Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700200
O. O. Plotnikova
Abstract
Chernozems are the most fertile soils in Russia. Most of the territory of Kursk oblast is covered with chernozems, half of the territory is plowed, and approximately a fifth of the arable lands are eroded. Thus, studies of various aspects of erosion processes affecting the chernozems of Kursk oblast become relevant and important. The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of shallow flows on the morphometric characteristics of typical chernozem aggregates of varying degrees of erosion. A series of model erosion experiments have been carried out with capillary-moistened bulk samples of the upper 10-cm layer of the humus horizon of typical plowed chernozems of Kursk oblast. The control variant is a comparable sample of chernozem from a typical site, Mown Steppe of Alekhin Central Chernozem Natural Biosphere Reserve. The morphometric parameters of soil aggregates carried by model flows with minimum, average, and maximum rates (0.3, 0.41‒0.45, and 0.54‒0.58 m/s, respectively) have been determined. It has been shown that smaller aggregates have greater roundness, isometry, and a lower surface evenness. Larger aggregates, on the contrary, are less rounded and isometric and are rougher. An exposure of a bulk soil sample to a model shallow-water flow has revealed an inverse relationship between changes in the degree of roundness and the unevenness coefficient of the surface of aggregates. The changes in the form factor and the unevenness coefficient of the surface of aggregates are influenced by both the degree of soil erosion and the flow rate; moreover, these factors mutually enhance the influence of each other. The degree of isometry of aggregates (roundness) is influenced mainly by the degree of soil erosion, but its influence increases by the flow rate factor. The flow rate has different effect on the morphometric parameters of aggregates: a low flow rate has rounding effect, while a high flow rate has a destructive effect. Continuation of such research will expand our understanding of the mechanisms and patterns of formation of eroded soils.
{"title":"Morphometric Parameters of Typical Chernozem Aggregates and Their Changes under the Influence of Model Shallow-Water Flows","authors":"O. O. Plotnikova","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700200","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Chernozems are the most fertile soils in Russia. Most of the territory of Kursk oblast is covered with chernozems, half of the territory is plowed, and approximately a fifth of the arable lands are eroded. Thus, studies of various aspects of erosion processes affecting the chernozems of Kursk oblast become relevant and important. The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of shallow flows on the morphometric characteristics of typical chernozem aggregates of varying degrees of erosion. A series of model erosion experiments have been carried out with capillary-moistened bulk samples of the upper 10-cm layer of the humus horizon of typical plowed chernozems of Kursk oblast. The control variant is a comparable sample of chernozem from a typical site, Mown Steppe of Alekhin Central Chernozem Natural Biosphere Reserve. The morphometric parameters of soil aggregates carried by model flows with minimum, average, and maximum rates (0.3, 0.41‒0.45, and 0.54‒0.58 m/s, respectively) have been determined. It has been shown that smaller aggregates have greater roundness, isometry, and a lower surface evenness. Larger aggregates, on the contrary, are less rounded and isometric and are rougher. An exposure of a bulk soil sample to a model shallow-water flow has revealed an inverse relationship between changes in the degree of roundness and the unevenness coefficient of the surface of aggregates. The changes in the form factor and the unevenness coefficient of the surface of aggregates are influenced by both the degree of soil erosion and the flow rate; moreover, these factors mutually enhance the influence of each other. The degree of isometry of aggregates (roundness) is influenced mainly by the degree of soil erosion, but its influence increases by the flow rate factor. The flow rate has different effect on the morphometric parameters of aggregates: a low flow rate has rounding effect, while a high flow rate has a destructive effect. Continuation of such research will expand our understanding of the mechanisms and patterns of formation of eroded soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700212
M. M. Ivanov, N. N. Ivanova, S. F. Krasnov
Abstract
This paper considers the features of accumulation of eroded soil material at the foot of the plowed slope and further to the side of the valley in the presence of a lynchet resulting from mechanical tillage on the lower border of arable land. A small catchment area in the area of intense Chernobyl pollution has been studied, where the position of the lower boundary of the arable land coincides with the upper boundary of the side of the valley over the past few decades. This made it possible to trace the spatial patterns of distribution of eroded material under conditions of stable functioning of the lynchet as an important lithodynamic boundary that accumulates and redistributes the slope runoff of sediments. The volume of material from arable slopes was determined using mathematical modeling of erosion based on a high-precision digital terrain model, climate data, soil erodibility, and crop rotations. The intensity of accumulation was estimated using 137Cs of Chernobyl origin as a reliable tracer. The bulk of the eroded material enters the valley network through a system of slope hollows that concentrate the slope runoff and cut through the valleys. In areas of the valley sides outside the runoff concentration zones, the redeposition of the material generally depends on the morphology of the arable slope, occurs locally, and is associated with episodic overflows as a result of the gradual filling of the depression before the lynchet. Under the existing conditions, the proportion of sediments accumulated on the sides of the valley is relatively low in the total sediment balance of the studied catchment area. Significant changes may occur due to a gradual reduction of the barrier role of the lynchet as a result of accumulation of sediments and climate changes that contribute to an increase in erosion rates.
