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The Skyline of Paleopedology 古生物学的天际线
Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.3103/s014768742304004x
A.O. Makeev, A. V. Rusakov

Abstract

Paleopedology is a booming scientific discipline that studies the soils of the past geological epochs in order to assess the paleoenvironmental evolution. The scope of paleosol studies embraces not only soils themselves, but also the products of their involvement in biogeosphere cycles. This ensures the planetary role of pedogenesis, which includes the transformation of the upper layers of the lithosphere leading to the increase in fine earth, formation of new minerals, and residual or accumulative concentration of elements. In the geological history of the Earth, pedogenesis is realized within the framework of exogenesis, which includes weathering, soil formation, sedimentation, diagenesis, and geochemical migration. The pedolithosphere records the critical points in the landscape evolution of the Earth from the very onset of the geological record, including the oxygenation of the atmosphere, the emergence of the higher plants and herbaceous biomes, the dynamics of Interglacial–Glacial cycles, etc. Paleosols are the base for paleogeographic reconstructions and predictive models of the future climate change. Paleopedology expands the horizons of soil science within the system of biogeosphere sciences and determines the development of new scientific disciplines—bacterial paleontology, paleogeochemistry, biogeomorphology, astropedology, geoarchaeology, ecological paleopedology, soil paleocryogenesis and cryobiosphere studies. The historical dimension granted by paleopedology makes pedology a mature historical science.

摘要古土壤学是一门研究过去地质时期土壤以评价古环境演化的新兴学科。古土壤研究的范围不仅包括土壤本身,而且包括它们参与生物地圈循环的产物。这确保了地球上的成土作用,其中包括岩石圈上层的改造,导致细土的增加,新矿物的形成,以及元素的残留或累积浓度。在地球的地质历史中,成岩作用是在外生作用的框架内实现的,外生作用包括风化作用、成土作用、沉积作用、成岩作用和地球化学迁移作用。土壤岩石圈记录了自地质记录开始以来地球景观演化的关键点,包括大气的氧化作用、高等植物和草本生物群落的出现、间冰期-冰期旋回的动态等。古土壤是古地理重建和未来气候变化预测模型的基础。古土壤学拓展了生物地圈科学体系内土壤科学的视野,决定了细菌古生物学、古地球化学、生物地貌学、天体地质学、地质考古学、生态古土壤学、土壤古冻生学和冰冻生物圈研究等新科学学科的发展。古土壤学所赋予的历史维度使土壤学成为一门成熟的历史科学。
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引用次数: 0
Radioecology: Past, Present, Future 放射生态学:过去、现在和未来
Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040051
A. I. Shcheglov, O. B. Tsvetnova, G. I. Agapkina, D. N. Lipatov, D. V. Manakhov, S. V. Mamikhin, T. A. Paramonova, V. V. Stolbova, E. V. Tsvetnov

Abstract

The article deals with issues related to the development of radioecology as an independent scientific discipline. The achievements of past years and the studies that are currently being carried out, as well as promising areas of development in this area are analyzed. A corrected periodization of the stages of development of radioecology is proposed, taking into account the experience accumulated to date in the field of this discipline. At the initial stage (1895–1929), empirical material was collected; at the first stage (1930–1960), the theoretical foundation was laid and radioecology was formed as an independent discipline; at the second stage (1961–1990), intensive development of radioecology was noted; and, at the third stage (1991–2010), there was progressive development of radioecology; the fourth—modern—stage of the development of radioecology is in the beginning of the 21st century (2011–present). For each stage, the main scientific achievements and evolution of ideas in the field of radioecology are considered. It is postulated that, at present, the development of this discipline is associated with the further improvement of world nuclear technologies, the elimination of the consequences of a number of radiation incidents (the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011), the revision of the concept of radiation protection of the environment and a number of other provisions. Particular attention is paid to forest radioecology, one of the most important main areas of this science.

