Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00117-1
Charlie Pilgrim, Weisi Guo, Thomas T. Hills
We present evidence that the word entropy of American English has been rising steadily since around 1900. We also find differences in word entropy between media categories, with short-form media such as news and magazines having higher entropy than long-form media, and social media feeds having higher entropy still. To explain these results we develop an ecological model of the attention economy that combines ideas from Zipf’s law and information foraging. In this model, media consumers maximize information utility rate taking into account the costs of information search, while media producers adapt to technologies that reduce search costs, driving them to generate higher entropy content in increasingly shorter formats. American English has become more information dense over the last 100 years, likely driven by competition for human attention.
{"title":"The rising entropy of English in the attention economy","authors":"Charlie Pilgrim, Weisi Guo, Thomas T. Hills","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00117-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00117-1","url":null,"abstract":"We present evidence that the word entropy of American English has been rising steadily since around 1900. We also find differences in word entropy between media categories, with short-form media such as news and magazines having higher entropy than long-form media, and social media feeds having higher entropy still. To explain these results we develop an ecological model of the attention economy that combines ideas from Zipf’s law and information foraging. In this model, media consumers maximize information utility rate taking into account the costs of information search, while media producers adapt to technologies that reduce search costs, driving them to generate higher entropy content in increasingly shorter formats. American English has become more information dense over the last 100 years, likely driven by competition for human attention.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00117-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00120-6
H. T. McGovern, H. J. Grimmer, M. K. Doss, B. T. Hutchinson, C. Timmermann, A. Lyon, P. R. Corlett, R. E. Laukkonen
Psychedelics are recognised for their potential to re-orient beliefs. We propose a model of how psychedelics can, in some cases, lead to false insights and thus false beliefs. We first review experimental work on laboratory-based false insights and false memories. We then connect this to insights and belief formation under psychedelics using the active inference framework. We propose that subjective and brain-based alterations caused by psychedelics increases the quantity and subjective intensity of insights and thence beliefs, including false ones. We offer directions for future research in minimising the risk of false and potentially harmful beliefs arising from psychedelics. Ultimately, knowing how psychedelics may facilitate false insights and beliefs is crucial if we are to optimally leverage their therapeutic potential. The neurobiological action of psychedelics on the brain may increase the intensity of the experience of insight. Psychedelics can thus lead to flexible updating of beliefs, critically including the adoption of false beliefs.
{"title":"An Integrated theory of false insights and beliefs under psychedelics","authors":"H. T. McGovern, H. J. Grimmer, M. K. Doss, B. T. Hutchinson, C. Timmermann, A. Lyon, P. R. Corlett, R. E. Laukkonen","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00120-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00120-6","url":null,"abstract":"Psychedelics are recognised for their potential to re-orient beliefs. We propose a model of how psychedelics can, in some cases, lead to false insights and thus false beliefs. We first review experimental work on laboratory-based false insights and false memories. We then connect this to insights and belief formation under psychedelics using the active inference framework. We propose that subjective and brain-based alterations caused by psychedelics increases the quantity and subjective intensity of insights and thence beliefs, including false ones. We offer directions for future research in minimising the risk of false and potentially harmful beliefs arising from psychedelics. Ultimately, knowing how psychedelics may facilitate false insights and beliefs is crucial if we are to optimally leverage their therapeutic potential. The neurobiological action of psychedelics on the brain may increase the intensity of the experience of insight. Psychedelics can thus lead to flexible updating of beliefs, critically including the adoption of false beliefs.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00120-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00119-z
Aylin Kallmayer, Melissa L.-H. Võ
Our visual surroundings are highly complex. Despite this, we understand and navigate them effortlessly. This requires transforming incoming sensory information into representations that not only span low- to high-level visual features (e.g., edges, object parts, objects), but likely also reflect co-occurrence statistics of objects in real-world scenes. Here, so-called anchor objects are defined as being highly predictive of the location and identity of frequently co-occuring (usually smaller) objects, derived from object clustering statistics in real-world scenes, while so-called diagnostic objects are predictive of the larger semantic context (i.e., scene category). Across two studies (N1 = 50, N2 = 44), we investigate which of these properties underlie scene understanding across two dimensions – realism and categorisation – using scenes generated from Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) which naturally vary along these dimensions. We show that anchor objects and mainly high-level features extracted from a range of pre-trained deep neural networks (DNNs) drove realism both at first glance and after initial processing. Categorisation performance was mainly determined by diagnostic objects, regardless of realism, at first glance and after initial processing. Our results are testament to the visual system’s ability to pick up on reliable, category specific sources of information that are flexible towards disturbances across the visual feature-hierarchy. Human observers rate Generative Adversarial Network scenes as more realistic if they contain appropriate anchor objects, while scene categorization relies on diagnostic objects.