{"title":"The Role of Lynchets in the Redistribution of Products of Anthropogenic Soil Erosion","authors":"M. M. Ivanov, N. N. Ivanova, S. F. Krasnov","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700212","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This paper considers the features of accumulation of eroded soil material at the foot of the plowed slope and further to the side of the valley in the presence of a lynchet resulting from mechanical tillage on the lower border of arable land. A small catchment area in the area of intense Chernobyl pollution has been studied, where the position of the lower boundary of the arable land coincides with the upper boundary of the side of the valley over the past few decades. This made it possible to trace the spatial patterns of distribution of eroded material under conditions of stable functioning of the lynchet as an important lithodynamic boundary that accumulates and redistributes the slope runoff of sediments. The volume of material from arable slopes was determined using mathematical modeling of erosion based on a high-precision digital terrain model, climate data, soil erodibility, and crop rotations. The intensity of accumulation was estimated using <sup>137</sup>Cs of Chernobyl origin as a reliable tracer. The bulk of the eroded material enters the valley network through a system of slope hollows that concentrate the slope runoff and cut through the valleys. In areas of the valley sides outside the runoff concentration zones, the redeposition of the material generally depends on the morphology of the arable slope, occurs locally, and is associated with episodic overflows as a result of the gradual filling of the depression before the lynchet. Under the existing conditions, the proportion of sediments accumulated on the sides of the valley is relatively low in the total sediment balance of the studied catchment area. Significant changes may occur due to a gradual reduction of the barrier role of the lynchet as a result of accumulation of sediments and climate changes that contribute to an increase in erosion rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700145
V. V. Demidov, T. A. Gracheva, P. M. Perebasova, A. V. Golovchenko, A. L. Stepanov, O. A. Makarov
Abstract
The influence of soil erodibility degree on the abundance and diversity of cultivated fungi and actinomycetes have been assessed for different seasons of the annual cycle. The objects of the study are sod-podzolic soils (Umbric Retisols (Abruptic)) with different erodibility degree, located on the slope of the southeastern exposure (Solnechnogorsk raion, Moscow oblast), which have been used for a long time for the cultivation of agricultural crops. The indicators of microbial abundance have been determined by the plate method, identification has been carried out on the basis of phenotypic characters. It is shown that the decline in physical and agrochemical parameters of the soil resulted from the erosion processes, leads to a change in microbiological parameters. An increase in the degree of soil erosion leads to a decrease in the abundance and species diversity of fungi and actinomycetes. Significant differences in the taxonomic composition of microbial communities of noneroded and eroded soils have been found (the Sørensen coefficient of species similarity does not exceed 0.42 and 0.30 for fungi and actinomycetes, respectively). Taxonomic units of mycelial microorganisms have been identified. Among fungi, they are represented by the species Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Scopulariopsis, and among actinomycetes, by Streptomyces malachitospinus, S. candidus, and Micromonospora aurantiaca.