摘要本文论述了放射生态学作为一门独立学科的发展问题。分析了过去几年的成就和目前正在进行的研究,以及这方面有希望的发展领域。考虑到迄今为止在该学科领域积累的经验,提出了放射生态学发展阶段的正确分期。在初始阶段(1895-1929),收集经验材料;第一阶段(1930-1960),奠定了放射生态学的理论基础,形成了一个独立的学科;在第二阶段(1961-1990年),注意到放射生态学的密集发展;在第三阶段(1991-2010),放射生态学逐步发展;放射生态学发展的第四个现代阶段是21世纪初(2011年至今)。每个阶段都考虑了放射生态学领域的主要科学成就和思想演变。据推测,目前,这一学科的发展与世界核技术的进一步提高,一些辐射事件(2011年福岛核电站事故)的后果的消除,对环境辐射防护概念的修订以及其他一些规定有关。特别注意森林放射生态学,这是这门科学最重要的主要领域之一。
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引用次数: 0
Experience in Creating an Information System for Rational Use of Soil Resources 创建合理利用土壤资源信息系统的经验
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040063
S. Shoba, I. Alyabina, O. Golozubov, P. A. Chekmaryov, S. V. Lukin, O. V. Chernova, V. Kolesnikova
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引用次数: 0
Achievements and Prospects for Advancement of Soil Microbiology at Moscow State University 莫斯科国立大学土壤微生物学的成就和发展前景
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040087
A. L. Stepanov, N. A. Manucharova, D. A. Nikitin, M. V. Semenov
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Long-Term Use of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on the Agrochemical Properties of Soddy–Podzolic Soil and the Productivity of Perennial Grasses in Forage Culture in the European North 长期施用有机肥和矿物肥对欧洲北部稻田土壤的农化特性和多年生牧草产量的影响
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423060029

Abstract

In a long-term stationary field experiment on soddy–podzolic soil, the effectiveness of organic and mineral fertilizers and their effect on soil properties, yield, and quality of perennial grasses in feed six-field crop rotation was established. It was determined that the combined use of fertilizers most effectively affected the increase in soil fertility and the productivity of the clover-timothy mixture. The content of humus increased by 0.4–0.6%, mobile phosphorus by 70–150 mg/kg, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased. The complex application of fertilizers, especially in high doses, most significantly increased the yield and quality of perennial grasses.

摘要 在一个长期固定的草皮淀粉土壤田间试验中,确定了有机肥和矿物质肥的有效性及其对土壤特性、产量和六田轮作中多年生牧草质量的影响。结果表明,综合施肥对提高土壤肥力和三叶草-梯牧草混合物的产量最有效。腐殖质含量增加了 0.4-0.6%,移动磷增加了 70-150 毫克/千克,代谢酸度和水解酸度降低。复合施肥,尤其是大剂量复合施肥,最显著地提高了多年生牧草的产量和质量。
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引用次数: 0
Use of NIRS in Soil Properties Evaluation Related to Soil Salinity and Sodicity in Colombian Caribbean Coast 利用近红外光谱技术评估哥伦比亚加勒比海沿岸与土壤盐碱度相关的土壤特性
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423050046

Abstract

The banana sector contributes to 3% of the Colombia total exports, becoming the most important crop in the north of the country, benefiting more than 2.5 million families. Banana production is concentrated on the Colombian Caribbean coast where most of 90% of the soils are affected to some degree of salt affection in soils. This study was carried out in the municipality of Zona Bananera, Department of Magdalena (Colombia) elsewhere eleven geomorphological units were delimited through geomorphological surveying with geopedological methods. Given the high costs of implementing salt monitoring and management programs in the field, the implementation of Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and image analysis are proposed as an alternative for mapping soils salt affectation. Geostatistical methods, traditional soil laboratory methods and multispectral analysis of 697 soil samples were analyzing using machine learning and spectral models. The Orthogonal Partial Linear Square- Discriminant Analyses (OPLS-DA), Principal Component Regression (PCR), Partial Linear Square (PLS–PLSR), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) were implemented. Soil cartographies for SAS were designed in areas under banana cultivation, determining the affectation degree. The results obtained showed that 45.1% of the soils are affected by salts, with R2 0.76 and RMS 0.15 for the applied of supervised models. OPLS-DA had a better performance being the high above sea level was the principal covariable to improve the model accuracy. LASSO and PLS were useful to Mg+2 and K+ with RMSE 0.92 and 0.34 and R2 of 0.37 and 0.44, while Saitsky&Golay filter improved the predictions model for pH and Ca+2. The use of combined techniques of geopedology, geostatistics and spectroscopy were efficient, practical and cheap methodologies for evaluate soil properties associate to SAS in the stablished banana crops.

