Objectives While most people spend the last years of their life with health limitations, these do not arise at the same timepoint for everyone or have the same consequences for our well-being. The aim of this study is to investigate how well-being trajectories evolve after the onset of functional disability, comparing affective, cognitive, and eudemonic dimensions, while also assessing how they are influenced by temporary functional disability, distinguishing between persistent and transient cases. Methods We reordered longitudinal panel data from waves 4 to 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), from more than 3,500 Europeans to align on the transition from no limitation to at least one limitation in activities of daily living. We used linear spline growth models separately for each of the three well-being measures used (EURO-D, CASP, life satisfaction) to examine trajectories. Results We observed a substantial decline in all three well-being measures at functional disability onset, with life satisfaction less affected (standardised mean differences = -0.11) than quality of life (-0.23) and depression (-0.27). Short-term disability on average led to a return to the initial well-being level within, while long-term disability led to a pronounced decline during the transition, with much less adaptation. Discussion Our findings highlight the significant impact that functional disability can have on well-being, revealing distinct patterns across various dimensions. Persistent disability often marks a crucial stage in the well-being of older people, whereas transient cases are characterised by a subsequent return to previous levels of well-being.
{"title":"Temporary Setback or Lasting Challenge? The Impact of Transient and Persistent Functional disability on later life well-being","authors":"Thibault Kohler, Bram Vanhoutte","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae159","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives While most people spend the last years of their life with health limitations, these do not arise at the same timepoint for everyone or have the same consequences for our well-being. The aim of this study is to investigate how well-being trajectories evolve after the onset of functional disability, comparing affective, cognitive, and eudemonic dimensions, while also assessing how they are influenced by temporary functional disability, distinguishing between persistent and transient cases. Methods We reordered longitudinal panel data from waves 4 to 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), from more than 3,500 Europeans to align on the transition from no limitation to at least one limitation in activities of daily living. We used linear spline growth models separately for each of the three well-being measures used (EURO-D, CASP, life satisfaction) to examine trajectories. Results We observed a substantial decline in all three well-being measures at functional disability onset, with life satisfaction less affected (standardised mean differences = -0.11) than quality of life (-0.23) and depression (-0.27). Short-term disability on average led to a return to the initial well-being level within, while long-term disability led to a pronounced decline during the transition, with much less adaptation. Discussion Our findings highlight the significant impact that functional disability can have on well-being, revealing distinct patterns across various dimensions. Persistent disability often marks a crucial stage in the well-being of older people, whereas transient cases are characterised by a subsequent return to previous levels of well-being.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angelica Hosea, Claryn S J Kung, Sophie Potter, Andrew Steptoe
Objectives Later life is often categorized by higher-than-average levels of loneliness, but individual differences are vast and not well understood. Emerging evidence indicates that broad-based contextual factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic – and the use of the internet throughout – are differentially associated with the experience of loneliness. We therefore target internet usage and loneliness among middle-aged and older adults during the pandemic and examine the moderating role of age, gender, and limiting illness therein. Methods We applied hierarchical regression models to data from the COVID-19 sub-study Wave 1 (June/July 2020) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N= 4,790; Mage= 70.2; SD= 9.0; range: 50-90; 43.5% male). Results Infrequent internet use was associated with less loneliness compared to very frequent users – an association that strengthened with age. Conversely, purpose of internet use was associated with more loneliness, with higher levels exhibited by those searching for health-related information – an effect stronger among those with a limiting illness. Discussion Findings imply that infrequent internet use may reduce loneliness, while health-related internet searches may increase loneliness among older adults with different physical capacities. Findings are contrary to pre-pandemic reports, underscoring the importance of broad-based contextual factors for understanding loneliness across adulthood and old age.
