Objectives This study investigates how daily use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies predicts ER processes in the laboratory among young adults and cognitively diverse older adults. Methods Young adults (aged 21–34, n=66), cognitively normal older adults (CN; aged 70–83, n=87), and older adults with researcher-defined mild cognitive impairment (MCI; aged 70–84; n=58) completed an experience sampling procedure (7x/day for 9 days) reporting their distraction and reappraisal use in daily life. In a laboratory task inducing high-arousal negative emotion, they reported their (a) distraction and reappraisal use when instructed to reduce negative emotion and (b) ER success and perceptions when randomly assigned to regulate using distraction or reappraisal. Results Among CN older adults, higher frequency of using a strategy in daily life predicted greater success deploying the strategy when instructed to do so but was unrelated to spontaneous strategy use in the laboratory. In contrast, among older adults with researcher-defined MCI, greater daily life strategy use predicted greater laboratory use, but not greater success. Daily strategy use in younger adults was unrelated to strategy use and success in the laboratory. Older adults with researcher-defined MCI experienced ER as more demanding but did not differ from non-impaired individuals in terms of perceived ER effort. Discussion Cognitively normal older adults may be better able to leverage their ER experience in novel contexts than younger adults. Older adults with MCI may be motivated to manage their emotions but experience more ER difficulty, perhaps in part due to reliance on default strategies.
研究目的 本研究调查日常使用情绪调节（ER）策略如何预测实验室中年轻人和认知能力不同的老年人的ER过程。方法 青年人（21-34 岁，66 人）、认知正常的老年人（70-83 岁，87 人）和患有研究者定义的轻度认知障碍（MCI，70-84 岁，58 人）完成了一项经验取样程序（每天 7 次，持续 9 天），报告他们在日常生活中使用转移注意力和重新评价的情况。在一项诱发高唤醒负性情绪的实验室任务中，他们报告了他们（a）在被指示减少负性情绪时分散注意力和重新评价的使用情况，以及（b）在被随机分配使用分散注意力或重新评价进行调节时ER的成功率和感知。结果 在中老年人中，在日常生活中使用某种策略的频率越高，预示着在接受指导时使用该策略的成功率越高，但这与在实验室中自发使用策略无关。与此相反，在患有研究者定义的 MCI 的老年人中，日常生活中使用策略的频率越高，实验室中使用策略的成功率就越高，但成功率并不高。年轻人的日常策略使用与实验室中的策略使用和成功率无关。患有研究者定义的 MCI 的老年人认为 ER 要求更高，但在感知 ER 的努力程度方面，他们与未受损害的人没有差异。讨论 认知正常的老年人可能比年轻人更能在新的情境中利用他们的 ER 经验。患有 MCI 的老年人可能会主动管理自己的情绪，但在 ER 方面会遇到更多困难，部分原因可能是由于依赖默认策略。
{"title":"Links Between Daily Life and Laboratory Emotion Regulation Processes: The Role of Age and Cognitive Status","authors":"Claire M Growney, Tammy English","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae073","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives This study investigates how daily use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies predicts ER processes in the laboratory among young adults and cognitively diverse older adults. Methods Young adults (aged 21–34, n=66), cognitively normal older adults (CN; aged 70–83, n=87), and older adults with researcher-defined mild cognitive impairment (MCI; aged 70–84; n=58) completed an experience sampling procedure (7x/day for 9 days) reporting their distraction and reappraisal use in daily life. In a laboratory task inducing high-arousal negative emotion, they reported their (a) distraction and reappraisal use when instructed to reduce negative emotion and (b) ER success and perceptions when randomly assigned to regulate using distraction or reappraisal. Results Among CN older adults, higher frequency of using a strategy in daily life predicted greater success deploying the strategy when instructed to do so but was unrelated to spontaneous strategy use in the laboratory. In contrast, among older adults with researcher-defined MCI, greater daily life strategy use predicted greater laboratory use, but not greater success. Daily strategy use in younger adults was unrelated to strategy use and success in the laboratory. Older adults with researcher-defined MCI experienced ER as more demanding but did not differ from non-impaired individuals in terms of perceived ER effort. Discussion Cognitively normal older adults may be better able to leverage their ER experience in novel contexts than younger adults. Older adults with MCI may be motivated to manage their emotions but experience more ER difficulty, perhaps in part due to reliance on default strategies.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madison Musich, David Q Beversdorf, Christina S McCrae, Ashley F Curtis
