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Informational ecosystems partially explain differences in socioenvironmental conceptual associations between U.S. American racial groups. 信息生态系统部分解释了美国种族群体之间社会环境概念关联的差异。
Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-025-00186-w
Roberto Vargas, Timothy Verstynen

Social groups represent a collective identity defined by a distinct consensus of concepts (e.g., ideas, values, and goals) whose structural relationship varies between groups. Here we set out to measure how a set of inter-concept semantic associations, comprising what we refer to as a concept graph, covaries between established social groups, based on racial identity, and how this effect is mediated by information ecosystems, contextualized as news sources. Group differences among racial identity (278 Black and 294 white Americans) and informational ecosystems (Left- and Right- leaning news sources) are present in subjective judgments of how the meaning of concepts such as healthcare, police, and voting relate to each other. These racial group differences in concept graphs were partially mediated by the bias of news sources that individuals get their information from. This supports the idea of groups being defined by common conceptual semantic relationships that partially arise from shared information ecosystems.

社会群体代表了一种集体身份,这种身份是由不同群体之间的结构关系不同的概念(如思想、价值观和目标)的独特共识所定义的。在这里,我们着手测量一组概念间语义关联,包括我们所说的概念图,如何在基于种族身份的既定社会群体之间协变,以及这种效应如何被信息生态系统调解,作为新闻来源。种族认同(278名黑人和294名白人美国人)和信息生态系统(左倾和右倾新闻来源)之间的群体差异存在于对医疗保健、警察和投票等概念的含义如何相互关联的主观判断中。这些概念图中的种族群体差异部分是由个人获取信息的新闻来源的偏见所介导的。这支持由公共概念语义关系定义组的想法,这些关系部分来自共享的信息生态系统。
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引用次数: 0
Third-party evaluators perceive AI as more compassionate than expert humans. 第三方评估人员认为人工智能比人类专家更有同情心。
Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00182-6
Dariya Ovsyannikova, Victoria Oldemburgo de Mello, Michael Inzlicht

Empathy connects us but strains under demanding settings. This study explored how third parties evaluated AI-generated empathetic responses versus human responses in terms of compassion, responsiveness, and overall preference across four preregistered experiments. Participants (N = 556) read empathy prompts describing valenced personal experiences and compared the AI responses to select non-expert or expert humans. Results revealed that AI responses were preferred and rated as more compassionate compared to select human responders (Study 1). This pattern of results remained when author identity was made transparent (Study 2), when AI was compared to expert crisis responders (Study 3), and when author identity was disclosed to all participants (Study 4). Third parties perceived AI as being more responsive-conveying understanding, validation, and care-which partially explained AI's higher compassion ratings in Study 4. These findings suggest that AI has robust utility in contexts requiring empathetic interaction, with the potential to address the increasing need for empathy in supportive communication contexts.

同理心将我们联系在一起,但在苛刻的环境下会变得紧张。本研究探讨了第三方如何在四个预先注册的实验中评估人工智能产生的移情反应与人类反应在同情心、反应性和总体偏好方面的对比。参与者(N = 556)阅读描述有价值的个人经历的移情提示,并将人工智能的反应与非专家或专家进行比较。结果显示,与选择的人类响应者相比,人工智能的回应更受青睐,被评为更有同情心(研究1)。当作者身份透明(研究2)、人工智能与专家危机响应者相比(研究3)、以及向所有参与者披露作者身份(研究4)时,这种结果模式仍然存在。第三方认为人工智能更具响应性——传达理解、验证、和关怀——这部分解释了研究4中人工智能更高的同情心评级。这些发现表明,人工智能在需要移情互动的环境中具有强大的实用性,有可能解决支持性沟通环境中日益增长的移情需求。
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引用次数: 0
Two types of motifs enhance human recall and generalization of long sequences. 两种类型的基序增强了人对长序列的记忆和泛化。
Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00180-8
Shuchen Wu, Mirko Thalmann, Eric Schulz

Whether it is listening to a piece of music, learning a new language, or solving a mathematical equation, people often acquire abstract notions in the sense of motifs and variables-manifested in musical themes, grammatical categories, or mathematical symbols. How do we create abstract representations of sequences? Are these abstract representations useful for memory recall? In addition to learning transition probabilities, chunking, and tracking ordinal positions, we propose that humans also use abstractions to arrive at efficient representations of sequences. We propose and study two abstraction categories: projectional motifs and variable motifs. Projectional motifs find a common theme underlying distinct sequence instances. Variable motifs contain symbols representing sequence entities that can change. In two sequence recall experiments, we train participants to remember sequences with projectional and variable motifs, respectively, and examine whether motif training benefits the recall of novel sequences sharing the same motif. Our result suggests that training projectional and variables motifs improve transfer recall accuracy, relative to control groups. We show that a model that chunks sequences in an abstract motif space may learn and transfer more efficiently, compared to models that learn chunks or associations on a superficial level. Our study suggests that humans construct efficient sequential memory representations according to the two types of abstraction we propose, and creating these abstractions benefits learning and out-of-distribution generalization. Our study paves the way for a deeper understanding of human abstraction learning and generalization.

