Pub Date : 2024-11-30DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00167-5
Peter Haehner, Amanda Jo Wright, Wiebke Bleidorn
Personality traits predict a broad range of life outcomes, including relationship success, educational attainment, and health. As many people have the desire to change some aspects of their personality, volitional personality change (VPC) – self-directed trait changes in the direction of personal change goals – has recently gained increasing attention. This preregistered review aimed to provide an integrative overview of the emerging literature on VPC ( https://osf.io/ns79m ). Based on a systematic literature search on PsycINFO (October 1, 2024), we identified 30 empirical, longitudinal studies on VPC (N = 7719). We summarized the findings from these studies in a narrative integration and using meta-analytic tools and distinguished two research strands in the VPC literature: studies examining VPC without interventions and studies examining intervention-induced VPC. Simply having a goal to change one’s personality was only weakly related to actual personality changes. However, VPC interventions were successful in promoting desired personality changes (d = 0.22, 95% CI = [0.005, 0.433], 7 studies, 26 effect sizes). These personality changes seemed to last or even increase during follow-up periods (d = 0.37, 95% CI = [0.140, 0.591], 4 studies, 17 effect sizes) and were associated with changes in other variables such as well-being. Although the available evidence on VPC is still limited, the initial results on VPC are promising. Future research is needed to draw definitive conclusions on the generalizability, mechanisms, and practical implications of VPC. The authors received no funding to conduct this review. Meta-analytic evidence finds interventions aimed at altering personality traits were successful in promoting change. A review of nonintervention studies, finds having the goal to change personality is weakly related to success
性格特征预示着广泛的生活结果，包括关系成功、教育成就和健康。由于许多人都希望改变自己性格的某些方面，自愿性人格改变（VPC）——在个人改变目标方向上的自我导向的特质改变——最近得到了越来越多的关注。这篇预注册的综述旨在提供关于VPC的新兴文献的综合概述（https://osf.io/ns79m）。基于PsycINFO（2024年10月1日）的系统文献检索，我们确定了30个关于VPC的实证、纵向研究（N = 7719）。我们以叙事整合和使用元分析工具的方式总结了这些研究的结果，并区分了VPC文献中的两个研究方向：无干预的VPC研究和干预诱导的VPC研究。仅仅有一个改变人格的目标与实际的人格改变只有微弱的关系。然而，VPC干预在促进期望的人格改变方面是成功的（d = 0.22, 95% CI =[0.005, 0.433]， 7项研究，26个效应量）。在随访期间，这些人格变化似乎持续甚至增加（d = 0.37, 95% CI =[0.140, 0.591]， 4项研究，17个效应值），并与其他变量（如幸福感）的变化有关。尽管VPC的可用证据仍然有限，但VPC的初步结果是有希望的。未来的研究需要对VPC的普遍性、机制和实际意义得出明确的结论。作者没有获得进行本综述的资金。元分析证据发现，旨在改变人格特质的干预措施在促进变革方面是成功的。一项对非干预研究的回顾发现，以改变个性为目标与成功的关系很弱
{"title":"A systematic review of volitional personality change research","authors":"Peter Haehner, Amanda Jo Wright, Wiebke Bleidorn","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00167-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00167-5","url":null,"abstract":"Personality traits predict a broad range of life outcomes, including relationship success, educational attainment, and health. As many people have the desire to change some aspects of their personality, volitional personality change (VPC) – self-directed trait changes in the direction of personal change goals – has recently gained increasing attention. This preregistered review aimed to provide an integrative overview of the emerging literature on VPC ( https://osf.io/ns79m ). Based on a systematic literature search on PsycINFO (October 1, 2024), we identified 30 empirical, longitudinal studies on VPC (N = 7719). We summarized the findings from these studies in a narrative integration and using meta-analytic tools and distinguished two research strands in the VPC literature: studies examining VPC without interventions and studies examining intervention-induced VPC. Simply having a goal to change one’s personality was only weakly related to actual personality changes. However, VPC interventions were successful in promoting desired personality changes (d = 0.22, 95% CI = [0.005, 0.433], 7 studies, 26 effect sizes). These personality changes seemed to last or even increase during follow-up periods (d = 0.37, 95% CI = [0.140, 0.591], 4 studies, 17 effect sizes) and were associated with changes in other variables such as well-being. Although the available evidence on VPC is still limited, the initial results on VPC are promising. Future research is needed to draw definitive conclusions on the generalizability, mechanisms, and practical implications of VPC. The authors received no funding to conduct this review. Meta-analytic evidence finds interventions aimed at altering personality traits were successful in promoting change. A review of nonintervention studies, finds having the goal to change personality is weakly related to success","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00167-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00159-5
