Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424010095
Abstract
Using digital images, we have created a three-dimensional (3D) model of spatial distribution of soil horizons with a mosaic structure. The technique was tested on the developed soddy–podzolic soil of the Chashnikovo Training and Experimental Soil Ecological Center. The 11 sections of the soil profile used to create the model show an area of 30 × 45 cm with a distance of 2.5 cm between the section. The correctness of color rendering of photographic images was checked using a portable spectrophotometer. The color rendition of the best images was corrected using the external standard method. The resulting images were used to create a batch processing file in SAGA GIS to obtain a three-dimensional data array on soil color in the CIE L*a*b* system. Using the Voxler 4 software, we have constructed a 3D model with dimensions of 45 cm (X) × 30 cm (Y) × 25 cm (Z) and a resolution of 0.5 cm (X) × 0.5 cm (Y) × 2.5 cm (Z). Analysis of the spatial distribution of color indicators and the use of the threshold value algorithm have identified horizons A1A2, A2, and A2B. Carbon stocks calculated for the same volume of soil using the 3D model are significantly (by 25%) lower than those calculated using the 2D model. The authors believe that the optical mapping method based on color indicators in the CIE L*a*b* system quite accurately reproduces the natural structure of the boundaries of soil horizons and can be used in further works on modeling and studying soil profiles with a mosaic structure.
{"title":"A Method for 3D Soil Horizonation Using Digital Images","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424010095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424010095","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Using digital images, we have created a three-dimensional (3D) model of spatial distribution of soil horizons with a mosaic structure. The technique was tested on the developed soddy–podzolic soil of the Chashnikovo Training and Experimental Soil Ecological Center. The 11 sections of the soil profile used to create the model show an area of 30 × 45 cm with a distance of 2.5 cm between the section. The correctness of color rendering of photographic images was checked using a portable spectrophotometer. The color rendition of the best images was corrected using the external standard method. The resulting images were used to create a batch processing file in SAGA GIS to obtain a three-dimensional data array on soil color in the CIE <em>L</em>*<em>a</em>*<em>b</em>* system. Using the Voxler 4 software, we have constructed a 3D model with dimensions of 45 cm (<em>X</em>) × 30 cm (<em>Y</em>) × 25 cm (<em>Z</em>) and a resolution of 0.5 cm (<em>X</em>) × 0.5 cm (<em>Y</em>) × 2.5 cm (<em>Z</em>). Analysis of the spatial distribution of color indicators and the use of the threshold value algorithm have identified horizons A1A2, A2, and A2B. Carbon stocks calculated for the same volume of soil using the 3D model are significantly (by 25%) lower than those calculated using the 2D model. The authors believe that the optical mapping method based on color indicators in the CIE <em>L</em>*<em>a</em>*<em>b</em>* system quite accurately reproduces the natural structure of the boundaries of soil horizons and can be used in further works on modeling and studying soil profiles with a mosaic structure.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.3103/s014768742401006x
Abstract
Soil N deficiency is one of the main constraints limiting high tea yields worldwide, particularly in Russia. In addition, high dosages of N fertilizers are widely applied for tea plantations, resulting in agrogenic transformation of soils, environmental pollution, and a decrease in tea quality. One of the ways to reduce dosages of N fertilizers is the development of new cultivars with high efficiency of N use. In this regard, the effect of genotype on biosynthesis and accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in tea leaves was studied under optimal N supply and its deficiency in a potted experiment. The study was conducted on the most promising local tea cultivars (Kolkhida and Karatum) grown on brown forest acidic soils in the humid subtropics of Russia. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the contents of catechins, flavanols, alkaloids, and theanine were evaluated in tea leaves. Our results showed that N availability stimulated the biosynthesis of theanine more than one order of magnitude and alkaloids (caffeine by three to five times and theobromine by two to three times) in both tea genotypes; however, it decreased the accumulation of several catechins and flavanols by on average 1.5–2 times. Under optimal N supply, the Kolkhida cultivar displayed higher accumulation of theanine (by 30–60%) and gallated catechins (by 50%) in the leaves; however, higher accumulation of alkaloids (caffeine and theobromine) was observed in the Karatum cultivar (by 10–20%). N deficiency resulted in greater accumulation of simple and gallated catechins, as well as rutin in the Kolkhida cultivar, as compared to the Katarum cultivar. However, the content of the studied metabolites in the Katarum cultivar was more stable under different nitrogen levels, indicating its lower susceptibility to N deficiency.