{"title":"Context Matters: Internet Usage and Loneliness Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Angelica Hosea, Claryn S J Kung, Sophie Potter, Andrew Steptoe","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae158","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Later life is often categorized by higher-than-average levels of loneliness, but individual differences are vast and not well understood. Emerging evidence indicates that broad-based contextual factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic – and the use of the internet throughout – are differentially associated with the experience of loneliness. We therefore target internet usage and loneliness among middle-aged and older adults during the pandemic and examine the moderating role of age, gender, and limiting illness therein. Methods We applied hierarchical regression models to data from the COVID-19 sub-study Wave 1 (June/July 2020) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N= 4,790; Mage= 70.2; SD= 9.0; range: 50-90; 43.5% male). Results Infrequent internet use was associated with less loneliness compared to very frequent users – an association that strengthened with age. Conversely, purpose of internet use was associated with more loneliness, with higher levels exhibited by those searching for health-related information – an effect stronger among those with a limiting illness. Discussion Findings imply that infrequent internet use may reduce loneliness, while health-related internet searches may increase loneliness among older adults with different physical capacities. Findings are contrary to pre-pandemic reports, underscoring the importance of broad-based contextual factors for understanding loneliness across adulthood and old age.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert T Frase, J Jill Suitor, Megan Gilligan, Catherine Stepniak, Destiny Ogle, Karen L Fingerman
Objectives The intergenerational stake hypothesis and theories of the life course posit that older generations are invested in the well-being of younger generations. Consistent with this, previous research has shown that adult children’s problems are associated with worse parental well-being. Because multigenerational ties have become increasingly important in the 21st century, we propose that adult grandchildren’s problems may also impact grandparents’ well-being. In this paper, we test this hypothesis and investigate the moderating effects of grandparents’ race and maternal/paternal status. Methods The analytic sample includes 206 grandparents aged 65-95 who participated in the second wave of the Family Exchanges Study. Adult grandchildren’s problems were operationalized as the proportions of adult grandchildren who experienced (1) physical-emotional problems and (2) lifestyle-behavioral problems. Results Main effects multilevel analyses suggested that adult grandchildren’s problems did not predict grandparents’ well-being. However, moderation analyses revealed that the association between grandparents’ depressive symptoms and adult grandchildren’s physical-emotional problems was larger among Black than White grandparents, and maternal than paternal grandparents. Adult grandchildren’s lifestyle-behavioral problems did not predict grandparents’ depression, and these effects were not conditioned by race or maternal/paternal status. Discussion These findings expand research on the importance of grandparent-adult grandchild relationships and contribute to research on multigenerational relationships and health by considering how problems experienced by members of younger generations impact the psychological well-being of older adults.
{"title":"Worrying Across the Generations: The Impact of Adult Grandchildren’s Problems on Grandparents’ Well-Being","authors":"Robert T Frase, J Jill Suitor, Megan Gilligan, Catherine Stepniak, Destiny Ogle, Karen L Fingerman","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae154","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives The intergenerational stake hypothesis and theories of the life course posit that older generations are invested in the well-being of younger generations. Consistent with this, previous research has shown that adult children’s problems are associated with worse parental well-being. Because multigenerational ties have become increasingly important in the 21st century, we propose that adult grandchildren’s problems may also impact grandparents’ well-being. In this paper, we test this hypothesis and investigate the moderating effects of grandparents’ race and maternal/paternal status. Methods The analytic sample includes 206 grandparents aged 65-95 who participated in the second wave of the Family Exchanges Study. Adult grandchildren’s problems were operationalized as the proportions of adult grandchildren who experienced (1) physical-emotional problems and (2) lifestyle-behavioral problems. Results Main effects multilevel analyses suggested that adult grandchildren’s problems did not predict grandparents’ well-being. However, moderation analyses revealed that the association between grandparents’ depressive symptoms and adult grandchildren’s physical-emotional problems was larger among Black than White grandparents, and maternal than paternal grandparents. Adult grandchildren’s lifestyle-behavioral problems did not predict grandparents’ depression, and these effects were not conditioned by race or maternal/paternal status. Discussion These findings expand research on the importance of grandparent-adult grandchild relationships and contribute to research on multigenerational relationships and health by considering how problems experienced by members of younger generations impact the psychological well-being of older adults.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives The present study used a cross-lagged panel design with longitudinal data to test if there is a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and cognition (e.g., executive functioning and episodic memory) over 10-years, whether frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated this relationship, and if these relationships varied by age. Methods Data were collected as part of the second (M2, 2004-05) and third (M3, 2013-14) waves of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS). The analysis sample included 2,532 participants with all variables at M2 and M3. Participants’ ages ranged from 33 to 83 (M=54.92, SD=11.13) at M2. Results There was a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and executive functioning. Higher executive functioning was related to greater maintenance of cognitive control beliefs for older, not younger, adults. Higher cognitive control beliefs were related to less decline in executive functioning. Though cognitive control beliefs predicted 10-year changes in episodic memory, the inverse relationship was not supported. Frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated the relationship between executive functioning and 10-year changes in cognitive control beliefs, but not cognitive control beliefs and 10-year changes in cognition. Conclusions Cognitive control beliefs are a promising mechanism to help protect against age-related declines in both executive functioning and episodic memory. Moreover, executive functioning also impacts cognitive control beliefs. Specifically, those with higher executive functioning engage more frequently in stimulating cognitive activities, which helps maintain higher cognitive control beliefs.