Anna M. Biller, Priji Balakrishnan, Manuel Spitschan
Light exposure triggers a range of physiological and behavioural responses that can improve and challenge health and well-being. Insights from laboratory studies have recently culminated in standards and guidelines for measuring and assessing healthy light exposure, and recommendations for healthy light levels. Implicit to laboratory paradigms is a simplistic input-output relationship between light and its effects on physiology. This simplified approach ignores that humans actively shape their light exposure through behaviour. This article presents a novel framework that conceptualises light exposure as an individual behaviour to meet specific, person-based needs. Key to healthy light exposure is shaping behaviour, beyond shaping technology. Biller et al explain that humans actively shape their lighting environment through behaviour to meet specific individual needs. They propose that achieving healthy light exposure relies on shaping behaviour.
{"title":"Behavioural determinants of physiologically-relevant light exposure","authors":"Anna M. Biller, Priji Balakrishnan, Manuel Spitschan","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00159-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00159-5","url":null,"abstract":"Light exposure triggers a range of physiological and behavioural responses that can improve and challenge health and well-being. Insights from laboratory studies have recently culminated in standards and guidelines for measuring and assessing healthy light exposure, and recommendations for healthy light levels. Implicit to laboratory paradigms is a simplistic input-output relationship between light and its effects on physiology. This simplified approach ignores that humans actively shape their light exposure through behaviour. This article presents a novel framework that conceptualises light exposure as an individual behaviour to meet specific, person-based needs. Key to healthy light exposure is shaping behaviour, beyond shaping technology. Biller et al explain that humans actively shape their lighting environment through behaviour to meet specific individual needs. They propose that achieving healthy light exposure relies on shaping behaviour.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00159-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00148-8
Moriah S. Stendel, Taylor D. Guthrie, Victoria Guazzelli Williamson, Robert S. Chavez
Social neuroscientists have made marked progress in understanding the underlying neural mechanisms that contribute to self-esteem. However, these neural mechanisms have not been examined within the rich social contexts that theories in social psychology emphasize. Previous research has demonstrated that neural representations of the self are reflected in the brains of peers in a phenomenon called the ‘self-recapitulation effect’, but it remains unclear how these processes are influenced by self-esteem. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in a round-robin design within 19 independent groups of participants (total N = 107) to test how self-esteem modulates the representation of self-other similarity in multivariate brain response patterns during interpersonal perception. Our results replicate the self-recapitulation effect in a sample almost ten times the size of the original study and show that these effects are found within distributed brain systems underlying self-representation and social cognition. Furthermore, we extend these findings to demonstrate that individual differences in self-esteem modulate these responses within the medial prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in evaluative self-referential processing. These findings inform theoretical models of self-esteem in social psychology and suggest that greater self-esteem is associated with psychologically distanced self-evaluations from peer-evaluations in interpersonal appraisals. Using a round-robin design, this study replicated the “self-recapitulation effect” (where neural representations of the self are similar to those in close others’ brains) and revealed how self-esteem modulates this effect.