{"title":"The Regulatory Effect of Nitrogen on the Formation and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Different Genotypes of Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s014768742401006x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s014768742401006x","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Soil N deficiency is one of the main constraints limiting high tea yields worldwide, particularly in Russia. In addition, high dosages of N fertilizers are widely applied for tea plantations, resulting in agrogenic transformation of soils, environmental pollution, and a decrease in tea quality. One of the ways to reduce dosages of N fertilizers is the development of new cultivars with high efficiency of N use. In this regard, the effect of genotype on biosynthesis and accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in tea leaves was studied under optimal N supply and its deficiency in a potted experiment. The study was conducted on the most promising local tea cultivars (Kolkhida and Karatum) grown on brown forest acidic soils in the humid subtropics of Russia. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the contents of catechins, flavanols, alkaloids, and theanine were evaluated in tea leaves. Our results showed that N availability stimulated the biosynthesis of theanine more than one order of magnitude and alkaloids (caffeine by three to five times and theobromine by two to three times) in both tea genotypes; however, it decreased the accumulation of several catechins and flavanols by on average 1.5–2 times. Under optimal N supply, the Kolkhida cultivar displayed higher accumulation of theanine (by 30–60%) and gallated catechins (by 50%) in the leaves; however, higher accumulation of alkaloids (caffeine and theobromine) was observed in the Karatum cultivar (by 10–20%). N deficiency resulted in greater accumulation of simple and gallated catechins, as well as rutin in the Kolkhida cultivar, as compared to the Katarum cultivar. However, the content of the studied metabolites in the Katarum cultivar was more stable under different nitrogen levels, indicating its lower susceptibility to N deficiency.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423050022
L. E. Medina-Orozco
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the main limitations in wheat production worldwide. Global wheat crop losses due to saline stress are estimated at 15–40%. It is reported that 60% of the soils of agricultural areas of Mexico are affected by salinity; that means a significant area of soils under wheat have problems related to the toxicity of soluble salts. In the country, an annual wheat area of approximately 554 thousand hectares is harvested; this crop represents 9.7% of the total grains’ yields grown nationally. The majority of the fields are irrigated, while the remaining 13% are under rainfed agriculture. A controlled trial was conducted with Urbina S2007 variety wheat in the present study. The wheat seed was planted in pots in strongly saline soil (pH = 8.8 and E.C. = 10.59 dSm–1), the soil’s name Salic Vertisol (Gleyic). The experimental design consisted of three completely random blocks, each one consisting of twenty pots. In ten pots, 1% of biochar (w/w) (T1) was added, while the rest consisted of a control without biochar (T0). The percentage of germinated seeds was evaluated; to explain the differences in treatments, the soil Water Holding Capacity (WHC), pH, electrical conductivity (CE) and soil temperature were measured. The results showed a germination rate of 62.5% in T1 and 25.0% in T0. Biochar application resulted in a 21% increase in the WHC. Soil pH values after the test were 8.5 in T1 and 8.0 in T0. The soil temperature varied between 20 and 34°C, and there were no differences between treatments. The application of biochar in salts affected soils is non-conventional alternative amendment to increase germination success in wheat crops.