Objectives This study examined associations between various cognitive domains and sleep discrepancy (self-reported versus objectively measured sleep), and evaluated interactive associations with insomnia status (non-insomnia versus insomnia). Method Older adults (N=65, Mage=68.72, SD=5.06, 43 insomnia/22 non-insomnia) aged 60+ reported subjective sleep (7-days of sleep diaries), objective sleep assessment (one-night polysomnography, PSG, via Sleep ProfilerTM during the 7-day period), and completed cognitive tasks (NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery) measuring attention and processing speed, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and episodic memory. The sleep diary variable corresponding to same one-night of PSG was used to calculate the sleep discrepancy (diary minus PSG parameter) variables for total sleep time, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Regression analyses determined independent and interactive (with insomnia status) associations between cognition and sleep discrepancy, controlling for age, sex, apnea-hypopnea index, and sleep medication usage. Results Working memory interacted with insomnia status in associations with sleep discrepancy related to total sleep time and sleep efficiency. In those with insomnia, worse working memory was associated with shorter self-reported total sleep time (p=.008) and lower sleep efficiency (p=.04) than PSG measured. Discussion In older adults with insomnia, worse working memory may be a contributing factor to sleep discrepancy. Future investigations of underlying neurophysiological factors and consideration of other objective sleep measures (actigraphy) are warranted. Prospective findings may help determine whether sleep discrepancy is a potential marker of future cognitive decline.
{"title":"Subjective-Objective Sleep Discrepancy in a Predominately White and Educated Older Adult Population: Examining the Associations with Cognition and Insomnia","authors":"Madison Musich, David Q Beversdorf, Christina S McCrae, Ashley F Curtis","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae074","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives This study examined associations between various cognitive domains and sleep discrepancy (self-reported versus objectively measured sleep), and evaluated interactive associations with insomnia status (non-insomnia versus insomnia). Method Older adults (N=65, Mage=68.72, SD=5.06, 43 insomnia/22 non-insomnia) aged 60+ reported subjective sleep (7-days of sleep diaries), objective sleep assessment (one-night polysomnography, PSG, via Sleep ProfilerTM during the 7-day period), and completed cognitive tasks (NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery) measuring attention and processing speed, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and episodic memory. The sleep diary variable corresponding to same one-night of PSG was used to calculate the sleep discrepancy (diary minus PSG parameter) variables for total sleep time, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Regression analyses determined independent and interactive (with insomnia status) associations between cognition and sleep discrepancy, controlling for age, sex, apnea-hypopnea index, and sleep medication usage. Results Working memory interacted with insomnia status in associations with sleep discrepancy related to total sleep time and sleep efficiency. In those with insomnia, worse working memory was associated with shorter self-reported total sleep time (p=.008) and lower sleep efficiency (p=.04) than PSG measured. Discussion In older adults with insomnia, worse working memory may be a contributing factor to sleep discrepancy. Future investigations of underlying neurophysiological factors and consideration of other objective sleep measures (actigraphy) are warranted. Prospective findings may help determine whether sleep discrepancy is a potential marker of future cognitive decline.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gillian Fennell, Margarita Osuna, Jennifer Ailshire, Anna Zajacova
Objective Pain is a leading cause of disability and a limiting factor in individuals’ assessments of their own subjective health, however its association with subjective longevity has yet to be explored. Subjective survival probabilities (SSPs), or one’s own perceived chances of living to a given age, can influence individuals’ behavior as they plan for their futures. This study assesses whether pain correlates to lower SSPs. Methods We use a repeated cross-section of the 2000-2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal and nationally representative survey of Americans aged 51 and older (N=31,773). Results Fractional logit regressions indicate that, across all age groups, respondents with severe and/or interfering pain reported significantly lower SSPs than those with no pain (Marginal Effect (ME) = -0.03 to -0.06, p < .05). Controlling for all covariates, mild or moderate non-interfering pain was only associated with a significant reduction in SSPs among the youngest group reporting their chances of living to age 75 (ME = -0.02, p < .001). Descriptively and in the model results, respondents with mild or moderate non-interfering pain appeared to more closely resemble pain-free respondents than those with severe or interfering pain. Discussion These findings highlight the importance of pain on SSPs, and contribute to the growing evidence that pain interference is uniquely important in predicting meaningful health outcomes.