{"title":"Self-esteem modulates the similarity of the representation of the self in the brains of others","authors":"Moriah S. Stendel, Taylor D. Guthrie, Victoria Guazzelli Williamson, Robert S. Chavez","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00148-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00148-8","url":null,"abstract":"Social neuroscientists have made marked progress in understanding the underlying neural mechanisms that contribute to self-esteem. However, these neural mechanisms have not been examined within the rich social contexts that theories in social psychology emphasize. Previous research has demonstrated that neural representations of the self are reflected in the brains of peers in a phenomenon called the ‘self-recapitulation effect’, but it remains unclear how these processes are influenced by self-esteem. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in a round-robin design within 19 independent groups of participants (total N = 107) to test how self-esteem modulates the representation of self-other similarity in multivariate brain response patterns during interpersonal perception. Our results replicate the self-recapitulation effect in a sample almost ten times the size of the original study and show that these effects are found within distributed brain systems underlying self-representation and social cognition. Furthermore, we extend these findings to demonstrate that individual differences in self-esteem modulate these responses within the medial prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in evaluative self-referential processing. These findings inform theoretical models of self-esteem in social psychology and suggest that greater self-esteem is associated with psychologically distanced self-evaluations from peer-evaluations in interpersonal appraisals. Using a round-robin design, this study replicated the “self-recapitulation effect” (where neural representations of the self are similar to those in close others’ brains) and revealed how self-esteem modulates this effect.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00148-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00162-w
Caroline Bévalot, Florent Meyniel
The brain constantly uses prior knowledge of the statistics of its environment to shape perception. These statistics are often implicit (not directly observable) and learned incrementally from observation, but they can also be explicitly communicated to the observer, especially in humans. Here, we show that priors are used differently in human perceptual inference depending on whether they are explicit or implicit in the environment. Bayesian modeling of learning and perception revealed that the weight of the sensory likelihood in perceptual decisions was highly correlated across participants between tasks with implicit and explicit priors, and slightly stronger in the implicit task. By contrast, the weight of priors was much less correlated across tasks, and it was markedly smaller for explicit priors. The model comparison also showed that different computations underpinned perceptual decisions depending on the origin of the priors. This dissociation may resolve previously conflicting results about the appropriate use of priors in human perception. Whether priors are implicit or explicit affects the computations underlying perceptual decisions. The integration of priors and likelihood combination is closer to Bayesian integration when priors are implicit, but more akin to a simpler heuristic when they are explicit.
{"title":"A dissociation between the use of implicit and explicit priors in perceptual inference","authors":"Caroline Bévalot, Florent Meyniel","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00162-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00162-w","url":null,"abstract":"The brain constantly uses prior knowledge of the statistics of its environment to shape perception. These statistics are often implicit (not directly observable) and learned incrementally from observation, but they can also be explicitly communicated to the observer, especially in humans. Here, we show that priors are used differently in human perceptual inference depending on whether they are explicit or implicit in the environment. Bayesian modeling of learning and perception revealed that the weight of the sensory likelihood in perceptual decisions was highly correlated across participants between tasks with implicit and explicit priors, and slightly stronger in the implicit task. By contrast, the weight of priors was much less correlated across tasks, and it was markedly smaller for explicit priors. The model comparison also showed that different computations underpinned perceptual decisions depending on the origin of the priors. This dissociation may resolve previously conflicting results about the appropriate use of priors in human perception. Whether priors are implicit or explicit affects the computations underlying perceptual decisions. The integration of priors and likelihood combination is closer to Bayesian integration when priors are implicit, but more akin to a simpler heuristic when they are explicit.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00162-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00164-8
Elena Kozakevich Arbel, Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory, Uri Hertz
During empathic response selection, individuals draw from both past experiences and social cues, including the distressed person’s identity, their emotional state, and the cause of distress. To study how these social dimensions influence empathic-response learning we integrated a multidimensional learning paradigm, computational modelling, and adaptive empathy framework. Participants identified effective empathic responses across two blocks of distress scenarios, with one social dimension altered between blocks. We anticipated two learning patterns: dimension-sensitive, treating each change as a new learning experience, and dimension-insensitive, relying on previous experience as a baseline. We found that participants were sensitive to changes in person, emotional state, and distress cause, but to different degree. The person dimension was the most salient, suggesting that the distressed person’s identity is the primary reference point when interacting with others. Our findings provide a quantitative evaluation of the weight given to different dimensions of social interactions, which may help understand how people perceive and react in such scenarios. The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 8 May 2024. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25827334.v1 . When providing emotional support and deciding on an empathic reaction, responders were sensitive to changes in the person requiring empathy, the emotional state of that person, and the cause of their distress. The identity of the person needing support was the most salient factor.