{"title":"The Influence of Erodibility Degree of Sod-Podzolic Soil on the Abundance and Diversity of Fungi and Actinomycetes","authors":"V. V. Demidov, T. A. Gracheva, P. M. Perebasova, A. V. Golovchenko, A. L. Stepanov, O. A. Makarov","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700145","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The influence of soil erodibility degree on the abundance and diversity of cultivated fungi and actinomycetes have been assessed for different seasons of the annual cycle. The objects of the study are sod-podzolic soils (Umbric Retisols (Abruptic)) with different erodibility degree, located on the slope of the southeastern exposure (Solnechnogorsk raion, Moscow oblast), which have been used for a long time for the cultivation of agricultural crops. The indicators of microbial abundance have been determined by the plate method, identification has been carried out on the basis of phenotypic characters. It is shown that the decline in physical and agrochemical parameters of the soil resulted from the erosion processes, leads to a change in microbiological parameters. An increase in the degree of soil erosion leads to a decrease in the abundance and species diversity of fungi and actinomycetes. Significant differences in the taxonomic composition of microbial communities of noneroded and eroded soils have been found (the Sørensen coefficient of species similarity does not exceed 0.42 and 0.30 for fungi and actinomycetes, respectively). Taxonomic units of mycelial microorganisms have been identified. Among fungi, they are represented by the species <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i>, and <i>Scopulariopsis</i>, and among actinomycetes, by <i>Streptomyces malachitospinus, S. candidus,</i> and <i>Micromonospora aurantiaca</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700157
O. V. Andreeva, G. S. Kust
Abstract
Despite the large number of different antierosion practices used in the country, the dynamics of the areas of eroded lands remains multidirectional and unstable. The goal of the work was to propose a methodological approach for semantic modeling of sustainable land management with a focus on antierosion measures, the methods for such modeling and land management in the areas prone to soil erosion in order to maintain and restore degraded lands. A variety of erosion control techniques, methods, approaches, technologies and activities described in different sources, including databases on best practices, educational and scientific literature serves as objects of the study. The study was based on the integration of several working hypotheses and approaches proposed by the authors in earlier publications. The methodological basis of these approaches is the concept of land degradation neutrality (LDN) and the principles for assessing the “sustainability” of environmental management based on it. Using the example of several sites, methods for semantic modeling of the sustainability of antierosion land management are considered. These methods are based on assessing the achievement of LDN using so-called “good” practices. For the assessment, the following parameters of the model were applied: “natural potential” (reflecting resource potential, adaptive potential and the ability to self-recovery of land), “expanded potential” (reflecting human improvements in natural potential and the sufficiency of socioeconomic conditions); “actual adverse impacts,” including natural processes and phenomena and those caused by human impact; and “potential adverse impacts,” including natural and anthropogenic risks. Model parameters can be combined in the required combination and reflect different modeling tasks in order to determine the adequacy of erosion control practices, including general approaches and techniques for regional models, methods and technologies for subregional and local ones, and specific activities and measures for local models implemented for individual land plots and farms. The proposed method for visualizing models, based on the construction of radar diagrams, is a flexible solution that provides opportunity to consider the sufficiency of practices, combine them into groups, and also generalize sustainability parameters depending on the goals of modeling.