{"title":"Pain Lowers Subjective Survival Probabilities among Middle-aged and Older Adults","authors":"Gillian Fennell, Margarita Osuna, Jennifer Ailshire, Anna Zajacova","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae071","url":null,"abstract":"Objective Pain is a leading cause of disability and a limiting factor in individuals’ assessments of their own subjective health, however its association with subjective longevity has yet to be explored. Subjective survival probabilities (SSPs), or one’s own perceived chances of living to a given age, can influence individuals’ behavior as they plan for their futures. This study assesses whether pain correlates to lower SSPs. Methods We use a repeated cross-section of the 2000-2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal and nationally representative survey of Americans aged 51 and older (N=31,773). Results Fractional logit regressions indicate that, across all age groups, respondents with severe and/or interfering pain reported significantly lower SSPs than those with no pain (Marginal Effect (ME) = -0.03 to -0.06, p &lt; .05). Controlling for all covariates, mild or moderate non-interfering pain was only associated with a significant reduction in SSPs among the youngest group reporting their chances of living to age 75 (ME = -0.02, p &lt; .001). Descriptively and in the model results, respondents with mild or moderate non-interfering pain appeared to more closely resemble pain-free respondents than those with severe or interfering pain. Discussion These findings highlight the importance of pain on SSPs, and contribute to the growing evidence that pain interference is uniquely important in predicting meaningful health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"309 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140805692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen P Badham, Christopher Atkin, Jemaine E Stacey, Helen Henshaw, Harriet A Allen, Katherine L Roberts
Objectives Age deficits in memory are widespread, this impacts individuals at a personal level, and investigating memory has been a key focus in cognitive ageing research. Age deficits occur in memory for an episode, where information from the environment is integrated through the senses into an episodic event via associative memory. Associating items in memory has been shown to be particularly difficult for older adults but can often be alleviated by providing support from the external environment. The current investigation explored the potential for increased sensory input (multimodal stimuli) to alleviate age deficits in associative memory. Here, we present compelling evidence, supported by Bayesian analysis, for a null age-by-modality interaction. Methods Across three pre-registered studies, young and older adults (n = 860) completed associative memory tasks either in single modalities or in multimodal formats. Study 1 used either visual text (unimodal) or video introductions (multimodal) to test memory for name-face associations. Studies 2 and 3 tested memory for paired associates. Study 2 used unimodal visual presentation or cross modal visual-auditory word pairs in a cued recall paradigm. Study 3 presented word pairs as visual only, auditory only or audiovisual and tested memory separately for items (individual words) or associations (word pairings). Results Typical age deficits in associative memory emerged, but these were not alleviated by multimodal presentation. Discussion The lack of multimodal support for associative memory indicates that perceptual manipulations are less effective than other forms of environmental support at alleviating age deficits in associative memory.