{"title":"The Relationship Between 10-Year Changes in Cognitive Control Beliefs and Cognitive Performance in Middle and Later Adulthood","authors":"Kylie A Schiloski, Margie E Lachman","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae155","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives The present study used a cross-lagged panel design with longitudinal data to test if there is a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and cognition (e.g., executive functioning and episodic memory) over 10-years, whether frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated this relationship, and if these relationships varied by age. Methods Data were collected as part of the second (M2, 2004-05) and third (M3, 2013-14) waves of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS). The analysis sample included 2,532 participants with all variables at M2 and M3. Participants’ ages ranged from 33 to 83 (M=54.92, SD=11.13) at M2. Results There was a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and executive functioning. Higher executive functioning was related to greater maintenance of cognitive control beliefs for older, not younger, adults. Higher cognitive control beliefs were related to less decline in executive functioning. Though cognitive control beliefs predicted 10-year changes in episodic memory, the inverse relationship was not supported. Frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated the relationship between executive functioning and 10-year changes in cognitive control beliefs, but not cognitive control beliefs and 10-year changes in cognition. Conclusions Cognitive control beliefs are a promising mechanism to help protect against age-related declines in both executive functioning and episodic memory. Moreover, executive functioning also impacts cognitive control beliefs. Specifically, those with higher executive functioning engage more frequently in stimulating cognitive activities, which helps maintain higher cognitive control beliefs.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives The relationship between sleep and memory has been well documented. However, it remains unclear whether a mind-body exercise, i.e., Tai Chi exercise, can improve memory performance in older adults by improving their subjective and objective sleep. Method A randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants (M = 67.36, 56-79 years) randomly assigned to Tai Chi and control groups. The primary outcomes were sleep, both subjectively reported and objectively assessed by actigraphy, and memory performance, as well as the mediating role of sleep in memory improvement with Tai Chi practice. Results Tai Chi exercise led to improvements in subjective sleep, as indicated by ISI (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.62) and daytime dysfunction of the PSQI (p = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 0.80), and in actigraphy-assessed sleep onset latency (p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.61), as well as improved memory performance on digit span forward (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.20) and visual spatial memory tasks (p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.83) compared to the control group. Importantly, Tai Chi practice improved digit span forward memory performance through parallel mediation of both subjective sleep (i.e., daytime dysfunction of the PSQI) and objective sleep (i.e., sleep onset latency; b = 0.29, p < 0.01). Discussion Our findings uncovered the potential benefits of Tai Chi exercise in relation to both subjective and objective sleep in older adults, in turn, how sleep changes played a role in the link between Tai Chi exercise and memory changes in older adults.