{"title":"Is It Possible to Achieve Sustainable Land Management on Land Affected by Erosion? Issues of Modeling Variants","authors":"O. V. Andreeva, G. S. Kust","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700157","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Despite the large number of different antierosion practices used in the country, the dynamics of the areas of eroded lands remains multidirectional and unstable. The goal of the work was to propose a methodological approach for semantic modeling of sustainable land management with a focus on antierosion measures, the methods for such modeling and land management in the areas prone to soil erosion in order to maintain and restore degraded lands. A variety of erosion control techniques, methods, approaches, technologies and activities described in different sources, including databases on best practices, educational and scientific literature serves as objects of the study. The study was based on the integration of several working hypotheses and approaches proposed by the authors in earlier publications. The methodological basis of these approaches is the concept of land degradation neutrality (LDN) and the principles for assessing the “sustainability” of environmental management based on it. Using the example of several sites, methods for semantic modeling of the sustainability of antierosion land management are considered. These methods are based on assessing the achievement of LDN using so-called “good” practices. For the assessment, the following parameters of the model were applied: “natural potential” (reflecting resource potential, adaptive potential and the ability to self-recovery of land), “expanded potential” (reflecting human improvements in natural potential and the sufficiency of socioeconomic conditions); “actual adverse impacts,” including natural processes and phenomena and those caused by human impact; and “potential adverse impacts,” including natural and anthropogenic risks. Model parameters can be combined in the required combination and reflect different modeling tasks in order to determine the adequacy of erosion control practices, including general approaches and techniques for regional models, methods and technologies for subregional and local ones, and specific activities and measures for local models implemented for individual land plots and farms. The proposed method for visualizing models, based on the construction of radar diagrams, is a flexible solution that provides opportunity to consider the sufficiency of practices, combine them into groups, and also generalize sustainability parameters depending on the goals of modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"460 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700170
E. N. Shamshurina, V. N. Golosov, A. R. Popova, E. A. Shinbergenov, A. P. Zhidkin
Abstract
The dynamics of sedimentation in the bottoms of small catchment areas in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland is estimated using the soil–morphological, radiocesium, and magnetic tracer methods, which has made it possible to calculate the rate of soil loss (1) since 1986, (2) since 1954, (3) since the time of the commissioning and active operation of the railroad, and (4) since the time of mass plowing of the entire catchment area. Two groups of small dry valleys have been identified: the catchment area of the first group includes tributaries of larger dry valleys, where the average rate of loss during the agricultural period is 2.1–2.4 t/ha per year and exceeds the current rate (since 1986) by 0.6–0.7 t/ha per year. The catchments of the second group include sources of larger valleys, where the average rate of loss during the agricultural period is 0.6–0.9 t/ha per year and lower than the current rate (since 1986) by 0.3–0.8 t/ha per year. The maximum rates within all studied catchments were observed from 1954 to 1986, which is associated with soil overconsolidation by heavy agricultural machinery, as well as with the contribution of snowmelt runoff, which was regular for this period.
{"title":"Assessment of Changes in the Intensity of Erosion–Accumulative Processes in Small Catchment Areas of the Central Russian Upland since the Beginning of Agricultural Development","authors":"E. N. Shamshurina, V. N. Golosov, A. R. Popova, E. A. Shinbergenov, A. P. Zhidkin","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700170","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The dynamics of sedimentation in the bottoms of small catchment areas in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland is estimated using the soil–morphological, radiocesium, and magnetic tracer methods, which has made it possible to calculate the rate of soil loss (1) since 1986, (2) since 1954, (3) since the time of the commissioning and active operation of the railroad, and (4) since the time of mass plowing of the entire catchment area. Two groups of small dry valleys have been identified: the catchment area of the first group includes tributaries of larger dry valleys, where the average rate of loss during the agricultural period is 2.1–2.4 t/ha per year and exceeds the current rate (since 1986) by 0.6–0.7 t/ha per year. The catchments of the second group include sources of larger valleys, where the average rate of loss during the agricultural period is 0.6–0.9 t/ha per year and lower than the current rate (since 1986) by 0.3–0.8 t/ha per year. The maximum rates within all studied catchments were observed from 1954 to 1986, which is associated with soil overconsolidation by heavy agricultural machinery, as well as with the contribution of snowmelt runoff, which was regular for this period.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700133
E. V. Dubovik, D. V. Dubovik, N. P. Masyutenko
Abstract
The humus status of gray forest soil formed on loesslike loams on the northern and southern slopes of 1°, 3°, and 5° in the Central Chernozem Region was studied. Soil samples were taken in pits from the middle part of the Aplow, A1, A1A2, and B horizon in three replications. We determined the organic carbon and the fractional group composition of humus according to the scheme by I.V. Tyurin modified by V.V. Ponomareva and T.A. Plotnikova. The content of mobile humus substances was analyzed in 0.1n NaOH extract from soil without decalcification by the approach modified at the V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute with preliminary composting. Gross nitrogen was determined by the wet ignition method according to Ginzburg with ammonia distillation according to Kjeldahl. It was found that the content of organic carbon in gray forest soil was higher on the northern slope than on the southern one. Mineralization of organic matter was faster in soil of the southern slope, which was related to the narrower C : N ratio as compared to the soil of the northern slope. It was revealed that the mobility of humus substances in gray forest soil more strongly depended on the slope aspect than on its steepness. The ratio between organic matter components in the studied soils was determined by agroecological conditions; therefore, the qualitative and quantitative composition of organic matter should be regulated, taking them into account.