{"title":"Age Deficits in Associative Memory are not Alleviated by Multisensory Paradigms","authors":"Stephen P Badham, Christopher Atkin, Jemaine E Stacey, Helen Henshaw, Harriet A Allen, Katherine L Roberts","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae063","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Age deficits in memory are widespread, this impacts individuals at a personal level, and investigating memory has been a key focus in cognitive ageing research. Age deficits occur in memory for an episode, where information from the environment is integrated through the senses into an episodic event via associative memory. Associating items in memory has been shown to be particularly difficult for older adults but can often be alleviated by providing support from the external environment. The current investigation explored the potential for increased sensory input (multimodal stimuli) to alleviate age deficits in associative memory. Here, we present compelling evidence, supported by Bayesian analysis, for a null age-by-modality interaction. Methods Across three pre-registered studies, young and older adults (n = 860) completed associative memory tasks either in single modalities or in multimodal formats. Study 1 used either visual text (unimodal) or video introductions (multimodal) to test memory for name-face associations. Studies 2 and 3 tested memory for paired associates. Study 2 used unimodal visual presentation or cross modal visual-auditory word pairs in a cued recall paradigm. Study 3 presented word pairs as visual only, auditory only or audiovisual and tested memory separately for items (individual words) or associations (word pairings). Results Typical age deficits in associative memory emerged, but these were not alleviated by multimodal presentation. Discussion The lack of multimodal support for associative memory indicates that perceptual manipulations are less effective than other forms of environmental support at alleviating age deficits in associative memory.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140805528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives Remembering past rewarding experiences plays a crucial rule in guiding people’s decision-making in the future. However, as people age, they become less accurate in remembering past events and more susceptible to forming false memories. An important question is how the decline of episodic memory and increase of false memory may impact older adults’ decision-making performance. Method The current study used a newly developed paradigm in which the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm was combined with a reward learning task to create robust false memories of rewarding experiences. Participants learned that some DRM picture lists brought them a monetary reward and some DRM picture lists did not bring reward. Later, their memories were tested and decision-making preferences were measured. Results We found that older and younger adults had almost equivalent false and true memories under the rewarding context, but older adults showed significantly lower decision-making preferences for lure pictures and rewarded pictures than younger adults. Furthermore, true and false memories were a stronger predictor of decision-making preferences for younger than for older adults. Discussion These results together suggest an age-related dissociation between memory and decision-making that older adults may be less efficient in using their memory to guide decision-making than younger adults. Future research may further investigate its underlying mechanisms and develop potential interventions aiming at strengthening the connection between memory and decision-making in older adults to help improve their decision-making performance.
{"title":"How False Memory and True Memory Affect Decision-Making in Older Adults: A Dissociative Account","authors":"Jianqin Wang, Angela Gutchess","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae061","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Remembering past rewarding experiences plays a crucial rule in guiding people’s decision-making in the future. However, as people age, they become less accurate in remembering past events and more susceptible to forming false memories. An important question is how the decline of episodic memory and increase of false memory may impact older adults’ decision-making performance. Method The current study used a newly developed paradigm in which the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm was combined with a reward learning task to create robust false memories of rewarding experiences. Participants learned that some DRM picture lists brought them a monetary reward and some DRM picture lists did not bring reward. Later, their memories were tested and decision-making preferences were measured. Results We found that older and younger adults had almost equivalent false and true memories under the rewarding context, but older adults showed significantly lower decision-making preferences for lure pictures and rewarded pictures than younger adults. Furthermore, true and false memories were a stronger predictor of decision-making preferences for younger than for older adults. Discussion These results together suggest an age-related dissociation between memory and decision-making that older adults may be less efficient in using their memory to guide decision-making than younger adults. Future research may further investigate its underlying mechanisms and develop potential interventions aiming at strengthening the connection between memory and decision-making in older adults to help improve their decision-making performance.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140628904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deborah Finkel, Margaret Gatz, Carol E Franz, Vibeke S Catts, Kaare Christensen, William Kremen, Marianne Nygaard, Brenda L Plassman, Perminder S Sachdev, Keith Whitfield, Nancy L Pedersen
Objectives Subjective health (SH) is not just an indicator of physical health, but also reflects active cognitive processing of information about one’s own health and has been associated with emotional health measures, such as neuroticism and depression. Behavior genetic approaches investigate the genetic architecture of SH, i.e., genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in SH and associations with potential components such as physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Previous twin analyses have been limited by sex, sample size, age range, and focus on single covariates. Methods The current analysis used data from 24,173 adults ranging in age from 40-90 years from the international Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium to investigate the genetic architecture of three measures of SH: self-rated health, health compared to others, and impact of health on activities. Independent pathways model of SH included physical health, depressive symptoms, and episodic memory, with age, sex, and country included as covariates. Results Most or all of the genetic variance for SH measures was shared with physical health, depressive symptoms, and episodic memory. Genetic architecture of SH differed across measures, age groups (40-65, 66-90), and sexes. Age comparisons indicated stronger correlations with all 3 covariates in older adults, often resulting from greater shared genetic variance. Discussion The predictive value of SH has been amply demonstrated. The higher genetic contributions to associations between SH and its components in older adults support the increasing conceptualization with age of SH as an intuitive summation of one’s vital reserve.