{"title":"Biochar Application in Saline Soils for Increasing Wheat Germination Success in Central Mexico","authors":"L. E. Medina-Orozco","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423050022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423050022","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Soil salinity is one of the main limitations in wheat production worldwide. Global wheat crop losses due to saline stress are estimated at 15–40%. It is reported that 60% of the soils of agricultural areas of Mexico are affected by salinity; that means a significant area of soils under wheat have problems related to the toxicity of soluble salts. In the country, an annual wheat area of approximately 554 thousand hectares is harvested; this crop represents 9.7% of the total grains’ yields grown nationally. The majority of the fields are irrigated, while the remaining 13% are under rainfed agriculture. A controlled trial was conducted with Urbina S2007 variety wheat in the present study. The wheat seed was planted in pots in strongly saline soil (pH = 8.8 and E.C. = 10.59 dSm<sup>–1</sup>), the soil’s name Salic Vertisol (Gleyic). The experimental design consisted of three completely random blocks, each one consisting of twenty pots. In ten pots, 1% of biochar (w/w) (T1) was added, while the rest consisted of a control without biochar (T0). The percentage of germinated seeds was evaluated; to explain the differences in treatments, the soil Water Holding Capacity (WHC), pH, electrical conductivity (CE) and soil temperature were measured. The results showed a germination rate of 62.5% in T1 and 25.0% in T0. Biochar application resulted in a 21% increase in the WHC. Soil pH values after the test were 8.5 in T1 and 8.0 in T0. The soil temperature varied between 20 and 34°C, and there were no differences between treatments. The application of biochar in salts affected soils is non-conventional alternative amendment to increase germination success in wheat crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139590423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.3103/s014768742305006x
J. H. B. Sene, E. Faye, A. K. Tine
Abstract
In Senegal, the Senegalo-Mauritanian sedimentary basin is cut by four major rivers: Senegal, Sine-Saloum, Gambia and Casamance, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The marine transgressions and regressions of the recent Quaternary, the weak dips and the climate pejoration predetermine invasions by Ocean waters, causing the salinization of watercourse and soils. The area of salt-affected soils is estimated at 1.7 million hectares, or nearly 45% of the arable land. This salinization, accompanied in some cases by acidification, compromises the food security of the local populations. Indeed, the loss of agricultural land through salinity in a context of constant population growth has a direct negative impact on food security. To curb the salinization of the land and recover salt-affected soils, several technologies have been implemented. However, the salinization is not declining. This work involves taking stock of these technologies and briefly assessing their impact. To do this, physico-chemical (profile description, EC, pH, SAR, ESP, exchangeable bases – Ca, Mg, K and Na, ion balance, CEC, Base Saturation Percentage, Organic Carbon, Nt, Pt and P2O5, C/N Ratio, etc.) and perception data were collected and processed. It appears that a lot of effort has been made and lot of experience gained through the combination of local and scientific knowledge. However, there is much to be done and four main priorities have been proposed for a global and integrated approach to address the problem of salinization and/or acidification. These include (i) updating of salt-affected soils inventory and mapping, (ii) scaling up the remediation technologies, (iii) introducing innovative technologies including bio-saline agriculture and (iv) training and research. Reversing the trend of land salinization will require strong political will and institutional arrangements based on a holistic approach.