{"title":"Features of the Humus Status of Gray Forest Soil Depending on Slope Aspect and Steepness","authors":"E. V. Dubovik, D. V. Dubovik, N. P. Masyutenko","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700133","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The humus status of gray forest soil formed on loesslike loams on the northern and southern slopes of 1°, 3°, and 5° in the Central Chernozem Region was studied. Soil samples were taken in pits from the middle part of the Aplow, A1, A1A2, and B horizon in three replications. We determined the organic carbon and the fractional group composition of humus according to the scheme by I.V. Tyurin modified by V.V. Ponomareva and T.A. Plotnikova. The content of mobile humus substances was analyzed in 0.1n NaOH extract from soil without decalcification by the approach modified at the V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute with preliminary composting. Gross nitrogen was determined by the wet ignition method according to Ginzburg with ammonia distillation according to Kjeldahl. It was found that the content of organic carbon in gray forest soil was higher on the northern slope than on the southern one. Mineralization of organic matter was faster in soil of the southern slope, which was related to the narrower C : N ratio as compared to the soil of the northern slope. It was revealed that the mobility of humus substances in gray forest soil more strongly depended on the slope aspect than on its steepness. The ratio between organic matter components in the studied soils was determined by agroecological conditions; therefore, the qualitative and quantitative composition of organic matter should be regulated, taking them into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s014768742470025x
F. N. Lisetskii, P. V. Goleusov, Zh. A. Buryak
<h3 data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Abstract</h3><p>Erosion–accumulation processes are implemented through paragenetic processes of soil destruction, transport, redeposition, and accumulation of pedosediments enriched with organic carbon. A promising approach in modern methods for substantiating tolerable soil erosion losses is the integration of assessments of the quality of soil resources and the rate of erosion and soil formation, including calculations of the balance of organic carbon in soils of agroecosystems. The range of research tasks included: analysis of current integrated approaches to justifying the tolerable erosion losses of soils that are most promising in terms of the completeness of reflection of agropedogenesis; assessment of the effectiveness of the process of regeneration of the humus horizon under primary, recent, and postagrogenic variants of soil reproduction; identification of patterns of formation of natural soil cover on dated and full Holocene erosional pedotopocatenas; determination of the effectiveness of erosion–accumulation processes in the formation of pedosediments enriched with organic carbon in the thalwegs of runoff depressions during an extreme hydrological event and in accumulative elements of the landscape over a centuries-long period. The main objects of the study were soils of different ages in the state of renaturation, which were selected in anthropogenically disturbed geosystems of the European forest-steppe. In addition, soil-geomorphological features within different-age erosional pedotopocatenas and processes of accumulation of pedosediments at different scale levels have been studied. The results of mathematical modeling of the soil-forming process over time based on an extensive database of soil-chronological data show significant differences in the rate of formation of the humus horizon at the initial and quasi-final stages of pedogenesis, as well as the relationship between the ontogenetic maturity of the humus profile and the rate of pedogenesis, which should be taken into account when justifying acceptable erosion losses. Long-term studies of the processes of renaturation of disturbed soils in the forest-steppe zone have identified a special type of reproduction in agro-abrozems, when functional rehabilitation of the residual humus horizon occurs, which differs from primary pedogenesis during the formation of a humus profile on parent rocks. Depending on the erosional transformation of the predecessor soil profile, the average rates of the formation of the postagrogenic humus horizon in forest-steppe chernozems range from 3.6 to 6.0 mm/yr. As is shown by the results of studying different-age and full-Holocene pedotopocatenas, the natural soil cover, which reflects the processes of erosion–accumulation and landscape slope microzonality, and soil-geomorphological relationships can be adequately formalized by improving the formula for calculating the relief function in erosion models through the