目标 主观健康（SH）不仅是身体健康的指标，还反映了对自身健康信息的积极认知处理，并与神经质和抑郁等情绪健康指标相关联。行为遗传学方法研究了SH的遗传结构，即遗传和环境对SH个体差异的影响，以及与身体、认知和情绪健康等潜在成分的关联。以往的双生子分析受到性别、样本大小、年龄范围以及对单一协变量的关注等因素的限制。方法 目前的分析使用了来自国际基因与环境相互作用多重研究（IGEMS）联盟的 24173 名年龄在 40-90 岁之间的成年人的数据，研究了 SH 的三个测量指标的遗传结构：自评健康、与他人相比的健康以及健康对活动的影响。SH的独立路径模型包括身体健康、抑郁症状和外显记忆，年龄、性别和国家为协变量。结果 SH 指标的大部分或全部遗传变异与身体健康、抑郁症状和外显记忆共享。不同测量指标、不同年龄组（40-65 岁、66-90 岁）和不同性别的 SH 遗传结构各不相同。年龄比较显示，老年人与所有 3 个协变量的相关性更强，这通常是由于共享的遗传变异更大所致。讨论 SH 的预测价值已得到充分证明。随着年龄的增长，SH 越来越被认为是一个人生命储备的直观总和。
{"title":"Age and sex differences in the genetic architecture of measures of subjective health: Relationships with physical health, depressive symptoms, and episodic memory","authors":"Deborah Finkel, Margaret Gatz, Carol E Franz, Vibeke S Catts, Kaare Christensen, William Kremen, Marianne Nygaard, Brenda L Plassman, Perminder S Sachdev, Keith Whitfield, Nancy L Pedersen","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae062","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Subjective health (SH) is not just an indicator of physical health, but also reflects active cognitive processing of information about one’s own health and has been associated with emotional health measures, such as neuroticism and depression. Behavior genetic approaches investigate the genetic architecture of SH, i.e., genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in SH and associations with potential components such as physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Previous twin analyses have been limited by sex, sample size, age range, and focus on single covariates. Methods The current analysis used data from 24,173 adults ranging in age from 40-90 years from the international Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium to investigate the genetic architecture of three measures of SH: self-rated health, health compared to others, and impact of health on activities. Independent pathways model of SH included physical health, depressive symptoms, and episodic memory, with age, sex, and country included as covariates. Results Most or all of the genetic variance for SH measures was shared with physical health, depressive symptoms, and episodic memory. Genetic architecture of SH differed across measures, age groups (40-65, 66-90), and sexes. Age comparisons indicated stronger correlations with all 3 covariates in older adults, often resulting from greater shared genetic variance. Discussion The predictive value of SH has been amply demonstrated. The higher genetic contributions to associations between SH and its components in older adults support the increasing conceptualization with age of SH as an intuitive summation of one’s vital reserve.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140628801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives Childhood abuse has been extensively studied in relation to later-life health, yet relatively little attention has been given to understanding the nuanced dynamics across victim–perpetrator relationships. This study addresses this gap by identifying typologies of familial perpetrators of childhood abuse in a national sample and examining their associations with various health outcomes, including physical and mental health as well as substance abuse. Methods We used two waves of data from the Midlife in the US Study (n=6,295, mean age=46.9 at baseline). The analysis was completed in three stages. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we identified subpopulations of victims with distinct familial perpetrator histories. With assigned LCA memberships and propensity score weighting, we investigated the extent to which specific victim–perpetrator relationships are associated with health outcomes measured at baseline and a 10-year follow-up adjusting for other early-life risks. We evaluated whether the observed associations differ across the waves. Results Parental and sibling abuse commonly co-occur, surpassing the occurrence of single perpetrators. While minimal health disparities are evident between sibling-only abuse and no/little abuse groups at baseline, parent-only abuse is associated with compromised health outcomes. Severe abuse from both siblings and parents is linked to the most adverse health outcomes. At the follow-up survey, the associations between familiar abuse and health outcomes weakened, particularly for substance abuse. Discussion This study, delving into family relationships, family violence, and health disparities, provides new evidence to augment our comprehension of the enduring link between childhood abuse and health within the family context.