{"title":"Curbing the Salinization of Arable Land and Agronomically Restoring Salt-affected Soils, a food security challenge: assessment and prospects, the case of Senegal, West Africa","authors":"J. H. B. Sene, E. Faye, A. K. Tine","doi":"10.3103/s014768742305006x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s014768742305006x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In Senegal, the Senegalo-Mauritanian sedimentary basin is cut by four major rivers: Senegal, Sine-Saloum, Gambia and Casamance, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The marine transgressions and regressions of the recent Quaternary, the weak dips and the climate pejoration predetermine invasions by Ocean waters, causing the salinization of watercourse and soils. The area of salt-affected soils is estimated at 1.7 million hectares, or nearly 45% of the arable land. This salinization, accompanied in some cases by acidification, compromises the food security of the local populations. Indeed, the loss of agricultural land through salinity in a context of constant population growth has a direct negative impact on food security. To curb the salinization of the land and recover salt-affected soils, several technologies have been implemented. However, the salinization is not declining. This work involves taking stock of these technologies and briefly assessing their impact. To do this, physico-chemical (profile description, EC, pH, SAR, ESP, exchangeable bases – Ca, Mg, K and Na, ion balance, CEC, Base Saturation Percentage, Organic Carbon, Nt, Pt and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, C/N Ratio, etc.) and perception data were collected and processed. It appears that a lot of effort has been made and lot of experience gained through the combination of local and scientific knowledge. However, there is much to be done and four main priorities have been proposed for a global and integrated approach to address the problem of salinization and/or acidification. These include (i) updating of salt-affected soils inventory and mapping, (ii) scaling up the remediation technologies, (iii) introducing innovative technologies including bio-saline agriculture and (iv) training and research. Reversing the trend of land salinization will require strong political will and institutional arrangements based on a holistic approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139580140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423050034
L. A. Pozdnyakova, A. Yu. Trubin, S. Orunbaev, Yu. A. Mansteind, A. B. Umarova
Abstract
Irrigated agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change and subjected to secondary salinization. Detailed maps of the subsurface are necessary to manage and ameliorate salinity but difficult to obtain, as salinity is dynamic and highly spatially variable. Our group tested several on-ground geophysical instruments and geostatistical approaches for studying soil and groundwater salinity around the world for the last 20 years. Here we present an overview for updated methodologies of electrical geophysical methods (galvanic contact and multi-frequency electromagnetic induction) measuring soil electrical conductivity or resistivity in-situ from the surface down to the depth of 10–20 m to estimate soil salinity, water content, and depth to groundwater table in arid and humid environments both in rural and urban settings.
{"title":"In-field Assessment of Soil Salinity and Water Content with Electrical Geophysics","authors":"L. A. Pozdnyakova, A. Yu. Trubin, S. Orunbaev, Yu. A. Mansteind, A. B. Umarova","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423050034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423050034","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Irrigated agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change and subjected to secondary salinization. Detailed maps of the subsurface are necessary to manage and ameliorate salinity but difficult to obtain, as salinity is dynamic and highly spatially variable. Our group tested several on-ground geophysical instruments and geostatistical approaches for studying soil and groundwater salinity around the world for the last 20 years. Here we present an overview for updated methodologies of electrical geophysical methods (galvanic contact and multi-frequency electromagnetic induction) measuring soil electrical conductivity or resistivity in-situ from the surface down to the depth of 10–20 m to estimate soil salinity, water content, and depth to groundwater table in arid and humid environments both in rural and urban settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040038
O. A. Makarov, M. S. Kuznetsov, V. V. Demidov, D. V. Karpova, P. S. Shulga, D. R. Abdulkhanova, E. N. Esafova, E. N. Kubarev
Abstract
The Department of Soil Erosion and Conservation has developed the following main scientific areas: “Assessment of Erosion Processes in Soils of Various Bioclimatic Zones,” “Study of Fundamentals of Sustainable Land Use,” and “Ecological and Economic Assessment of Soil and Land Degradation.” It is proposed to develop both the existing areas of scientific research with a certain correction of their names and problems (“Analysis and Modeling of Erosion Processes in Soils, Taking into Account Soil Erosion under Climate Change Conditions,” “Development of the Concept of Sustainable Land Use in the Context of Food Security,” and “Ecology, Economics, and Sociodemographic Features of Land Use under Conditions of Climate Change and Soil Degradation”) and new areas that have some research history at the department “Development of Principles of Soil Protection” and “Development of Methodological Foundations of Land Reclamation.” The necessity of creating a holistic concept of soil protection is considered in particular detail. This concept should include the formulation of legal (legislative and regulatory–methodological) principles of soil protection, as well as the development of assessment criteria under which soils should be protected and the development of soil protection systems (primarily systems protecting from erosion processes) under different bioclimatic and administrative-territorial conditions.