{"title":"Anchor objects drive realism while diagnostic objects drive categorization in GAN generated scenes","authors":"Aylin Kallmayer, Melissa L.-H. Võ","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00119-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00119-z","url":null,"abstract":"Our visual surroundings are highly complex. Despite this, we understand and navigate them effortlessly. This requires transforming incoming sensory information into representations that not only span low- to high-level visual features (e.g., edges, object parts, objects), but likely also reflect co-occurrence statistics of objects in real-world scenes. Here, so-called anchor objects are defined as being highly predictive of the location and identity of frequently co-occuring (usually smaller) objects, derived from object clustering statistics in real-world scenes, while so-called diagnostic objects are predictive of the larger semantic context (i.e., scene category). Across two studies (N1 = 50, N2 = 44), we investigate which of these properties underlie scene understanding across two dimensions – realism and categorisation – using scenes generated from Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) which naturally vary along these dimensions. We show that anchor objects and mainly high-level features extracted from a range of pre-trained deep neural networks (DNNs) drove realism both at first glance and after initial processing. Categorisation performance was mainly determined by diagnostic objects, regardless of realism, at first glance and after initial processing. Our results are testament to the visual system’s ability to pick up on reliable, category specific sources of information that are flexible towards disturbances across the visual feature-hierarchy. Human observers rate Generative Adversarial Network scenes as more realistic if they contain appropriate anchor objects, while scene categorization relies on diagnostic objects.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00119-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00118-0
Maria Wirth, Markus Wettstein, Klaus Rothermund
Time perspective is an important predictor of well-being. How time is represented, is itself subject to developmental change. A time perspective dominated by the future is increasingly replaced by one focused on the present and past as remaining lifetime decreases. These age-related changes supposedly are associated with higher subjective well-being. Previous studies yielded heterogeneous results. However, these studies mostly investigated one dimension of time perspective and did not include younger and/or middle-aged adults. Thus, we investigated how changes in four facets of time perspective (past-orientation, concreteness of future time, obsolescence, and attitudes towards finitude) were related to changes in life and domain-specific satisfaction and if these relations were moderated by age. We used 10-year longitudinal data from an age-diverse sample comprising 459 participants (30–80 years). Concreteness was most consistently related to satisfaction. Individuals with overall higher concreteness reported higher life satisfaction and higher life satisfaction was reported on measurement occasions with higher concreteness. An age moderation was only found for satisfaction with mental fitness. Among younger but not older adults, satisfaction with mental fitness was higher on measurement occasions with higher concreteness. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the relation between time perspective and well-being across adulthood. Across occasions and individuals, perceiving the future more concretely was associated with greater life satisfaction for adults aged 30 to 80 years. Age moderated this association in the domain of mental fitness with stronger associations for younger adults.