研究目的 睡眠与记忆力之间的关系已有大量文献记载。然而，心身锻炼（即太极拳锻炼）是否能通过改善老年人的主观和客观睡眠来提高他们的记忆力，目前仍不清楚。方法 我们进行了一项随机对照试验，参与者（中=67.36，56-79 岁）被随机分配到太极组和对照组。试验的主要结果是睡眠（包括主观报告和客观的动觉仪评估）和记忆力表现，以及睡眠对太极拳练习改善记忆力的中介作用。结果 太极拳运动改善了主观睡眠，如 ISI（p &;lt;0.001，Cohen's d = 0.62）和 PSQI 日间功能障碍（p = 0.02，Cohen's d = 0.80）所示，并改善了动觉仪评估的睡眠开始潜伏期（p &;lt; 0.01，Cohen's d = 0.61），以及与对照组相比，在数字跨度向前（p &;lt; 0.001，Cohen's d = 1.20）和视觉空间记忆任务（p &;lt; 0.01，Cohen's d = 0.83）上的记忆表现有所改善。重要的是，太极拳练习通过平行调解主观睡眠（即 PSQI 的日间功能障碍）和客观睡眠（即睡眠开始潜伏期；b = 0.29，p &;lt; 0.01）来改善数字跨度前向记忆表现。讨论 我们的研究结果揭示了太极拳运动对老年人主观和客观睡眠的潜在益处，以及睡眠变化如何在太极拳运动与老年人记忆变化之间发挥作用。
{"title":"Improving Memory through Better Sleep in Community-dwelling Older Adults: A Tai Chi Intervention Study","authors":"Li-Yuan Li, Xin Xie, Hai-Xin Jiang, Jing Yu","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae156","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives The relationship between sleep and memory has been well documented. However, it remains unclear whether a mind-body exercise, i.e., Tai Chi exercise, can improve memory performance in older adults by improving their subjective and objective sleep. Method A randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants (M = 67.36, 56-79 years) randomly assigned to Tai Chi and control groups. The primary outcomes were sleep, both subjectively reported and objectively assessed by actigraphy, and memory performance, as well as the mediating role of sleep in memory improvement with Tai Chi practice. Results Tai Chi exercise led to improvements in subjective sleep, as indicated by ISI (p &lt; 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.62) and daytime dysfunction of the PSQI (p = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 0.80), and in actigraphy-assessed sleep onset latency (p &lt; 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.61), as well as improved memory performance on digit span forward (p &lt; 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.20) and visual spatial memory tasks (p &lt; 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.83) compared to the control group. Importantly, Tai Chi practice improved digit span forward memory performance through parallel mediation of both subjective sleep (i.e., daytime dysfunction of the PSQI) and objective sleep (i.e., sleep onset latency; b = 0.29, p &lt; 0.01). Discussion Our findings uncovered the potential benefits of Tai Chi exercise in relation to both subjective and objective sleep in older adults, in turn, how sleep changes played a role in the link between Tai Chi exercise and memory changes in older adults.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pianpian Zhao, Yanan Zhang, Sarah Harper, Weihong Zeng, Shuzhuo Li
Objectives Informal care provided by adult children is of great importance for older adults’ well-being in China. This paper investigates and compares the functional transitions among older adults living in rural areas who receive care from daughters’ and from sons’ families. Method This study utilizes the ‘Well-being of Elderly Survey in Anhui Province’ (WESAP), from 2001 to 2021. Our sample included 2,797 individuals aged 60 years or over. Functional status was based on the activities of daily living (ADLs) and the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). We employed a random-effects ordered logit model to examine the functional transitions among the older adults. Results Receiving care from daughters’ families is significantly associated with a lower likelihood of functional decline compared to receiving care from sons’ families in rural China. The advantage associated with daughter care becomes more pronounced among older individuals with a severe functional difficulty compared to those with a mild or moderate functional difficulty. The difference is prevalent among older adults aged 75 and above, with less wealth or multiple chronic diseases, or who live alone. Furthermore, among those with severe functional difficulties, the daughter advantage is more significant for fathers as compared to mothers. Discussion Nowadays, daughters’ families can provide high-quality informal care, often surpassing that offered by sons’ families. This daughter advantage becomes even more significant among older adults who have a higher need for family care, such as those with severe disabilities and limited financial resources.