目标 人们已经广泛研究了童年受虐与日后健康的关系，但对于了解受害者与施虐者之间的微妙关系却关注较少。本研究针对这一空白，在全国样本中确定了童年受虐家庭施虐者的类型，并研究了他们与各种健康结果（包括身心健康和药物滥用）之间的关系。方法 我们使用了《美国中年研究》（Midlife in the US Study）的两波数据（n=6,295，基线平均年龄=46.9）。分析分三个阶段完成。通过潜类分析（LCA），我们确定了具有不同施害者家族史的受害者亚群。通过指定的 LCA 成员和倾向得分加权，我们研究了特定的受害者与施暴者关系与基线和 10 年随访时测量的健康结果的相关程度，并对早期生活中的其他风险进行了调整。我们还评估了所观察到的关联在不同阶段是否存在差异。结果 父母和兄弟姐妹共同施虐的情况很普遍，超过了单个施虐者的情况。虽然在基线时，仅虐待兄弟姐妹组与无/少虐待组之间的健康差异很小，但仅虐待父母组与健康状况受损有关。兄弟姐妹和父母的严重虐待与最不利的健康结果有关。在后续调查中，熟悉的虐待与健康结果之间的关联减弱，尤其是药物滥用。讨论 本研究深入探讨了家庭关系、家庭暴力和健康差异，提供了新的证据，帮助我们更好地理解家庭背景下儿童虐待与健康之间的持久联系。
{"title":"Familial Abuse during Childhood and Later-life Health: Exploring the Role of Victim–Perpetrator Relationships","authors":"Chioun Lee, Soojin Park, Juha Lee","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae065","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Childhood abuse has been extensively studied in relation to later-life health, yet relatively little attention has been given to understanding the nuanced dynamics across victim–perpetrator relationships. This study addresses this gap by identifying typologies of familial perpetrators of childhood abuse in a national sample and examining their associations with various health outcomes, including physical and mental health as well as substance abuse. Methods We used two waves of data from the Midlife in the US Study (n=6,295, mean age=46.9 at baseline). The analysis was completed in three stages. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we identified subpopulations of victims with distinct familial perpetrator histories. With assigned LCA memberships and propensity score weighting, we investigated the extent to which specific victim–perpetrator relationships are associated with health outcomes measured at baseline and a 10-year follow-up adjusting for other early-life risks. We evaluated whether the observed associations differ across the waves. Results Parental and sibling abuse commonly co-occur, surpassing the occurrence of single perpetrators. While minimal health disparities are evident between sibling-only abuse and no/little abuse groups at baseline, parent-only abuse is associated with compromised health outcomes. Severe abuse from both siblings and parents is linked to the most adverse health outcomes. At the follow-up survey, the associations between familiar abuse and health outcomes weakened, particularly for substance abuse. Discussion This study, delving into family relationships, family violence, and health disparities, provides new evidence to augment our comprehension of the enduring link between childhood abuse and health within the family context.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"301 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alec Rhodes, Stephanie Moulton, Cäzilia Loibl, Donald Haurin, Joshua Joseph
Objective The medical diagnosis of a disease is common in older age and can carry significant financial costs. For many older adults, equity in a home is their primary component of wealth; however, housing wealth is illiquid. We analyze the relationship between the liquidation of housing wealth through mortgage borrowing on older homeowners’ ability to successfully control a disease. Methods We use data on homeowners age 65 and older from the 1998-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N=3,457). We use biomarkers and physical health indicators to measure disease control following a medical diagnosis of diabetes, heart condition, high blood pressure, lung disease, or cancer. Random effects linear probability and instrumental variable regressions estimate the associations of housing wealth, new mortgage borrowing, and disease control. Results Descriptively, 28% of older homeowners who borrow against home equity are not controlled on their disease, compared to 33% of non-borrowers. Panel data instrumental variable regressions show that each $10,000 borrowed from home equity after diagnosis is associated with a 17 percentage-point reduction in the probability of the disease not being controlled. Discussion Many older adults are not able or willing to liquidate housing wealth, and the ability to borrow also depends on changes in home values. Thus, housing wealth is not a uniform social determinant of health but is shaped by older adults’ participation in financial markets.