{"title":"Main Areas of Scientific Research at the Department of Soil Erosion and Conservation: Current State and Prospects of Development","authors":"O. A. Makarov, M. S. Kuznetsov, V. V. Demidov, D. V. Karpova, P. S. Shulga, D. R. Abdulkhanova, E. N. Esafova, E. N. Kubarev","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423040038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423040038","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The Department of Soil Erosion and Conservation has developed the following main scientific areas: “Assessment of Erosion Processes in Soils of Various Bioclimatic Zones,” “Study of Fundamentals of Sustainable Land Use,” and “Ecological and Economic Assessment of Soil and Land Degradation.” It is proposed to develop both the existing areas of scientific research with a certain correction of their names and problems (“Analysis and Modeling of Erosion Processes in Soils, Taking into Account Soil Erosion under Climate Change Conditions,” “Development of the Concept of Sustainable Land Use in the Context of Food Security,” and “Ecology, Economics, and Sociodemographic Features of Land Use under Conditions of Climate Change and Soil Degradation”) and new areas that have some research history at the department “Development of Principles of Soil Protection” and “Development of Methodological Foundations of Land Reclamation.” The necessity of creating a holistic concept of soil protection is considered in particular detail. This concept should include the formulation of legal (legislative and regulatory–methodological) principles of soil protection, as well as the development of assessment criteria under which soils should be protected and the development of soil protection systems (primarily systems protecting from erosion processes) under different bioclimatic and administrative-territorial conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040105
A. S. Yakovlev, M. V. Evdokimova, V. A. Terekhova, I. O. Plekhanova, M. V. Dabakhov, G. G. Omel’yanyuk, A. S. Gorlenko, N. V. Kopelchuk
Abstract
The most promising areas of ecological assessment, regulation, and quality management of soils and lands include in-depth study of their ecological functions and the role of the anthropogenic factor in the formation of a lands’ natural complex established within the boundaries of specific land plots, considering the natural conditions, type of natural-resource use management, and direct–inverse relationships with adjoining environmental segments; study of natural relations between the soil cover and subsurface geological layers; determination of permissible changes in soil quality due to petroleum contamination and the forest and peat harvesting taking into account the prospects of natural self-repair (regeneration) of landscapes; study of direct and inverse relationships among soils, aquatic environments, and semi-aquatic landscapes exposed to contamination of lands; identification of functional relationship between the state of soils and the quality of atmospheric air; and insight into aspects of soil interface with other environmental compartments and the production and consumption waste. Analysis of the existing laws aimed at protecting soil as an environmental compartment suggests that the structure of environmental-protection legislation that incorporates in its framework the federal laws regulating the protection of environmental compartments contains gaps, and so a soil-protection law needs to be developed.
{"title":"The Prospects of Environmental Assessment, Rating, and Quality Management of Soils and Lands","authors":"A. S. Yakovlev, M. V. Evdokimova, V. A. Terekhova, I. O. Plekhanova, M. V. Dabakhov, G. G. Omel’yanyuk, A. S. Gorlenko, N. V. Kopelchuk","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423040105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423040105","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The most promising areas of ecological assessment, regulation, and quality management of soils and lands include in-depth study of their ecological functions and the role of the anthropogenic factor in the formation of a lands’ natural complex established within the boundaries of specific land plots, considering the natural conditions, type of natural-resource use management, and direct–inverse relationships with adjoining environmental segments; study of natural relations between the soil cover and subsurface geological layers; determination of permissible changes in soil quality due to petroleum contamination and the forest and peat harvesting taking into account the prospects of natural self-repair (regeneration) of landscapes; study of direct and inverse relationships among soils, aquatic environments, and semi-aquatic landscapes exposed to contamination of lands; identification of functional relationship between the state of soils and the quality of atmospheric air; and insight into aspects of soil interface with other environmental compartments and the production and consumption waste. Analysis of the existing laws aimed at protecting soil as an environmental compartment suggests that the structure of environmental-protection legislation that incorporates in its framework the federal laws regulating the protection of environmental compartments contains gaps, and so a soil-protection law needs to be developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040014
N. O. Kovaleva, I. V. Kovalev
Abstract