{"title":"Adaptive empathic response selection is sensitive to multiple dimensions of social interaction","authors":"Elena Kozakevich Arbel, Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory, Uri Hertz","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00164-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00164-8","url":null,"abstract":"During empathic response selection, individuals draw from both past experiences and social cues, including the distressed person’s identity, their emotional state, and the cause of distress. To study how these social dimensions influence empathic-response learning we integrated a multidimensional learning paradigm, computational modelling, and adaptive empathy framework. Participants identified effective empathic responses across two blocks of distress scenarios, with one social dimension altered between blocks. We anticipated two learning patterns: dimension-sensitive, treating each change as a new learning experience, and dimension-insensitive, relying on previous experience as a baseline. We found that participants were sensitive to changes in person, emotional state, and distress cause, but to different degree. The person dimension was the most salient, suggesting that the distressed person’s identity is the primary reference point when interacting with others. Our findings provide a quantitative evaluation of the weight given to different dimensions of social interactions, which may help understand how people perceive and react in such scenarios. The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 8 May 2024. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25827334.v1 . When providing emotional support and deciding on an empathic reaction, responders were sensitive to changes in the person requiring empathy, the emotional state of that person, and the cause of their distress. The identity of the person needing support was the most salient factor.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00164-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00161-x
Jonathan T. Rothwell, Telli Davoodi
Theoretically and empirically, parenting is closely related to the psychological health of offspring, but long-term effects and possible international differences are not well established. In a pre-registered multilevel modeling analysis using data from the Global Flourishing Study, we tested whether retrospective parent-child relationship quality predicts adult well-being in a representative sample of 202,898 adults living in 21 countries and one territory. We developed and validated indexes of flourishing and mental health. Retrospective parent-child relationship quality predicted both with substantial effect sizes for flourishing (std mean effect = 0.21, 95% CI 0.19–0.23) and mental health (std mean effect = 0.18, 95% CI 0.17–0.20). A positive association between relationship quality and flourishing was found in all 22 areas (significant in 21). Parental religiosity positively predicted relationship quality (std mean effect = 0.09, 95% CI 0.06–0.11). In higher income and more secular countries, relationship quality was lower, but the well-being benefits were higher. Parental religiosity predicted higher relationship quality in every country in the sample. Cross-cultural evidence indicates an association between higher recalled parent-child relationship quality and adult flourishing as well as current mental health. Relationship quality was higher with reports of greater parental religiosity
从理论和经验上讲，养育子女与后代的心理健康密切相关，但长期影响和可能存在的国际差异尚未得到很好的证实。我们利用全球幸福研究（Global Flourishing Study）的数据进行了一项预先登记的多层次模型分析，测试了生活在 21 个国家和 1 个地区的 202,898 名成年人的代表性样本中，回顾性亲子关系质量是否能预测成年人的幸福感。我们开发并验证了幸福指数和心理健康指数。回顾性亲子关系质量对幸福感（std mean effect = 0.21, 95% CI 0.19-0.23）和心理健康（std mean effect = 0.18, 95% CI 0.17-0.20）都有显著的预测效果。在所有 22 个领域中，关系质量与蓬勃发展之间都存在正相关（在 21 个领域中显著）。父母的宗教信仰对人际关系质量有积极的预测作用（std 平均效应 = 0.09，95% CI 0.06-0.11）。在收入较高和世俗化程度较高的国家，关系质量较低，但幸福感较高。在样本中的每个国家，父母的宗教信仰都预示着较高的关系质量。跨文化证据表明，较高的亲子关系质量与成人的蓬勃发展以及当前的心理健康之间存在关联。父母宗教信仰越高，关系质量越高
{"title":"Parent-child relationship quality predicts higher subjective well-being in adulthood across a diverse group of countries","authors":"Jonathan T. Rothwell, Telli Davoodi","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00161-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00161-x","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretically and empirically, parenting is closely related to the psychological health of offspring, but long-term effects and possible international differences are not well established. In a pre-registered multilevel modeling analysis using data from the Global Flourishing Study, we tested whether retrospective parent-child relationship quality predicts adult well-being in a representative sample of 202,898 adults living in 21 countries and one territory. We developed and validated indexes of flourishing and mental health. Retrospective parent-child relationship quality predicted both with substantial effect sizes for flourishing (std mean effect = 0.21, 95% CI 0.19–0.23) and mental health (std mean effect = 0.18, 95% CI 0.17–0.20). A positive association between relationship quality and flourishing was found in all 22 areas (significant in 21). Parental religiosity positively predicted relationship quality (std mean effect = 0.09, 95% CI 0.06–0.11). In higher income and more secular countries, relationship quality was lower, but the well-being benefits were higher. Parental religiosity predicted higher relationship quality in every country in the sample. Cross-cultural evidence indicates an association between higher recalled parent-child relationship quality and adult flourishing as well as current mental health. Relationship quality was higher with reports of greater parental religiosity","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00161-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142692160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00158-6
Indre Pileckyte, Salvador Soto-Faraco
Visual working memory (vWM) plays a crucial role in visual information processing and higher cognitive functions; however, it has a very limited capacity. Recently, several studies have successfully modulated vWM capacity in humans using entrainment with transcranial alternate current stimulation (tACS) by targeting parietal theta in a frequency-specific manner. In the current study, we aim to expand upon these findings by utilizing sensory instead of electrical stimulation. Across six behavioral experiments (combined N = 209), we applied rhythmic visual and auditory sensory stimulation at 4 Hz and 7 Hz, aiming to modulate vWM capacity. Collectively, the results showed an overall robust improvement with sensory stimulation at either frequency, compared to baseline. However, contrary to our prediction, 7 Hz stimulation tended to slightly outperform 4 Hz stimulation. Importantly, the observed facilitatory effect was mainly driven by the low-capacity sub-group of participants. Follow-up experiments using the Attention Network Test (ANT) and pupillometry measures did not find evidence that this effect could be directly attributed to modulation of phasic or tonic arousal. We speculate that our results differed from those obtained with tACS due to targeting functionally different theta oscillations, or the modulation of participants’ temporal expectations. Visual or auditory stimulation at 4 Hz and 7 Hz improved visual working memory performance. This effect was more pronounced in individuals with lower visual working memory capacity.
{"title":"Sensory stimulation enhances visual working memory capacity","authors":"Indre Pileckyte, Salvador Soto-Faraco","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00158-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00158-6","url":null,"abstract":"Visual working memory (vWM) plays a crucial role in visual information processing and higher cognitive functions; however, it has a very limited capacity. Recently, several studies have successfully modulated vWM capacity in humans using entrainment with transcranial alternate current stimulation (tACS) by targeting parietal theta in a frequency-specific manner. In the current study, we aim to expand upon these findings by utilizing sensory instead of electrical stimulation. Across six behavioral experiments (combined N = 209), we applied rhythmic visual and auditory sensory stimulation at 4 Hz and 7 Hz, aiming to modulate vWM capacity. Collectively, the results showed an overall robust improvement with sensory stimulation at either frequency, compared to baseline. However, contrary to our prediction, 7 Hz stimulation tended to slightly outperform 4 Hz stimulation. Importantly, the observed facilitatory effect was mainly driven by the low-capacity sub-group of participants. Follow-up experiments using the Attention Network Test (ANT) and pupillometry measures did not find evidence that this effect could be directly attributed to modulation of phasic or tonic arousal. We speculate that our results differed from those obtained with tACS due to targeting functionally different theta oscillations, or the modulation of participants’ temporal expectations. Visual or auditory stimulation at 4 Hz and 7 Hz improved visual working memory performance. This effect was more pronounced in individuals with lower visual working memory capacity.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00158-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00157-7
Sascha Frühholz, Pablo Rodriguez, Mathilde Bonard, Florence Steiner, Marine Bobin