{"title":"Tolerable Soil Erosion Losses and Soil Formation Rates in the Context of Carbon Balance Regulation","authors":"F. N. Lisetskii, P. V. Goleusov, Zh. A. Buryak","doi":"10.3103/s014768742470025x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s014768742470025x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Erosion–accumulation processes are implemented through paragenetic processes of soil destruction, transport, redeposition, and accumulation of pedosediments enriched with organic carbon. A promising approach in modern methods for substantiating tolerable soil erosion losses is the integration of assessments of the quality of soil resources and the rate of erosion and soil formation, including calculations of the balance of organic carbon in soils of agroecosystems. The range of research tasks included: analysis of current integrated approaches to justifying the tolerable erosion losses of soils that are most promising in terms of the completeness of reflection of agropedogenesis; assessment of the effectiveness of the process of regeneration of the humus horizon under primary, recent, and postagrogenic variants of soil reproduction; identification of patterns of formation of natural soil cover on dated and full Holocene erosional pedotopocatenas; determination of the effectiveness of erosion–accumulation processes in the formation of pedosediments enriched with organic carbon in the thalwegs of runoff depressions during an extreme hydrological event and in accumulative elements of the landscape over a centuries-long period. The main objects of the study were soils of different ages in the state of renaturation, which were selected in anthropogenically disturbed geosystems of the European forest-steppe. In addition, soil-geomorphological features within different-age erosional pedotopocatenas and processes of accumulation of pedosediments at different scale levels have been studied. The results of mathematical modeling of the soil-forming process over time based on an extensive database of soil-chronological data show significant differences in the rate of formation of the humus horizon at the initial and quasi-final stages of pedogenesis, as well as the relationship between the ontogenetic maturity of the humus profile and the rate of pedogenesis, which should be taken into account when justifying acceptable erosion losses. Long-term studies of the processes of renaturation of disturbed soils in the forest-steppe zone have identified a special type of reproduction in agro-abrozems, when functional rehabilitation of the residual humus horizon occurs, which differs from primary pedogenesis during the formation of a humus profile on parent rocks. Depending on the erosional transformation of the predecessor soil profile, the average rates of the formation of the postagrogenic humus horizon in forest-steppe chernozems range from 3.6 to 6.0 mm/yr. As is shown by the results of studying different-age and full-Holocene pedotopocatenas, the natural soil cover, which reflects the processes of erosion–accumulation and landscape slope microzonality, and soil-geomorphological relationships can be adequately formalized by improving the formula for calculating the relief function in erosion models through the","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"460 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700248
A. S. Tsyplenkov, L. V. Kuksina
Abstract
The spatiotemporal variability of soil erosion in Crimea in the periods of 1958–1988 and 1989–2018 is estimated on the basis of RUSLE. The erosion rate varies from very slight to very high in the region. The most eroded areas are confined to the Southern Crimea mountains mainly corresponding to a combination of a high rainfall erosivity (R-factor) and relatively steep slopes (LS-factor). Soil loss in the first period slightly exceeded the similar value after 1989 approximately 13%, while the proportion of moderately to very highly eroded areas varied within the range of less than 1%. These changes are related to both the reduction of agricultural cultivated lands and the variability of soil erosion factors. The soil erosion formation is mainly due to the factors of rainfall erosivity, slope steepness, as well as the cover-management factor in Crimea. Based on the comparison of the actual suspended sediment yield in the gauges with the soil erosion values, most river areas are characterized by the accumulation of eroded material when no more than 50% of the washed-out products reach the gauges.