The emergence of private ownership of land and the urgent needs of the developing practice of land use require a rethinking of some existing fundamental paradigms and the search for new technologies in the relationship between man and nature, as well as, for this purpose, the creation of new sections of knowledge. New ways of developing the surrounding landscape environment are not enough and the methods offered by traditional disciplines. Construction norms and rules need to be clarified for anthropogenically modified soils and soils. Soil engineering is a field of knowledge that studies the engineering properties of the soil and the possibility of using them for the design and construction of soil-engineering structures in the soil and soil structures designed to solve specific soil-engineering problems of environmental management and develop environmentally friendly engineering technologies for managing the properties of soils and landscapes. Such technologies are in urgent demand today in low-rise, communal, landscape, landscape gardening, agricultural, hydrological, forestry, urban, etc., construction. The objects of soil engineering are soil-engineering structures and soil structures of various scales (from pedon to soil cover) created in natural and anthropogenically modified soils. Soil-engineering structures mean a soil–technical complex that preserves or creates the basis for the sustainable existence of the natural environment. All soil-engineering structures can be divided into inert structures (foundations, pipelines, road surfaces) and structures interacting with the soil (wells, filtration fields, reservoirs, drainage and irrigation systems). Soil and landscape engineering is an integral part of environmental engineering, which is rapidly developing. Technologies of soil and landscape engineering have been one of the main driving forces of the progress of civilization throughout the existence of humanity, and they reached their peak in the Russian estate culture of the 19th century. However, the new socio-economic phenomenon the “modern Russian estate” needs to be studied and norms and rules developed for organizing its interaction with the natural environment, which in many respects is similar to the influence of garden construction and is very similar to the influence of a city in space and time.
{"title":"SOIL Engineering: Modern Challenges and Development Prospects","authors":"N. O. Kovaleva, I. V. Kovalev","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423040014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423040014","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The emergence of private ownership of land and the urgent needs of the developing practice of land use require a rethinking of some existing fundamental paradigms and the search for new technologies in the relationship between man and nature, as well as, for this purpose, the creation of new sections of knowledge. New ways of developing the surrounding landscape environment are not enough and the methods offered by traditional disciplines. Construction norms and rules need to be clarified for anthropogenically modified soils and soils. Soil engineering is a field of knowledge that studies the engineering properties of the soil and the possibility of using them for the design and construction of soil-engineering structures in the soil and soil structures designed to solve specific soil-engineering problems of environmental management and develop environmentally friendly engineering technologies for managing the properties of soils and landscapes. Such technologies are in urgent demand today in low-rise, communal, landscape, landscape gardening, agricultural, hydrological, forestry, urban, etc., construction. The objects of soil engineering are soil-engineering structures and soil structures of various scales (from pedon to soil cover) created in natural and anthropogenically modified soils. Soil-engineering structures mean a soil–technical complex that preserves or creates the basis for the sustainable existence of the natural environment. All soil-engineering structures can be divided into inert structures (foundations, pipelines, road surfaces) and structures interacting with the soil (wells, filtration fields, reservoirs, drainage and irrigation systems). Soil and landscape engineering is an integral part of environmental engineering, which is rapidly developing. Technologies of soil and landscape engineering have been one of the main driving forces of the progress of civilization throughout the existence of humanity, and they reached their peak in the Russian estate culture of the 19th century. However, the new socio-economic phenomenon the “modern Russian estate” needs to be studied and norms and rules developed for organizing its interaction with the natural environment, which in many respects is similar to the influence of garden construction and is very similar to the influence of a city in space and time.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040075
A. V. Smagin, N. B. Sadovnikova, E. A. Belyaeva, K. V. Korchagina, V. N. Krivtsova
Abstract
High water retention and water capacity of detritus determine its potential hydrological significance in the formation of the water regime of soils and phytoproductivity of forest landscapes. Using computer modeling of water exchange in the soil–plant–atmosphere HYDRUS-1D system, we preliminarily studied the hydrological function of detritus of retention of precipitation water and of root water consumption at different amounts and variants of the arrangement of detritus layers in the soil profile. The soil structures designed on the basis of this information for sustainable afforestation with increased carbon sequestration in field experiments with water balance monitoring demonstrated high efficiency in optimizing soil water retention capacity and water consumption by roots of the test crop (Picea pungens Engelm.) with a two- to threefold reduction in unproductive water losses and a 1.5-to 2-fold increase in the current plant growth relative to untreated control. The physical mechanism of the detritus hydrological function consists in the formation of capillary barriers, blocking evaporation and capillary resorption of soil water due to accumulation at the surface (forest litter) or in layers inside the soil (peat layers in constructozems).