Many ancient cultures used musical tools for social and ritual procedures, with the Aztec skull whistle being a unique exemplar from postclassic Mesoamerica. Skull whistles can produce softer hiss-like but also aversive and scream-like sounds that were potentially meaningful either for sacrificial practices, mythological symbolism, or intimidating warfare of the Aztecs. However, solid psychoacoustic evidence for any theory is missing, especially how human listeners cognitively and affectively respond to skull whistle sounds. Using psychoacoustic listening and classification experiments, we show that skull whistle sounds are predominantly perceived as aversive and scary and as having a hybrid natural-artificial origin. Skull whistle sounds attract mental attention by affectively mimicking other aversive and startling sounds produced by nature and technology. They were psychoacoustically classified as a hybrid mix of being voice- and scream-like but also originating from technical mechanisms. Using human neuroimaging, we furthermore found that skull whistle sounds received a specific decoding of the affective significance in the neural auditory system of human listeners, accompanied by higher-order auditory cognition and symbolic evaluations in fronto-insular-parietal brain systems. Skull whistles thus seem unique sound tools with specific psycho-affective effects on listeners, and Aztec communities might have capitalized on the scary and scream-like nature of skull whistles. A series of psychoacoustic and neuroimaging studies reveal the effect that the sound of Aztec skull whistles has on modern listeners; the sound, which is perceived as a mixture of voice-like, scream-like, and technological, triggers affective processing.
{"title":"Psychoacoustic and Archeoacoustic nature of ancient Aztec skull whistles","authors":"Sascha Frühholz, Pablo Rodriguez, Mathilde Bonard, Florence Steiner, Marine Bobin","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00157-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00157-7","url":null,"abstract":"Many ancient cultures used musical tools for social and ritual procedures, with the Aztec skull whistle being a unique exemplar from postclassic Mesoamerica. Skull whistles can produce softer hiss-like but also aversive and scream-like sounds that were potentially meaningful either for sacrificial practices, mythological symbolism, or intimidating warfare of the Aztecs. However, solid psychoacoustic evidence for any theory is missing, especially how human listeners cognitively and affectively respond to skull whistle sounds. Using psychoacoustic listening and classification experiments, we show that skull whistle sounds are predominantly perceived as aversive and scary and as having a hybrid natural-artificial origin. Skull whistle sounds attract mental attention by affectively mimicking other aversive and startling sounds produced by nature and technology. They were psychoacoustically classified as a hybrid mix of being voice- and scream-like but also originating from technical mechanisms. Using human neuroimaging, we furthermore found that skull whistle sounds received a specific decoding of the affective significance in the neural auditory system of human listeners, accompanied by higher-order auditory cognition and symbolic evaluations in fronto-insular-parietal brain systems. Skull whistles thus seem unique sound tools with specific psycho-affective effects on listeners, and Aztec communities might have capitalized on the scary and scream-like nature of skull whistles. A series of psychoacoustic and neuroimaging studies reveal the effect that the sound of Aztec skull whistles has on modern listeners; the sound, which is perceived as a mixture of voice-like, scream-like, and technological, triggers affective processing.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00157-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00144-y
Valentina Vellani, Moshe Glickman, Tali Sharot
Knowledge is distributed over many individuals. Thus, humans are tasked with informing one another for the betterment of all. But as information can alter people’s action, affect and cognition in both positive and negative ways, deciding whether to share information can be a particularly difficult problem. Here, we examine how people integrate potentially conflicting consequences of knowledge, to decide whether to inform others. We show that participants (Exp1: N = 114, Pre-registered replication: N = 102) use their own information-seeking preferences to solve complex information-sharing decisions. In particular, when deciding whether to inform others, participants consider the usefulness of information in directing action, its valence and the receiver’s uncertainty level, and integrate these assessments into a calculation of the value of information that explains information sharing decisions. A cluster analysis revealed that participants were clustered into groups based on the different weights they assign to these three factors. Within individuals, the relative influence of each of these factors was stable across information-seeking and information-sharing decisions. These results suggest that people put themselves in a receiver position to determine whether to inform others and can help predict when people will share information. Individuals consider the usefulness, emotional valence, and prior uncertainty when deciding both when to seek information for themselves and when to share information with others.