{"title":"Longitudinal associations between time perspective and life satisfaction across adulthood","authors":"Maria Wirth, Markus Wettstein, Klaus Rothermund","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00118-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00118-0","url":null,"abstract":"Time perspective is an important predictor of well-being. How time is represented, is itself subject to developmental change. A time perspective dominated by the future is increasingly replaced by one focused on the present and past as remaining lifetime decreases. These age-related changes supposedly are associated with higher subjective well-being. Previous studies yielded heterogeneous results. However, these studies mostly investigated one dimension of time perspective and did not include younger and/or middle-aged adults. Thus, we investigated how changes in four facets of time perspective (past-orientation, concreteness of future time, obsolescence, and attitudes towards finitude) were related to changes in life and domain-specific satisfaction and if these relations were moderated by age. We used 10-year longitudinal data from an age-diverse sample comprising 459 participants (30–80 years). Concreteness was most consistently related to satisfaction. Individuals with overall higher concreteness reported higher life satisfaction and higher life satisfaction was reported on measurement occasions with higher concreteness. An age moderation was only found for satisfaction with mental fitness. Among younger but not older adults, satisfaction with mental fitness was higher on measurement occasions with higher concreteness. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the relation between time perspective and well-being across adulthood. Across occasions and individuals, perceiving the future more concretely was associated with greater life satisfaction for adults aged 30 to 80 years. Age moderated this association in the domain of mental fitness with stronger associations for younger adults.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00118-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141819374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00115-3
Oliver Durcan, Peter Holland, Joydeep Bhattacharya
Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of the “flow state” was initially discovered in experts deeply engaged in self-rewarding activities. However, recent neurophysiology research often measures flow in constrained and unfamiliar activities. In this perspective article, we address the challenging yet necessary considerations for studying flow state’s neurophysiology. We aggregate an activity-autonomy framework with several testable hypotheses to induce flow, expanding the traditional “challenge skill balance” paradigm. Further, we review and synthesise the best methodological practices from neurophysiological flow studies into a practical 24-item checklist. This checklist offers detailed guidelines for ensuring consistent reporting, personalising and testing isolated challenge types, factoring in participant skills, motivation, and individual differences, and processing self-report data. We argue for a cohesive approach in neurophysiological studies to capture a consistent representation of flow states. The Perspective presents an activity autonomy framework to distinguish experimental activity characteristics and discusses best practices for studying the neurophysiological correlates of flow.
{"title":"A framework for neurophysiological experiments on flow states","authors":"Oliver Durcan, Peter Holland, Joydeep Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00115-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00115-3","url":null,"abstract":"Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of the “flow state” was initially discovered in experts deeply engaged in self-rewarding activities. However, recent neurophysiology research often measures flow in constrained and unfamiliar activities. In this perspective article, we address the challenging yet necessary considerations for studying flow state’s neurophysiology. We aggregate an activity-autonomy framework with several testable hypotheses to induce flow, expanding the traditional “challenge skill balance” paradigm. Further, we review and synthesise the best methodological practices from neurophysiological flow studies into a practical 24-item checklist. This checklist offers detailed guidelines for ensuring consistent reporting, personalising and testing isolated challenge types, factoring in participant skills, motivation, and individual differences, and processing self-report data. We argue for a cohesive approach in neurophysiological studies to capture a consistent representation of flow states. The Perspective presents an activity autonomy framework to distinguish experimental activity characteristics and discusses best practices for studying the neurophysiological correlates of flow.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00115-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00104-6
Katarzyna Pisanski, David Reby, Anna Oleszkiewicz
Human nonverbal vocalizations such as screams and cries often reflect their evolved functions. Although the universality of these putatively primordial vocal signals and their phylogenetic roots in animal calls suggest a strong reflexive foundation, many of the emotional vocalizations that we humans produce are under our voluntary control. This suggests that, like speech, volitional vocalizations may require auditory input to develop typically. Here, we acoustically analyzed hundreds of volitional vocalizations produced by profoundly deaf adults and typically-hearing controls. We show that deaf adults produce unconventional and homogenous vocalizations of aggression and pain that are unusually high-pitched, unarticulated, and with extremely few harsh-sounding nonlinear phenomena compared to controls. In contrast, fear vocalizations of deaf adults are relatively acoustically typical. In four lab experiments involving a range of perception tasks with 444 participants, listeners were less accurate in identifying the intended emotions of vocalizations produced by deaf vocalizers than by controls, perceived their vocalizations as less authentic, and reliably detected deafness. Vocalizations of congenitally deaf adults with zero auditory experience were most atypical, suggesting additive effects of auditory deprivation. Vocal learning in humans may thus be required not only for speech, but also to acquire the full repertoire of volitional non-linguistic vocalizations. Nonverbal vocalizations of aggression and pain produced by profoundly deaf adults differ acoustically from those of typically-hearing controls. Listeners reliably detect deafness and show diminished ability to discriminate emotions expressed by deaf adults.