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Pattern of Soil Erosion in Crimea","authors":"A. S. Tsyplenkov, L. V. Kuksina","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700248","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The spatiotemporal variability of soil erosion in Crimea in the periods of 1958–1988 and 1989–2018 is estimated on the basis of <i>RUSLE</i>. The erosion rate varies from very slight to very high in the region. The most eroded areas are confined to the Southern Crimea mountains mainly corresponding to a combination of a high rainfall erosivity (<i>R</i>-factor) and relatively steep slopes (<i>LS</i>-factor). Soil loss in the first period slightly exceeded the similar value after 1989 approximately 13%, while the proportion of moderately to very highly eroded areas varied within the range of less than 1%. These changes are related to both the reduction of agricultural cultivated lands and the variability of soil erosion factors. The soil erosion formation is mainly due to the factors of rainfall erosivity, slope steepness, as well as the cover-management factor in Crimea. Based on the comparison of the actual suspended sediment yield in the gauges with the soil erosion values, most river areas are characterized by the accumulation of eroded material when no more than 50% of the washed-out products reach the gauges.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700029
E. I. Kovaleva, P. M. Perebasova, D. A. Avdulov, D. V. Ladonin, S. Ya. Trofimov
Abstract
The effectiveness of remediation agents in detoxification of soils contaminated with heavy metals is studied in a laboratory experiment. The objects of the study are southern tundra soils functioning under conditions of anthropogenic impacts: haplic gleysols gelic and histic fluvisols oxyaquic. The chemical ability of remediation agents to bind metals (Ni and Cu), transferring them to a sedentary state compared to the reference variants (without adding a remediation agent), is evaluated. In the experiments, remediation agents are used in three doses (D1–D3): carbonaceous (shungite), of biological origin (diatomite), and mineral remediation agents (glauconite and bentonite). To assess the immobilization of Ni and Cu in soils, acid-soluble (AS) forms (extraction of 1 N HNO3), mobile forms (ammonium acetate buffer with pH 4.8), and water-soluble forms of Ni and Cu (1 : 20 aqueous extract) are determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The effectiveness of soil detoxification during the application of remediation agents is evaluated by the phytotoxic effect in an express test, a response of standardized test plants (Brassica rapa CrGC and Avena sativa) represented by higher plants. A decrease in the proportion of mobile forms of Ni and Cu by 50% or more in haplic gleysols gelic is revealed when any dose of remediation agents is added. The greatest effect of reducing mobility is exerted by shungite and diatomite at a dose of D1, up to 15% Ni and Cu in histic fluvisols oxyaquic. The use of the selected remediation agents in the indicated amounts did not have a phytotoxic effect on the test plants in the experiment.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Remediation Agents for Detoxification of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soils according to Experimental Results","authors":"E. I. Kovaleva, P. M. Perebasova, D. A. Avdulov, D. V. Ladonin, S. Ya. Trofimov","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700029","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The effectiveness of remediation agents in detoxification of soils contaminated with heavy metals is studied in a laboratory experiment. The objects of the study are southern tundra soils functioning under conditions of anthropogenic impacts: haplic gleysols gelic and histic fluvisols oxyaquic. The chemical ability of remediation agents to bind metals (Ni and Cu), transferring them to a sedentary state compared to the reference variants (without adding a remediation agent), is evaluated. In the experiments, remediation agents are used in three doses (D1–D3): carbonaceous (shungite), of biological origin (diatomite), and mineral remediation agents (glauconite and bentonite). To assess the immobilization of Ni and Cu in soils, acid-soluble (AS) forms (extraction of 1 N HNO<sub>3</sub>), mobile forms (ammonium acetate buffer with pH 4.8), and water-soluble forms of Ni and Cu (1 : 20 aqueous extract) are determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The effectiveness of soil detoxification during the application of remediation agents is evaluated by the phytotoxic effect in an express test, a response of standardized test plants (<i>Brassica rapa</i> CrGC and <i>Avena sativa</i>) represented by higher plants. A decrease in the proportion of mobile forms of Ni and Cu by 50% or more in haplic gleysols gelic is revealed when any dose of remediation agents is added. The greatest effect of reducing mobility is exerted by shungite and diatomite at a dose of D1, up to 15% Ni and Cu in histic fluvisols oxyaquic. The use of the selected remediation agents in the indicated amounts did not have a phytotoxic effect on the test plants in the experiment.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141256325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700030