{"title":"Functional Transitions among Older Adults in Rural China: Examining the Differential Roles of Care from Daughters’ and Sons’ Families","authors":"Pianpian Zhao, Yanan Zhang, Sarah Harper, Weihong Zeng, Shuzhuo Li","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae133","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Informal care provided by adult children is of great importance for older adults’ well-being in China. This paper investigates and compares the functional transitions among older adults living in rural areas who receive care from daughters’ and from sons’ families. Method This study utilizes the ‘Well-being of Elderly Survey in Anhui Province’ (WESAP), from 2001 to 2021. Our sample included 2,797 individuals aged 60 years or over. Functional status was based on the activities of daily living (ADLs) and the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). We employed a random-effects ordered logit model to examine the functional transitions among the older adults. Results Receiving care from daughters’ families is significantly associated with a lower likelihood of functional decline compared to receiving care from sons’ families in rural China. The advantage associated with daughter care becomes more pronounced among older individuals with a severe functional difficulty compared to those with a mild or moderate functional difficulty. The difference is prevalent among older adults aged 75 and above, with less wealth or multiple chronic diseases, or who live alone. Furthermore, among those with severe functional difficulties, the daughter advantage is more significant for fathers as compared to mothers. Discussion Nowadays, daughters’ families can provide high-quality informal care, often surpassing that offered by sons’ families. This daughter advantage becomes even more significant among older adults who have a higher need for family care, such as those with severe disabilities and limited financial resources.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141880489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank J Infurna, Saul A Castro, Britney A Webster, Megan L Dolbin-MacNab, Gregory C Smith, D Max Crowley, Carol Musil
Objectives Custodial grandparents are grandparents who raise grandchildren on a full-time basis in absence of the grandchild’s birth parents. Compared to non-caregiving grandparents, custodial grandparents report poorer mental and physical health and stronger changes in daily well-being when experiencing negative and positive events. We examine whether an online social intelligence training (SIT) program improves custodial grandmothers’ (CGM) daily well-being, socio-emotional skills, and changes in well-being when confronted with daily negative and positive events. Method Multilevel models were applied to 200 CGM who were recruited from across the U.S. and completed a daily survey for 14 consecutive days prior to and following participation in a randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into the SIT program or an attention control condition focusing on healthy living habits. The outcomes of interest were daily well-being, social connectedness, emotional awareness, and perspective-taking. Results Multilevel analyses revealed that participants who participated in the SIT program, compared to the attention control condition, exhibited stronger emotional responsiveness (i.e., improvements) to daily positive events in the outcomes of positive affect, social engagement, and perspective-taking. Discussion Our findings illustrate that SIT improves key components of daily functioning in CGM, which may serve as a pathway linking the demands of custodial grandparenting to poorer mental and physical health. Our discussion focuses on the utility and accessibility of the SIT program for helping improve outcomes for this disadvantaged population.
目标 监护祖父母是指在孙辈的亲生父母不在时全职抚养孙辈的祖父母。与不提供照料的祖父母相比，监护祖父母的身心健康状况较差，在经历消极和积极事件时，他们的日常幸福感变化较大。我们研究了在线社会智力培训（SIT）项目是否能改善监护祖母（CGM）的日常幸福感、社会情感技能以及在面对日常消极和积极事件时的幸福感变化。方法 对从全美招募的 200 名监护祖母（CGM）应用多层次模型，她们在参加随机临床试验前后连续 14 天完成了每日调查。参与者被随机分配到 SIT 计划或关注健康生活习惯的控制条件中。关注的结果包括日常幸福感、社会联系、情感意识和透视能力。结果 多层次分析表明，与注意力控制条件相比，参加 SIT 计划的参与者在积极情绪、社会参与和透视能力方面对日常积极事件表现出更强的情绪反应能力（即改善）。讨论 我们的研究结果表明，SIT 改善了 CGM 日常功能的关键组成部分，这可能是将监护祖父母的需求与较差的身心健康联系起来的途径。我们的讨论侧重于 SIT 计划的实用性和可及性，以帮助改善这一弱势群体的结果。
{"title":"Does Social Intelligence Training Improve Daily Well-Being and Responsiveness to Daily Negative and Positive Events in Custodial Grandmothers?","authors":"Frank J Infurna, Saul A Castro, Britney A Webster, Megan L Dolbin-MacNab, Gregory C Smith, D Max Crowley, Carol Musil","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae069","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Custodial grandparents are grandparents who raise grandchildren on a full-time basis in absence of the grandchild’s birth parents. Compared to non-caregiving grandparents, custodial grandparents report poorer mental and physical health and stronger changes in daily well-being when experiencing negative and positive events. We examine whether an online social intelligence training (SIT) program improves custodial grandmothers’ (CGM) daily well-being, socio-emotional skills, and changes in well-being when confronted with daily negative and positive events. Method Multilevel models were applied to 200 CGM who were recruited from across the U.S. and completed a daily survey for 14 consecutive days prior to and following participation in a randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into the SIT program or an attention control condition focusing on healthy living habits. The outcomes of interest were daily well-being, social connectedness, emotional awareness, and perspective-taking. Results Multilevel analyses revealed that participants who participated in the SIT program, compared to the attention control condition, exhibited stronger emotional responsiveness (i.e., improvements) to daily positive events in the outcomes of positive affect, social engagement, and perspective-taking. Discussion Our findings illustrate that SIT improves key components of daily functioning in CGM, which may serve as a pathway linking the demands of custodial grandparenting to poorer mental and physical health. Our discussion focuses on the utility and accessibility of the SIT program for helping improve outcomes for this disadvantaged population.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shawn Bauldry, Patricia A Thomas, Madison R Sauerteig-Rolston, Kenneth F Ferraro