{"title":"Humans need auditory experience to produce typical volitional nonverbal vocalizations","authors":"Katarzyna Pisanski, David Reby, Anna Oleszkiewicz","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00104-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00104-6","url":null,"abstract":"Human nonverbal vocalizations such as screams and cries often reflect their evolved functions. Although the universality of these putatively primordial vocal signals and their phylogenetic roots in animal calls suggest a strong reflexive foundation, many of the emotional vocalizations that we humans produce are under our voluntary control. This suggests that, like speech, volitional vocalizations may require auditory input to develop typically. Here, we acoustically analyzed hundreds of volitional vocalizations produced by profoundly deaf adults and typically-hearing controls. We show that deaf adults produce unconventional and homogenous vocalizations of aggression and pain that are unusually high-pitched, unarticulated, and with extremely few harsh-sounding nonlinear phenomena compared to controls. In contrast, fear vocalizations of deaf adults are relatively acoustically typical. In four lab experiments involving a range of perception tasks with 444 participants, listeners were less accurate in identifying the intended emotions of vocalizations produced by deaf vocalizers than by controls, perceived their vocalizations as less authentic, and reliably detected deafness. Vocalizations of congenitally deaf adults with zero auditory experience were most atypical, suggesting additive effects of auditory deprivation. Vocal learning in humans may thus be required not only for speech, but also to acquire the full repertoire of volitional non-linguistic vocalizations. Nonverbal vocalizations of aggression and pain produced by profoundly deaf adults differ acoustically from those of typically-hearing controls. Listeners reliably detect deafness and show diminished ability to discriminate emotions expressed by deaf adults.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00104-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00114-4
Jan Kadlec, Catherine R. Walsh, Uri Sadé, Ariel Amir, Jesse Rissman, Michal Ramot
Surging interest in individual differences has faced setbacks in light of recent replication crises in psychology, for example in brain-wide association studies exploring brain-behavior correlations. A crucial component of replicability for individual differences studies, which is often assumed but not directly tested, is the reliability of the measures we use. Here, we evaluate the reliability of different cognitive tasks on a dataset with over 250 participants, who each completed a multi-day task battery. We show how reliability improves as a function of number of trials, and describe the convergence of the reliability curves for the different tasks, allowing us to score tasks according to their suitability for studies of individual differences. We further show the effect on reliability of measuring over multiple time points, with tasks assessing different cognitive domains being differentially affected. Data collected over more than one session may be required to achieve trait-like stability. Reliability of cognitive task measures improves as a function of number of trials. Because of differences in reliability convergence, tasks differ in suitability as estimates of individual differences. To achieve traitlike stability in measures, data must be combined across sessions.