D. N. Lipatov, V. A. Varachenkov, D. V. Manakhov, G. I. Agapkina, A. I. Shcheglov
Abstract
We studied the morphological properties, pH, organic carbon content, and specific activity of 137Cs and natural radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 232Th) in the upper horizons of soils in deactivated and slightly damaged areas of the city. The studies were carried out in the urban ecosystems of the city of Elektrostal (Moscow oblast) in 2019, i.e., 6 years after local precipitation of 137Cs due to a radiation incident. The morphological features of the upper horizons of urban soils were the following: brownish-gray color, light-loamy composition, and small-lumpy and lumpy structure, with inclusions of construction and household waste. In the upper horizons of urban quasizems and urban soils, a low carbon content (less than 1%) with high coefficients of variation were detected. In the studied urban soils, a wide range of water pH values was noted: from an acidic (4.6–5.5) to highly alkaline (>8.0) reaction. Correlation analysis showed that, in the upper horizons of UR, the content of organic carbon was reduced and alkalinization of the soil environment was observed. The accumulative type of distribution of 137Cs was recorded for soil profiles of polluted urban ecosystems in which decontamination measures were not carried out. The profiles of urban soils that were subjected to decontamination revealed low values of the specific activity of 137Cs in surface bulk layers and maxima in buried contaminated horizons. In the bulk horizons of UR, which include a large amount of crushed stone, there was an increase in the specific activity of 226Ra. Some technogenic horizons of UR and TCH, consisting mainly of quartz sand, are characterized by very low values of specific activities 226Ra and 40K. Correlations of chemical and radiation indicators in the profiles of urban soils reflect the different compositions and properties of upper horizons formed as a result of excavation and decontamination work.
{"title":"Properties of Urban Soils after Decontamination Measures on the Radioactively Contaminated Territory of the City of Elektrostal","authors":"D. N. Lipatov, V. A. Varachenkov, D. V. Manakhov, G. I. Agapkina, A. I. Shcheglov","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700030","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>We studied the morphological properties, pH, organic carbon content, and specific activity of <sup>137</sup>Cs and natural radionuclides (<sup>40</sup>K, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th) in the upper horizons of soils in deactivated and slightly damaged areas of the city. The studies were carried out in the urban ecosystems of the city of Elektrostal (Moscow oblast) in 2019, i.e., 6 years after local precipitation of <sup>137</sup>Cs due to a radiation incident. The morphological features of the upper horizons of urban soils were the following: brownish-gray color, light-loamy composition, and small-lumpy and lumpy structure, with inclusions of construction and household waste. In the upper horizons of urban quasizems and urban soils, a low carbon content (less than 1%) with high coefficients of variation were detected. In the studied urban soils, a wide range of water pH values was noted: from an acidic (4.6–5.5) to highly alkaline (>8.0) reaction. Correlation analysis showed that, in the upper horizons of UR, the content of organic carbon was reduced and alkalinization of the soil environment was observed. The accumulative type of distribution of <sup>137</sup>Cs was recorded for soil profiles of polluted urban ecosystems in which decontamination measures were not carried out. The profiles of urban soils that were subjected to decontamination revealed low values of the specific activity of <sup>137</sup>Cs in surface bulk layers and maxima in buried contaminated horizons. In the bulk horizons of UR, which include a large amount of crushed stone, there was an increase in the specific activity of <sup>226</sup>Ra. Some technogenic horizons of UR and TCH, consisting mainly of quartz sand, are characterized by very low values of specific activities <sup>226</sup>Ra and <sup>40</sup>K. Correlations of chemical and radiation indicators in the profiles of urban soils reflect the different compositions and properties of upper horizons formed as a result of excavation and decontamination work.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141256332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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