无论是听一段音乐,学习一门新语言,还是解一个数学方程,人们经常从母题和变量的意义上获得抽象概念——表现在音乐主题、语法类别或数学符号上。我们如何创建序列的抽象表示?这些抽象表征对回忆有用吗?除了学习转移概率、分块和跟踪顺序位置之外,我们建议人类也使用抽象来达到序列的有效表示。我们提出并研究了两个抽象类别:投影基元和可变基元。投影主题在不同的序列实例下找到一个共同的主题。可变主题包含表示可以更改的序列实体的符号。在两个序列回忆实验中,我们分别训练被试记忆投影基序和可变基序的序列,并研究基序训练是否有利于记忆具有相同基序的新序列。我们的研究结果表明,相对于对照组,训练投射和变量主题提高了转移回忆的准确性。我们表明,与在表面水平上学习块或关联的模型相比,在抽象基序空间中块序列的模型可以更有效地学习和迁移。我们的研究表明,人类根据我们提出的两种抽象类型构建有效的顺序记忆表征,并且创建这些抽象有利于学习和分布外泛化。我们的研究为更深入地理解人类抽象学习和泛化铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Pathogen stress heightens sensorimotor dimensions in the human collective semantic space. 病原体应激提高了人类集体语义空间的感觉运动维度。
Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00183-5
Ze Fu, Huimin Chen, Zhan Liu, Maosong Sun, Zhiyuan Liu, Yanchao Bi

Infectious diseases have been major causes of death throughout human history and are assumed to broadly affect human psychology. However, whether and how conceptual processing, an internal world model central to various cognitive processes, adapts to such salient stress variables remains largely unknown. To address this, we conducted three studies examining the relationship between pathogen severity and semantic space, probed through the main neurocognitive semantic dimensions revealed by large-scale text analyses: one cross-cultural study (across 43 countries) and two historical studies (over the past 100 years). Across all three studies, we observed that increasing pathogen severity was associated with an enhancement of the sensory-motor dimension in the collective semantic space. These patterns remained robust after controlling for the effects of sociocultural variables, including economic wealth and societal norms of tightness. These results highlight the universal dynamic mechanisms of collective semantics, such that pathogen stress potentially drives sensorially oriented semantic processing.

在整个人类历史上,传染病一直是导致死亡的主要原因,并被认为广泛影响人类的心理。然而,概念加工作为各种认知过程的核心内部世界模型,是否以及如何适应这些显著的压力变量,在很大程度上仍然未知。为了解决这个问题,我们进行了三项研究,考察了病原体严重程度与语义空间之间的关系,通过大规模文本分析揭示的主要神经认知语义维度进行了探讨:一项跨文化研究(跨越43个国家)和两项历史研究(过去100年)。在所有三项研究中,我们观察到病原体严重程度的增加与集体语义空间中感觉-运动维度的增强有关。在控制了社会文化变量(包括经济财富和社会规范)的影响后,这些模式仍然稳健。这些结果强调了集体语义的普遍动态机制,例如病原体胁迫可能驱动感官导向的语义加工。
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引用次数: 0
Humans rationally balance detailed and temporally abstract world models. 人类理性地平衡详细的和暂时抽象的世界模型。
Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00169-3
Ari E Kahn, Nathaniel D Daw

How do people model the world's dynamics to guide mental simulation and evaluate choices? One prominent approach, the Successor Representation (SR), takes advantage of temporal abstraction of future states: by aggregating trajectory predictions over multiple timesteps, the brain can avoid the costs of iterative, multi-step mental simulation. Human behavior broadly shows signatures of such temporal abstraction, but finer-grained characterization of individuals' strategies and their dynamic adjustment remains an open question. We developed a task to measure SR usage during dynamic, trial-by-trial learning. Using this approach, we find that participants exhibit a mix of SR and model-based learning strategies that varies across individuals. Further, by dynamically manipulating the task contingencies within-subject to favor or disfavor temporal abstraction, we observe evidence of resource-rational reliance on the SR, which decreases when future states are less predictable. Our work adds to a growing body of research showing that the brain arbitrates between approximate decision strategies. The current study extends these ideas from simple habits into usage of more sophisticated approximate predictive models, and demonstrates that individuals dynamically adapt these in response to the predictability of their environment.