{"title":"Mortgage Borrowing and Chronic Disease Outcomes in Older Age: Evidence from Biomarker Data in the Health and Retirement Study","authors":"Alec Rhodes, Stephanie Moulton, Cäzilia Loibl, Donald Haurin, Joshua Joseph","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae066","url":null,"abstract":"Objective The medical diagnosis of a disease is common in older age and can carry significant financial costs. For many older adults, equity in a home is their primary component of wealth; however, housing wealth is illiquid. We analyze the relationship between the liquidation of housing wealth through mortgage borrowing on older homeowners’ ability to successfully control a disease. Methods We use data on homeowners age 65 and older from the 1998-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N=3,457). We use biomarkers and physical health indicators to measure disease control following a medical diagnosis of diabetes, heart condition, high blood pressure, lung disease, or cancer. Random effects linear probability and instrumental variable regressions estimate the associations of housing wealth, new mortgage borrowing, and disease control. Results Descriptively, 28% of older homeowners who borrow against home equity are not controlled on their disease, compared to 33% of non-borrowers. Panel data instrumental variable regressions show that each $10,000 borrowed from home equity after diagnosis is associated with a 17 percentage-point reduction in the probability of the disease not being controlled. Discussion Many older adults are not able or willing to liquidate housing wealth, and the ability to borrow also depends on changes in home values. Thus, housing wealth is not a uniform social determinant of health but is shaped by older adults’ participation in financial markets.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaarina Korhonen, Heta Moustgaard, Michael Murphy, Pekka Martikainen
Objectives Residential long-term care (LTC) use has declined in many countries over the past years. This study quantifies how changing rates of entry, exit, and mortality have contributed to trends in life expectancy in LTC (i.e., average time spent in LTC after age 65) across sociodemographic groups. Methods We analyzed population-register data of all Finns aged ≥65 during 1999–2018 (n=2,016,987) with dates of LTC and death, and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimated transition rates between home, LTC and death using Poisson generalized additive models, and calculated multistate life tables across 1999–2003, 2004–2008, 2009–2013 and 2014–2018. Results Between 1999–2003 and 2004–2008, life expectancy in LTC increased from 0.75 (95% CI 0.74–0.76) to 0.89 (0.88–0.90) years among men and from 1.61 (1.59–1.62) to 1.83 (1.81–1.85) years among women, mainly due to declining exit rates from LTC. Thereafter, life expectancy in LTC decreased, reaching 0.80 (0.79–0.81) and 1.51 (1.50–1.53) years among men and women, respectively, in 2014–2018. Especially among women and non-married men, the decline was largely due to increasing death rates in LTC. Admission rates declined throughout the study period, which offset the increase in life expectancy in LTC attributable to declining mortality in the community. Marital status differences in life expectancy in LTC narrowed over time. Discussion Recent declines in LTC use were driven by postponed LTC admission closer to death. The results suggest that across sociodemographic strata older adults enter LTC in ever worse health and spent a shorter time in care than before.