{"title":"A measure of reliability convergence to select and optimize cognitive tasks for individual differences research","authors":"Jan Kadlec, Catherine R. Walsh, Uri Sadé, Ariel Amir, Jesse Rissman, Michal Ramot","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00114-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00114-4","url":null,"abstract":"Surging interest in individual differences has faced setbacks in light of recent replication crises in psychology, for example in brain-wide association studies exploring brain-behavior correlations. A crucial component of replicability for individual differences studies, which is often assumed but not directly tested, is the reliability of the measures we use. Here, we evaluate the reliability of different cognitive tasks on a dataset with over 250 participants, who each completed a multi-day task battery. We show how reliability improves as a function of number of trials, and describe the convergence of the reliability curves for the different tasks, allowing us to score tasks according to their suitability for studies of individual differences. We further show the effect on reliability of measuring over multiple time points, with tasks assessing different cognitive domains being differentially affected. Data collected over more than one session may be required to achieve trait-like stability. Reliability of cognitive task measures improves as a function of number of trials. Because of differences in reliability convergence, tasks differ in suitability as estimates of individual differences. To achieve traitlike stability in measures, data must be combined across sessions.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00114-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00113-5
Aífe Hopkins-Doyle, Jocelyn Chalmers, Daniel Toribio-Flórez, Aleksandra Cichocka
Gender disparities persist in academic psychology. The present study extended previous investigations to social and personality psychology award recipients. We collated publicly available data on award winners (N = 2700) from 17 international societies from 1968 to 2021. Features of the award, including year given, type of award, seniority level, whether the award was shared with more than one winner, and gender/sex of the recipient were coded. Overall, men were more likely to be recognized with awards than women, but the proportion of awards won by women has increased over time. Despite this increased share of awards, women were more likely to win awards for service and teaching (which are generally viewed as less prestigious) rather than research contributions. These differences were moderated by year - women were more likely to win service or teaching awards, compared to research awards, after 1999 and 2007, respectively. Women were more likely to win awards at postgraduate/early career levels or open to all levels compared to senior awards. Findings suggest that women’s greater representation in academic psychology in recent years has not been accompanied by parity in professional recognition and eminence. The share of women recipients of professional awards in Social and Personality Psychology has increased between 1968 and 2021. Yet, this increase is partially explained by women receiving proportionally more service and teaching awards, whereas research awards are given to men.
{"title":"Gender disparities in social and personality psychology awards from 1968 to 2021","authors":"Aífe Hopkins-Doyle, Jocelyn Chalmers, Daniel Toribio-Flórez, Aleksandra Cichocka","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00113-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00113-5","url":null,"abstract":"Gender disparities persist in academic psychology. The present study extended previous investigations to social and personality psychology award recipients. We collated publicly available data on award winners (N = 2700) from 17 international societies from 1968 to 2021. Features of the award, including year given, type of award, seniority level, whether the award was shared with more than one winner, and gender/sex of the recipient were coded. Overall, men were more likely to be recognized with awards than women, but the proportion of awards won by women has increased over time. Despite this increased share of awards, women were more likely to win awards for service and teaching (which are generally viewed as less prestigious) rather than research contributions. These differences were moderated by year - women were more likely to win service or teaching awards, compared to research awards, after 1999 and 2007, respectively. Women were more likely to win awards at postgraduate/early career levels or open to all levels compared to senior awards. Findings suggest that women’s greater representation in academic psychology in recent years has not been accompanied by parity in professional recognition and eminence. The share of women recipients of professional awards in Social and Personality Psychology has increased between 1968 and 2021. Yet, this increase is partially explained by women receiving proportionally more service and teaching awards, whereas research awards are given to men.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00113-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00111-7
Thomas Murray, Nicola Binetti, Raghav Venkataramaiyer, Vinay Namboodiri, Darren Cosker, Essi Viding, Isabelle Mareschal
Humans can use the facial expressions of another to infer their emotional state, although it remains unknown how this process occurs. Here we suppose the presence of perceptive fields within expression space, analogous to feature-tuned receptive-fields of early visual cortex. We developed genetic algorithms to explore a multidimensional space of possible expressions and identify those that individuals associated with different emotions. We next defined perceptive fields as probabilistic maps within expression space, and found that they could predict the emotions that individuals infer from expressions presented in a separate task. We found profound individual variability in their size, location, and specificity, and that individuals with more similar perceptive fields had similar interpretations of the emotion communicated by an expression, providing possible channels for social communication. Modelling perceptive fields therefore provides a predictive framework in which to understand how individuals infer emotions from facial expressions. Perceptive fields, which are analogous to feature-tuned receptive-fields of the early visual cortex, can be used to map facial expressions onto inferences about emotional states.