知识分布在许多人身上。因此，人类的任务是相互通报信息，以造福全人类。但是，由于信息会以积极或消极的方式改变人们的行动、情感和认知，因此决定是否分享信息可能是一个特别困难的问题。在这里，我们研究了人们如何整合知识可能带来的冲突性后果，以决定是否告知他人。我们发现，参与者（Exp1: N = 114, Pre-registered replication: N = 102）会利用自身的信息搜寻偏好来解决复杂的信息共享决策。特别是，在决定是否告知他人时，参与者会考虑信息对指导行动的有用性、信息的价值和接收者的不确定性水平，并将这些评估整合到信息价值的计算中，从而解释信息共享决策。聚类分析显示，根据参与者对这三个因素所赋予的不同权重，他们被分为不同的组别。在个体内部，每个因素的相对影响力在信息寻求和信息共享决策中都是稳定的。这些结果表明，人们在决定是否告知他人时，会将自己置于接收者的位置，这有助于预测人们何时会分享信息。
{"title":"Three diverse motives for information sharing","authors":"Valentina Vellani, Moshe Glickman, Tali Sharot","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00144-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00144-y","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge is distributed over many individuals. Thus, humans are tasked with informing one another for the betterment of all. But as information can alter people’s action, affect and cognition in both positive and negative ways, deciding whether to share information can be a particularly difficult problem. Here, we examine how people integrate potentially conflicting consequences of knowledge, to decide whether to inform others. We show that participants (Exp1: N = 114, Pre-registered replication: N = 102) use their own information-seeking preferences to solve complex information-sharing decisions. In particular, when deciding whether to inform others, participants consider the usefulness of information in directing action, its valence and the receiver’s uncertainty level, and integrate these assessments into a calculation of the value of information that explains information sharing decisions. A cluster analysis revealed that participants were clustered into groups based on the different weights they assign to these three factors. Within individuals, the relative influence of each of these factors was stable across information-seeking and information-sharing decisions. These results suggest that people put themselves in a receiver position to determine whether to inform others and can help predict when people will share information. Individuals consider the usefulness, emotional valence, and prior uncertainty when deciding both when to seek information for themselves and when to share information with others.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00155-9
Katy Y. Y. Tam, Michael Inzlicht
In an era where entertainment is effortlessly at our fingertips, one would assume that people are less bored than ever. Yet, reports of boredom are higher now than compared to the past. This rising trend is concerning because chronic boredom can undermine well-being, learning, and behaviour. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to prevent further negative impacts. In this Perspective, we explore one possible reason—digital media use makes people more bored. We propose that digital media increases boredom through dividing attention, elevating desired level of engagement, reducing sense of meaning, heightening opportunity costs, and serving as an ineffective boredom coping strategy. In recent years, there has been an increase in both reports of boredom and greater use of digital media. Digital media may exacerbate boredom via multiple pathways including dividing attention and reducing sense of meaning.
{"title":"People are increasingly bored in our digital age","authors":"Katy Y. Y. Tam, Michael Inzlicht","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00155-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00155-9","url":null,"abstract":"In an era where entertainment is effortlessly at our fingertips, one would assume that people are less bored than ever. Yet, reports of boredom are higher now than compared to the past. This rising trend is concerning because chronic boredom can undermine well-being, learning, and behaviour. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to prevent further negative impacts. In this Perspective, we explore one possible reason—digital media use makes people more bored. We propose that digital media increases boredom through dividing attention, elevating desired level of engagement, reducing sense of meaning, heightening opportunity costs, and serving as an ineffective boredom coping strategy. In recent years, there has been an increase in both reports of boredom and greater use of digital media. Digital media may exacerbate boredom via multiple pathways including dividing attention and reducing sense of meaning.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11532334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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