Objectives This study investigates educational inequalities in dual functionality, a new concept that captures a combination of physical and cognitive functioning, both of which are important for independent living and quality of life. Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Study Linked Mortality Files, we define a measure of dual functionality based on the absence of limitations in activities of daily living and dementia. We estimate age-graded dual-function rates among adults 65+ and age-65 dual-function life expectancy across levels of education stratified by gender. Results In their mid 60s, 67 percent of women with less than a high school degree manifest dual functionality as compared with over 90 percent of women with at least a four-year college degree. A similar pattern holds among men. These education-based gaps in dual functionality remain across later life, even as dual-function rates decline at older ages. Lower dual-function rates among older adults with less education translate into inequalities of 6.7 and 7.3 years in age-65 dual-function life expectancy between men and women respectively with at least a four-year college degree compared to their counterparts with less than a high school degree. Discussion Older adults, particularly women, with less than a high school degree are estimated to live a smaller percentage of their remaining years with dual functionality compared with older adults with at least a college degree. These inequalities have implications for the distribution of caregiving resources of individuals, family members, and the broader health care community.
{"title":"Educational Inequalities in Dual-Function Life Expectancy","authors":"Shawn Bauldry, Patricia A Thomas, Madison R Sauerteig-Rolston, Kenneth F Ferraro","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae072","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives This study investigates educational inequalities in dual functionality, a new concept that captures a combination of physical and cognitive functioning, both of which are important for independent living and quality of life. Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Study Linked Mortality Files, we define a measure of dual functionality based on the absence of limitations in activities of daily living and dementia. We estimate age-graded dual-function rates among adults 65+ and age-65 dual-function life expectancy across levels of education stratified by gender. Results In their mid 60s, 67 percent of women with less than a high school degree manifest dual functionality as compared with over 90 percent of women with at least a four-year college degree. A similar pattern holds among men. These education-based gaps in dual functionality remain across later life, even as dual-function rates decline at older ages. Lower dual-function rates among older adults with less education translate into inequalities of 6.7 and 7.3 years in age-65 dual-function life expectancy between men and women respectively with at least a four-year college degree compared to their counterparts with less than a high school degree. Discussion Older adults, particularly women, with less than a high school degree are estimated to live a smaller percentage of their remaining years with dual functionality compared with older adults with at least a college degree. These inequalities have implications for the distribution of caregiving resources of individuals, family members, and the broader health care community.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy Halpin, Morgan Tallman, Angelica Boeve, Rebecca K MacAulay
Objectives Contextually driven decision-making is multidimensional, as individuals need to contend with prioritizing both competing and complementary demands. However, data is limited as to whether temporal discounting rates vary as a function of framing (gains vs. loss) and domain (monetary vs. social) in middle-to-older aged adults. It is also unclear whether socioaffective characteristics like social isolation and loneliness are associated with temporal discounting. Method Temporal discounting rates were examined across monetary gain, monetary loss, social gain, and social loss conditions in 140 adults aged 50-90 during the Omicron stage of the pandemic. Self-report measures assessed loneliness and social isolation levels. Results Results found evidence of steeper temporal discounting rates for gains as compared to losses in both domains. Social outcomes were also more steeply discounted than monetary outcomes, without evidence of an interaction with the framing condition. Socioeconomic and socioaffective factors were unexpectedly not associated with temporal discounting rates. Discussion Community-dwelling middle-to-older aged adults showed a preference for immediate rewards and devalued social outcomes more than monetary outcomes. These findings have implications for tailoring social and financial incentive programs for middle to later adulthood.