摘要 香蕉产业占哥伦比亚出口总额的 3%,是该国北部最重要的作物,惠及 250 多万个家庭。香蕉生产集中在哥伦比亚加勒比海沿岸,那里 90% 的土壤都受到一定程度的盐分影响。这项研究在哥伦比亚马格达莱纳省 Zona Bananera 市进行,在其他地方通过地貌测量和地质学方法划定了 11 个地貌单元。鉴于在实地实施盐分监测和管理计划的成本较高,建议采用近红外光谱(NIR)和图像分析作为绘制土壤盐分影响图的替代方法。利用机器学习和光谱模型对地质统计方法、传统土壤实验室方法和 697 个土壤样本的多光谱分析进行了分析。采用了正交部分线性方程-判别分析(OPLS-DA)、主成分回归(PCR)、部分线性方程(PLS-PLSR)、最小绝对收缩和选择操作器(LASSO)。在香蕉种植区设计了用于 SAS 的土壤制图,以确定影响程度。结果表明,45.1% 的土壤受盐分影响,应用监督模型的 R2 为 0.76,RMS 为 0.15。由于海拔高度是提高模型准确性的主要协变量,OPLS-DA 具有更好的性能。LASSO 和 PLS 对 Mg+2 和 K+有帮助,其 RMSE 分别为 0.92 和 0.34,R2 分别为 0.37 和 0.44,而 Saitsky&Golay 滤波器则改善了 pH 和 Ca+2 的预测模型。使用地质学、地质统计学和光谱学的综合技术是评估稳定的香蕉作物中与 SAS 有关的土壤特性的高效、实用和廉价的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Sola Incognita: Unsolved Problems of Genetic Soil Science 独孤求败:尚未解决的遗传土壤学问题
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423040026
P. V. Krasilnikov
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引用次数: 0
Konstantin Gedroiz (1872–1932)—the Initial Studies of Soil Colloid Chemistry and Soil Salinity 康斯坦丁-格德罗伊兹(1872-1932)--对土壤胶体化学和土壤盐分的初步研究
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423050058

Abstract

We present a review of the life and scientific legacy of the founder of soil colloid chemistry Konstantin Gedroiz. The phenomenon of absorption was first studied in the mid-1800s, and Gedroiz started working on base exchange and absorption in soils in 1906. Based on the general pattern of cation exchange reactions, he proposed the concept of “absorption capacity” and “soil absorption complex”, developed ideas about exchange acidity and the rate of exchange reactions, revealed the unique role of absorbed sodium and potassium in soil processes, and proposed the theory of the accumulation of sodium due to exchange reactions. He was one of the first to classify soil on the basis of the absorbing complexes and cations, which was a new approach in pedology. He used the climate classification of soils, and described Podzols, Laterites, and Chernozems in terms of their absorbing complexes and cations. The system of classification worked for mature soils in which pedogenic processes had proceeded to such an extent that the profile characteristics reflected a climatic region, but was less effective in alluvial soils and eroded soils. His studies established the connections between chemical and physical processes and the morphology of soils. He studied the evolution of saline soils from a chemical point of view, which led to the practical recommendations for chemical reclamation of Solonetz and liming of acidic soils. Gedroiz’s work was groundbreaking but insufficiently known outside Russia until his books have been translated into English and German in the late 1920s. The soil microbiologist Selman Waksman in the 1925 translated 11 of his papers into English, and the United State Department of Agriculture distributed copies of these translations. In 1927 a textbook on chemical analysis, “Die chemische Bodenanalyse”, was published; in 1930 the books “Der adsorbierende Bodenkomplex und die adsorbierten Bodenkationen als Grundlage der genetischen Bodenklassification” and “On the Problem of exchangeable Hydrogen and exchangeable Aluminium in acid soils”, a 1931 – “Die Lehre vom Adsorptionsvermögen der Böden”.