{"title":"Simulation Modeling and Practical Use of the Hydrological Function of Detritus in Soil-Engineering Technologies","authors":"A. V. Smagin, N. B. Sadovnikova, E. A. Belyaeva, K. V. Korchagina, V. N. Krivtsova","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423040075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423040075","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>High water retention and water capacity of detritus determine its potential hydrological significance in the formation of the water regime of soils and phytoproductivity of forest landscapes. Using computer modeling of water exchange in the soil–plant–atmosphere HYDRUS-1D system, we preliminarily studied the hydrological function of detritus of retention of precipitation water and of root water consumption at different amounts and variants of the arrangement of detritus layers in the soil profile. The soil structures designed on the basis of this information for sustainable afforestation with increased carbon sequestration in field experiments with water balance monitoring demonstrated high efficiency in optimizing soil water retention capacity and water consumption by roots of the test crop (<i>Picea pungens</i> Engelm.) with a two- to threefold reduction in unproductive water losses and a 1.5-to 2-fold increase in the current plant growth relative to untreated control. The physical mechanism of the detritus hydrological function consists in the formation of capillary barriers, blocking evaporation and capillary resorption of soil water due to accumulation at the surface (forest litter) or in layers inside the soil (peat layers in constructozems).</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040099
S. Ya. Trofimov, E. I. Kovaleva, N. A. Avetov, I. I. Tolpeshta
Abstract
The main milestones of the study of oil-contaminated soils at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University (Russia) in 50 years since its foundation are discussed from the perspective of the development of environmental regulation and new technologies of soil reclamation prospects. The main stages in the development of a procedural framework for the determination of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils and studies of the soil properties and chemistry of oil and its components in soil and adjacent environments are considered. The development of legislation on the rationing of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils is provided. The important role played by the staff of the Faculty of Soil Science in adoption of a number of regional standards for the permissible residual content of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils is noted. The approaches to ecological rationing of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils that take into account natural environments and types of land use are proposed. The importance of improving the regulatory and procedural framework and continuing activities in this direction are emphasized. The necessity of studies aimed at development of reclamation technologies for oil-contaminated lands and special use of oil-contaminated waste is indicated.
{"title":"Studies of Oil-Contaminated Soils and Prospective Approaches for Their Remediation","authors":"S. Ya. Trofimov, E. I. Kovaleva, N. A. Avetov, I. I. Tolpeshta","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423040099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423040099","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The main milestones of the study of oil-contaminated soils at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University (Russia) in 50 years since its foundation are discussed from the perspective of the development of environmental regulation and new technologies of soil reclamation prospects. The main stages in the development of a procedural framework for the determination of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils and studies of the soil properties and chemistry of oil and its components in soil and adjacent environments are considered. The development of legislation on the rationing of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils is provided. The important role played by the staff of the Faculty of Soil Science in adoption of a number of regional standards for the permissible residual content of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils is noted. The approaches to ecological rationing of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils that take into account natural environments and types of land use are proposed. The importance of improving the regulatory and procedural framework and continuing activities in this direction are emphasized. The necessity of studies aimed at development of reclamation technologies for oil-contaminated lands and special use of oil-contaminated waste is indicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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