrangian andHamiltonian frameworks, and emphasize the role of Killing equations forderiving a First Law for thermodynamically consistent trajectories, to end upwith an expression of ``heat over temperature'' as an exact differential of aNoether charge.
亥姆霍兹之后,热力学的力学基础包括第一定律 $d E = delta Q + delta W$,以及克劳修斯定理的第一部分 $delta Q^text{rev}/T = dS$。由此得出的热孤立系统中准静态变化的熵$S$的不变性与诺特定理(后来才建立)之间的联系。在这一探索中,我们延续了瓦尔德在黑洞热力学中首次提出的想法,以及萨萨(Sasa$textit{et al.}$)在不同背景下提出的想法。我们同时遵循拉格朗日和哈密尔顿框架,并强调基林方程的作用,以得出热力学一致轨迹的第一定律,最终将 "温度热 "表达为诺特电荷的精确微分。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting multi-parametric dynamics of externally forced oscillators using reservoir computing and minimal data 利用蓄水池计算和最小数据预测外力强迫振荡器的多参数动态特性
Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: arxiv-2408.14987
Manish Yadav, Swati Chauhan, Manish Dev Shrimali, Merten Stender
Mechanical systems are known to exhibit complex dynamical behavior fromharmonic oscillations to chaotic motion. The dynamics undergo qualitativechanges due to changes to internal system parameters like stiffness, and alsodue to changes to external forcing. Mapping out complete bifurcation diagramsnumerically or experimentally is resource-consuming, or even infeasible. Thisstudy uses a data-driven approach to investigate how bifurcations can belearned from a few system response measurements. Particularly, the concept ofreservoir computing (RC) is employed. As proof of concept, a minimal trainingdataset under the resource constraint problem of a Duffing oscillator withharmonic external forcing is provided as training data. Our results indicatethat the RC not only learns to represent the system dynamics for the trainedexternal forcing, but it also manages to provide qualitatively accurate androbust system response predictions for completely unknowntextit{multi-}parameter regimes outside the training data. Particularly, whilebeing trained solely on regular period-2 cycle dynamics, the proposed frameworkcan correctly predict higher-order periodic and even chaotic dynamics forout-of-distribution forcing signals.
众所周知,机械系统表现出复杂的动力学行为,从谐波振荡到混沌运动。由于系统内部参数(如刚度)的变化,以及外部压力的变化,动力学会发生质的变化。通过数字或实验绘制完整的分岔图耗费大量资源,甚至不可行。本研究采用数据驱动方法,研究如何从少量系统响应测量中学习分岔图。特别是采用了储层计算(RC)的概念。作为概念验证,我们提供了一个具有外部谐波强迫的达芬振荡器资源约束问题下的最小训练数据集作为训练数据。我们的结果表明,RC 不仅能学会表示训练外部强迫的系统动力学,还能为训练数据之外完全未知的文本{多}参数状态提供定性准确、稳健的系统响应预测。特别是,在仅针对常规周期-2 循环动力学进行训练的同时,所提出的框架还能正确预测分布外强迫信号的高阶周期甚至混沌动力学。
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引用次数: 0
Theory of perturbation of the magnetostatic field by an anisotropic magnetic toroid 各向异性磁环对磁静电场的扰动理论
Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: arxiv-2408.13573
Hamad M. Alkhoori, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Nikolaos L. Tsitsas
The perturbation of a magnetostatic field by a toroid made of a homogeneousanisotropic magnetic material was formulated using the solutions of the Laplaceequation in the toroidal coordinate system. That was straightforward in theregion outside the toroid, but an affine coordinate transformation had to beemployed inside the toroid. The coefficients of the series expansion of theperturbation potential in terms of appropriate toroidal basis functions wererelated to the coefficients of the series expansion of the source potential interms of appropriate toroidal basis functions by a transition matrix. As aresult of the solution of this novel problem, the consequences of materialanisotropy on perturbing the magnetostatic field are clearly evident in theregion near the toroid.