{"title":"Trends in Life Expectancy in Residential Long-Term Care by Sociodemographic Position in 1999–2018: A Multistate Life Table Study of Finnish Older Adults","authors":"Kaarina Korhonen, Heta Moustgaard, Michael Murphy, Pekka Martikainen","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae067","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Residential long-term care (LTC) use has declined in many countries over the past years. This study quantifies how changing rates of entry, exit, and mortality have contributed to trends in life expectancy in LTC (i.e., average time spent in LTC after age 65) across sociodemographic groups. Methods We analyzed population-register data of all Finns aged ≥65 during 1999–2018 (n=2,016,987) with dates of LTC and death, and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimated transition rates between home, LTC and death using Poisson generalized additive models, and calculated multistate life tables across 1999–2003, 2004–2008, 2009–2013 and 2014–2018. Results Between 1999–2003 and 2004–2008, life expectancy in LTC increased from 0.75 (95% CI 0.74–0.76) to 0.89 (0.88–0.90) years among men and from 1.61 (1.59–1.62) to 1.83 (1.81–1.85) years among women, mainly due to declining exit rates from LTC. Thereafter, life expectancy in LTC decreased, reaching 0.80 (0.79–0.81) and 1.51 (1.50–1.53) years among men and women, respectively, in 2014–2018. Especially among women and non-married men, the decline was largely due to increasing death rates in LTC. Admission rates declined throughout the study period, which offset the increase in life expectancy in LTC attributable to declining mortality in the community. Marital status differences in life expectancy in LTC narrowed over time. Discussion Recent declines in LTC use were driven by postponed LTC admission closer to death. The results suggest that across sociodemographic strata older adults enter LTC in ever worse health and spent a shorter time in care than before.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives Based on the “linked lives” tenant of the life course perspective, this longitudinal study aims to examine the actor and partner effects of social participation on cognitive function in older Chinese couples. Methods A total of 1,706 couples aged over 60 were included in the final analyses. Social participation was measured using two questions regarding types of activities and frequency. Cognitive function was measured using a combination of memory, orientation, visuoconstruction, attention, and calculation. The lagged-dependent APIM was used to model the dyadic associations between social participation and cognitive function. Results The time-averaged actor effects of both husbands’ and wives’ social participation on their own cognitive function were significant (p < .001 for both). The time-averaged partner effect of husbands’ social participation on wives’ cognitive function was significant (p < .001) but the reverse—the effect of wives’ social participation on husbands’ cognitive function—was not (p = .381). The time-specific actor and partner effects were not significant (p > .05 for all). Discussion Our findings indicate an asymmetrical pattern of actor–partner interdependence, where husbands’ social participation may affect their wives’ cognitive function on average, but wives’ social participation does not affect their husbands’ cognitive function. Clinical practitioners should invite both partners, especially husbands, to participate in social participation interventions to facilitate crossover benefits for wives. Moreover, policymakers should build more facilities to encourage older couples to engage in social activities to prevent cognitive decline.
{"title":"The Longitudinal Dyadic Associations between Social Participation and Cognitive Function in Older Chinese Couples","authors":"Jianhua Hou, Tianyong Chen, Nancy Xiaonan Yu","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae045","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Based on the “linked lives” tenant of the life course perspective, this longitudinal study aims to examine the actor and partner effects of social participation on cognitive function in older Chinese couples. Methods A total of 1,706 couples aged over 60 were included in the final analyses. Social participation was measured using two questions regarding types of activities and frequency. Cognitive function was measured using a combination of memory, orientation, visuoconstruction, attention, and calculation. The lagged-dependent APIM was used to model the dyadic associations between social participation and cognitive function. Results The time-averaged actor effects of both husbands’ and wives’ social participation on their own cognitive function were significant (p &lt; .001 for both). The time-averaged partner effect of husbands’ social participation on wives’ cognitive function was significant (p &lt; .001) but the reverse—the effect of wives’ social participation on husbands’ cognitive function—was not (p = .381). The time-specific actor and partner effects were not significant (p &gt; .05 for all). Discussion Our findings indicate an asymmetrical pattern of actor–partner interdependence, where husbands’ social participation may affect their wives’ cognitive function on average, but wives’ social participation does not affect their husbands’ cognitive function. Clinical practitioners should invite both partners, especially husbands, to participate in social participation interventions to facilitate crossover benefits for wives. Moreover, policymakers should build more facilities to encourage older couples to engage in social activities to prevent cognitive decline.","PeriodicalId":501650,"journal":{"name":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140564668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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