摘要 我们对土壤胶体化学创始人康斯坦丁-格德罗伊茨的生平和科学遗产进行了回顾。19 世纪中期,人们开始研究吸收现象,格德罗伊茨于 1906 年开始研究土壤中的碱基交换和吸收。他根据阳离子交换反应的一般规律,提出了 "吸收能力 "和 "土壤吸收复合体 "的概念,发展了关于交换酸度和交换反应速率的观点,揭示了吸收的钠和钾在土壤过程中的独特作用,并提出了交换反应导致钠积累的理论。他是最早根据吸收络合物和阳离子对土壤进行分类的人之一,这是土壤学的一种新方法。他采用了土壤的气候分类法,并根据土壤的吸收复合体和阳离子对 Podzols、Laterites 和 Chernozems 进行了描述。该分类系统适用于成土,因为成土过程已经发展到一定程度,其剖面特征反映了一个气候区域,但对冲积土和侵蚀土的效果较差。他的研究建立了化学和物理过程与土壤形态之间的联系。他从化学角度研究了盐碱土的演变,从而提出了对索洛涅茨进行化学开垦和对酸性土壤进行石灰化处理的实用建议。格德罗伊茨的工作具有开创性,但在俄罗斯之外却鲜为人知,直到 20 世纪 20 年代末,他的著作才被翻译成英文和德文。1925 年,土壤微生物学家塞尔曼-瓦克斯曼(Selman Waksman)将他的 11 篇论文翻译成英文,美国农业部分发了这些译本。1927 年出版了化学分析教科书《Die chemische Bodenanalyse》;1930 年出版了《Der adsorbierende Bodenkomplex und die adsorbierten Bodenkationen als Grundlage der genetischen Bodenklassification》和《On the Problem of exchangeable Hydrogen and exchangeable Aluminium in acid soils》,1931 年出版了《Die Lehre vom Adsorptionsvermögen der Böden》。
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引用次数: 0
Organic Matter of the Water-stable Structural Unites of Haplic Chernozem in Contrasting Variants of Land Use (Steppe vs. bare Fallow) 不同土地利用方式(草原与裸露荒地)下哈普利克-切尔诺泽姆水稳结构单元的有机物质
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3103/s0147687423060017

Abstract

The organic matter of water-stable macro- (2–1 mm) and free microaggregates (<0.25 mm) isolated from the 2–1 mm air-dry macroaggregates of Haplic Chernozem in the contrasting land use variants was studied by granulo-desitometric fractionation. It was revealed that water-stable free microaggregates are only parts of disintegrated macroaggregates. The composition of microaggregates unstable under the sonication (mWSA) within structural units of different sizes (macro- (WSAma) and microaggregates (WSAmi)) has been studied in detail. The composition of mWSA within WSA of different size is completely identical; they differ only in size, quantity, and packing density. Within WSAmi, the size and quantity of mWSA are by 1.7- and 1130-fold smaller than those within WSAma. The packing density of mWSAma is 1.5-fold less than that of mWSAmi.

摘要 通过粒度-去重分馏法研究了从不同土地利用类型的 Haplic Chernozem 的 2-1 毫米风干大集料中分离出来的水稳定大集料(2-1 毫米)和游离微集料(0.25 毫米)中的有机物。研究结果表明,水稳定的游离微集料只是崩解的大集料的一部分。详细研究了不同大小的结构单元(大集料(WSAma)和微集料(WSAmi))中在超声波作用下不稳定的微集料(mWSA)的组成。不同大小的 WSA 内 mWSA 的组成完全相同,它们只是在大小、数量和堆积密度上有所不同。在 WSAmi 中,mWSA 的大小和数量分别比 WSAma 小 1.7 倍和 1130 倍。mWSAma 的包装密度是 mWSAmi 的 1.5 倍。
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引用次数: 0
Erratum to: A Comparative Characterization of the Soils and Plant Cover of Tombolos on the Coasts of the White and Baltic Seas 勘误:白海和波罗的海沿岸通博卢土壤和植物覆盖的比较特征
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.3103/S0147687423330013
I. Bagdasarov, M. Tseits, Yu.A. Kryukova, K. Taskina, M. V. Konyushkova
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin
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