{"title":"Now or Later? Examining Social and Financial Decision-Making in Middle-to-Older Aged Adults","authors":"Amy Halpin, Morgan Tallman, Angelica Boeve, Rebecca K MacAulay","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae070","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Contextually driven decision-making is multidimensional, as individuals need to contend with prioritizing both competing and complementary demands. However, data is limited as to whether temporal discounting rates vary as a function of framing (gains vs. loss) and domain (monetary vs. social) in middle-to-older aged adults. It is also unclear whether socioaffective characteristics like social isolation and loneliness are associated with temporal discounting. Method Temporal discounting rates were examined across monetary gain, monetary loss, social gain, and social loss conditions in 140 adults aged 50-90 during the Omicron stage of the pandemic. Self-report measures assessed loneliness and social isolation levels. Results Results found evidence of steeper temporal discounting rates for gains as compared to losses in both domains. Social outcomes were also more steeply discounted than monetary outcomes, without evidence of an interaction with the framing condition. Socioeconomic and socioaffective factors were unexpectedly not associated with temporal discounting rates. Discussion Community-dwelling middle-to-older aged adults showed a preference for immediate rewards and devalued social outcomes more than monetary outcomes. These findings have implications for tailoring social and financial incentive programs for middle to later adulthood.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyun Kyu Lee, Chandramallika Basak, Sarah-Jane Grant, Nicholas R Ray, Paulina A Skolasinska, Chris Oehler, Shuo Qin, Andrew Sun, Evan T Smith, G Hulon Sherard, Adriana Rivera-Dompenciel, Mike Merzenich, Michelle W Voss
Objectives Cognitive Training (CT) has been investigated as a means of delaying age-related cognitive decline in older adults. However, its impact on biomarkers of age-related structural brain atrophy has rarely been investigated, leading to a gap in our understanding of the linkage between improvements in cognition and brain plasticity. This study aimed to explore the impact of CT on cognitive performance and brain structure in older adults. Methods 124 cognitively normal older adults recruited from two study sites were randomly assigned to either an adaptive CT (n=60) or a casual game training (Active Control, AC, n= 64). Results After 10 weeks of training, CT participants showed greater improvements in the overall cognitive composite score (Cohen’s d=.66, p<.01) with non-significant benefits after 6 months from the completion of training (Cohen’s d=.36, p=.094). The CT group showed significant maintenance of the caudate volume as well as significant maintained fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left Internal Capsule (IC) and in left Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) compared to the AC group. The AC group displayed an age-related decrease in these metrics of brain structure. Discussion Results from this multi-site clinical trial demonstrate that the CT intervention improves cognitive performance and helps maintain caudate volume and integrity of white matter regions that are associated with cognitive control, adding to our understanding of the changes in brain structure contributing to changes in cognitive performance from adaptive CT.
{"title":"The effects of computerized cognitive training in older adults’ cognitive performance and biomarkers of structural brain aging","authors":"Hyun Kyu Lee, Chandramallika Basak, Sarah-Jane Grant, Nicholas R Ray, Paulina A Skolasinska, Chris Oehler, Shuo Qin, Andrew Sun, Evan T Smith, G Hulon Sherard, Adriana Rivera-Dompenciel, Mike Merzenich, Michelle W Voss","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae075","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Cognitive Training (CT) has been investigated as a means of delaying age-related cognitive decline in older adults. However, its impact on biomarkers of age-related structural brain atrophy has rarely been investigated, leading to a gap in our understanding of the linkage between improvements in cognition and brain plasticity. This study aimed to explore the impact of CT on cognitive performance and brain structure in older adults. Methods 124 cognitively normal older adults recruited from two study sites were randomly assigned to either an adaptive CT (n=60) or a casual game training (Active Control, AC, n= 64). Results After 10 weeks of training, CT participants showed greater improvements in the overall cognitive composite score (Cohen’s d=.66, p&lt;.01) with non-significant benefits after 6 months from the completion of training (Cohen’s d=.36, p=.094). The CT group showed significant maintenance of the caudate volume as well as significant maintained fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left Internal Capsule (IC) and in left Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) compared to the AC group. The AC group displayed an age-related decrease in these metrics of brain structure. Discussion Results from this multi-site clinical trial demonstrate that the CT intervention improves cognitive performance and helps maintain caudate volume and integrity of white matter regions that are associated with cognitive control, adding to our understanding of the changes in brain structure contributing to changes in cognitive performance from adaptive CT.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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