利用各向同性磁性材料制成的环状体在环状体坐标系中的拉普拉斯方程解法,计算了磁静力场对环状体的扰动。这在环状体外的区域很简单,但在环状体内必须使用仿射坐标变换。以适当的环状基函数为单位的扰动势的级数展开系数与以适当的环状基函数为单位的源势的级数展开系数通过一个过渡矩阵联系起来。由于解决了这一新颖问题,材料各向异性对磁静场扰动的影响在环状体附近区域清晰可见。
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引用次数: 0
Reconstruction of reverberation theory in a diffuse sound field by using reflection orders 利用反射阶数重构扩散声场中的混响理论
Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: arxiv-2408.11670
Toshiki Hanyu
The room acoustics was established based on Sabine's reverberation theory.However, in Sabine's theory, the reverberation time does not reach zero, evenif the absolute absorption condition is satisfied. Eyring revised thereverberation theory to resolve this contradiction. However, Eyring's theory isinconsistent in its formulation of the steady state and decay processes.Therefore, the author has revised Sabine's theory (Hanyu, Acoustical Science &Technology 45, 3, 2024), taking a different approach from that of Eyring. Thisrevised theory was constructed by introducing the concept of "reverberation ofa direct sound". In this paper, a new mathematical model of reverberation usingreflection orders is proposed. This means that the revised theory alreadyproposed by the author is reconstructed to include the temporal energydistributions in each reflection order. The new mathematical model also usesthe concept of "reverberation of a direct sound" but describes thereverberation of only reflected sounds without the direct sound. This meansthat the concept of "reverberation of a direct sound" is essential also to theentire reverberation process. Reverberation decay of the new model isconsistent with that of the already proposed revised theory. The new modelshowed good correspondence with the simulation results.
然而,在萨宾的理论中,即使满足绝对吸收条件,混响时间也不会为零。艾林修改了混响理论,以解决这一矛盾。因此,作者采用与 Eyring 不同的方法,对 Sabine 的理论进行了修订(Hanyu,Acoustical Science &Technology 45,3,2024)。这一修订理论是通过引入 "直达声混响 "概念而构建的。本文提出了一种使用反射阶数的新混响数学模型。这意味着作者已经提出的修正理论被重新构建,以包括每个反射阶中的时间能量分布。新的数学模型也使用了 "直达声混响 "的概念,但只描述了反射声的混响,而没有描述直达声的混响。这意味着 "直达声混响 "的概念对于整个混响过程也是至关重要的。新模型的混响衰减与已提出的修正理论一致。新模型与模拟结果显示出良好的对应关系。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Study of a Monolayered Vibroacoustic Metamaterial 单层振声超材料的分析研究
Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: arxiv-2408.09660
Majdi O. Gzal, Lawrence A. Bergman, Kathryn H. Matlack, Alexander F. Vakakis
This study investigates a vibroacoustic phononic metamaterial system composedof repeated monolayered membrane-air cavity unit-cells to assess its efficacyin controlling sound waves. Assuming low-frequency axisymmetric modes, thecoupled membrane-cavity vibroacoustic system for a representative unit-cell issolved entirely analytically. Unlike previous research that relied on aninfinite series of eigenfunctions, our analysis offers a single-term exactsolution for the membrane's displacement field, fully accounting for couplingwith the acoustic cavities. Utilizing the transfer matrix method and theBloch-Floquet theorem, we offer a comprehensive analytical characterization ofthe band structure, including closed-form analytical expressions fordetermining the bounding frequencies of the bandgaps and the dispersionbranches. Interaction between Bragg and local resonance bandgaps is examined byadjusting Bragg bandgap positions, with detailed mathematical descriptionsprovided for their overlapping and transition. Additionally, a "plasma bandgap"analogous to metallic plasma oscillations is identified, with a derivedanalytical expression for its frequency. First two passbands remain robustagainst cavity depth variations, limiting wave manipulation capabilities.Analysis of the finite phononic system involves constructing the globaltransfer matrix to study natural frequencies and scattering coefficients.Interaction between Bragg and local resonance bandgaps in finite systemsresults in ultra-narrow passbands, creating transparency windows analogous toelectromagnetically induced transparency by quantum interference. Thistheoretical framework enables precise characterization and engineering ofbandgaps in the monolayered vibroacoustic phononic metamaterial, highlightingits potential for controlling low-frequency sound wave propagation acrossmultiple frequencies.
本研究探讨了由重复单层膜-空气腔单元单元组成的振声超材料系统,以评估其在控制声波方面的功效。假定存在低频轴对称模式,一个代表性单元单元的耦合膜空腔振声系统完全是通过分析解决的。与以往依赖于无穷级特征函数的研究不同,我们的分析提供了膜位移场的单项精确解,充分考虑了与声腔的耦合。利用传递矩阵法和布洛赫-弗洛塞特定理,我们对带状结构进行了全面的分析描述,包括确定带隙边界频率和频散分支的闭式分析表达式。通过调整布拉格带隙的位置,研究了布拉格带隙和局部共振带隙之间的相互作用,并对它们的重叠和过渡提供了详细的数学说明。此外,还确定了类似于金属等离子振荡的 "等离子带隙",并推导出了其频率的分析表达式。对有限声子系统的分析包括构建全局转移矩阵,以研究固有频率和散射系数。有限系统中布拉格带隙和局部共振带隙之间的相互作用产生了超窄通带,形成了类似于量子干涉电磁诱导透明的透明窗口。通过这一理论框架,可以对单层振声超材料中的带隙进行精确表征和工程设计,从而凸显其控制低频声波跨多个频率传播的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
arXiv - PHYS - Classical Physics
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