{"title":"Expression perceptive fields explain individual differences in the recognition of facial emotions","authors":"Thomas Murray, Nicola Binetti, Raghav Venkataramaiyer, Vinay Namboodiri, Darren Cosker, Essi Viding, Isabelle Mareschal","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00111-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00111-7","url":null,"abstract":"Humans can use the facial expressions of another to infer their emotional state, although it remains unknown how this process occurs. Here we suppose the presence of perceptive fields within expression space, analogous to feature-tuned receptive-fields of early visual cortex. We developed genetic algorithms to explore a multidimensional space of possible expressions and identify those that individuals associated with different emotions. We next defined perceptive fields as probabilistic maps within expression space, and found that they could predict the emotions that individuals infer from expressions presented in a separate task. We found profound individual variability in their size, location, and specificity, and that individuals with more similar perceptive fields had similar interpretations of the emotion communicated by an expression, providing possible channels for social communication. Modelling perceptive fields therefore provides a predictive framework in which to understand how individuals infer emotions from facial expressions. Perceptive fields, which are analogous to feature-tuned receptive-fields of the early visual cortex, can be used to map facial expressions onto inferences about emotional states.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00111-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00096-3
Débora de Oliveira Santos, John T. Jost
Based on theory and research in political psychology, we hypothesized that liberal-conservative differences in right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and political system justification would contribute to asymmetries in anti-democratic tendencies. These hypotheses were tested in a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (N = 1557). Results revealed that conservatives were less supportive of political equality and legal rights and guarantees and more willing to defect from democratic “rules of the game” and vote for anti-democratic candidates, even after adjusting for political extremism. Mediational analyses suggested that conservatives’ anti-democratic tendencies were partially attributable to higher levels of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Conservatives also scored higher in political system justification, which was associated with support for free speech and mitigated anti-democratic tendencies. Democrats and Republicans who approved January 6, 2021, insurrectionists were more conservative and higher in right-wing authoritarianism than those who did not. Implications for social psychology and society are discussed. In a nationally representative survey in the United States, conservatives were less supportive of democratic norms such as political equality and legal rights and guarantees as compared to liberals. These associations were partially mediated by higher levels of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation.
{"title":"Liberal-conservative asymmetries in anti-democratic tendencies are partly explained by psychological differences in a nationally representative U.S. sample","authors":"Débora de Oliveira Santos, John T. Jost","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00096-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00096-3","url":null,"abstract":"Based on theory and research in political psychology, we hypothesized that liberal-conservative differences in right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and political system justification would contribute to asymmetries in anti-democratic tendencies. These hypotheses were tested in a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (N = 1557). Results revealed that conservatives were less supportive of political equality and legal rights and guarantees and more willing to defect from democratic “rules of the game” and vote for anti-democratic candidates, even after adjusting for political extremism. Mediational analyses suggested that conservatives’ anti-democratic tendencies were partially attributable to higher levels of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Conservatives also scored higher in political system justification, which was associated with support for free speech and mitigated anti-democratic tendencies. Democrats and Republicans who approved January 6, 2021, insurrectionists were more conservative and higher in right-wing authoritarianism than those who did not. Implications for social psychology and society are discussed. In a nationally representative survey in the United States, conservatives were less supportive of democratic norms such as political equality and legal rights and guarantees as compared to liberals. These associations were partially mediated by higher levels of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00096-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：