人们如何模拟世界的动态来指导心理模拟和评估选择?一种突出的方法,后继表示(SR),利用了未来状态的时间抽象:通过在多个时间步上聚合轨迹预测,大脑可以避免迭代,多步心理模拟的成本。人类行为普遍表现出这种时间抽象的特征,但对个体策略及其动态调整的细粒度描述仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。我们开发了一个任务,在动态的、逐个尝试的学习过程中测量SR的使用情况。使用这种方法,我们发现参与者表现出不同个体的SR和基于模型的学习策略的混合。此外,通过动态操纵任务偶然性以支持或不支持时间抽象,我们观察到对SR的资源理性依赖的证据,当未来状态不可预测时,这种依赖会减少。我们的工作增加了越来越多的研究表明,大脑在近似的决策策略之间进行仲裁。目前的研究将这些想法从简单的习惯扩展到更复杂的近似预测模型的使用,并证明个体动态地适应这些模型,以响应其环境的可预测性。
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引用次数: 0
Curiosity shapes spatial exploration and cognitive map formation in humans 好奇心塑造了人类的空间探索和认知地图的形成
Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00174-6
Danlu Cen, Eva Teichert, Carl J. Hodgetts, Matthias J. Gruber
Cognitive maps are thought to arise, at least in part, from our intrinsic curiosity to explore unknown places. However, it remains untested how curiosity shapes aspects of spatial exploration in humans. Combining a virtual reality task with indices of exploration complexity, we found that pre-exploration curiosity states predicted how much individuals spatially explored environments, whereas markers of visual exploration determined post-exploration feelings of interest. Moreover, individual differences in curiosity traits, particularly Stress Tolerance, modulated the relationship between curiosity and spatial exploration, suggesting the capacity to cope with uncertainty enhances the curiosity-exploration link. Furthermore, both curiosity and spatial exploration predicted how precisely participants could recall spatial-relational details of the environment, as measured by a sketch map task. These results provide new evidence for a link between curiosity and exploratory behaviour, and how curiosity might shape cognitive map formation. Across two studies using desktop VR, curiosity determined how much humans explored and how well the hand-drawn spatial maps they acquired corresponded to the rooms
认知地图被认为至少在一定程度上源于我们探索未知领域的内在好奇心。然而,好奇心如何塑造人类空间探索的各个方面仍有待检验。将虚拟现实任务与探索复杂性指数相结合,我们发现,探索前的好奇心状态预测了个体对空间环境的探索程度,而视觉探索的标记则决定了探索后的兴趣感。此外,好奇心特质的个体差异,特别是压力耐受性,调节了好奇心与空间探索之间的关系,表明应对不确定性的能力增强了好奇心与探索之间的联系。此外,好奇心和空间探索都预测了参与者回忆环境空间关系细节的精确程度,这是通过草图任务来衡量的。这些结果为好奇心和探索行为之间的联系以及好奇心如何影响认知地图的形成提供了新的证据。在两项使用桌面VR的研究中,好奇心决定了人类探索的程度,以及他们获得的手绘空间地图与房间的对应程度
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引用次数: 0
Close relationship partners of impartial altruists do not report diminished relationship quality and are similarly altruistic 公正利他主义者的亲密伴侣没有报告关系质量下降,他们同样是利他主义者。
Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00181-7
Paige Amormino, Adam Kagel, Joanna L. Li, Abigail A. Marsh
Impartial altruism is often considered a moral ideal but is rare in practice. Instead, generosity typically decreases as social distance increases, a phenomenon termed social discounting. Most people prefer this partiality in their close relationships and view impartial altruists as poorer relationship partners. This suggests real-world impartial altruism may be rare because it reduces—or is perceived to reduce—the quality of close relationships. To investigate this, we compared patterns of generosity and social relationship quality in a rare sample of individuals who had engaged in extraordinary real-world impartial altruism (altruistic kidney donors; n = 59) and their closest friend or family member (n = 59) to controls (n = 71) and their closest others (n = 71). We designed a direct test of third-party social discounting, which experimentally confirmed real-world altruists’ impartiality, finding that they are more likely than controls to split resources evenly between close and distant others rather than favoring close others. However, we found no statistically significant association between impartial altruism and social relationship quality. Instead, we found that altruists’ close others also show more impartiality than controls. This suggests value homophily (shared moral values) among altruists, which may represent a protective factor for close relationships in the context of impartial altruism. Altruistic kidney donors and their closest relationship partners reported similar higher levels of impartial altruism as compared to control participants and their closest relationship partners. Partners of donors reported similar levels of partner affection as did partners of controls.
无私的利他主义通常被认为是一种道德理想,但在实践中却很少。相反,慷慨通常会随着社会距离的增加而减少,这种现象被称为社会折扣。大多数人在亲密关系中更喜欢这种偏袒,并将公正的利他主义者视为较差的关系伙伴。这表明现实世界中公正无私的利他主义可能很少见,因为它降低了——或者被认为降低了——亲密关系的质量。为了研究这一点,我们比较了慷慨模式和社会关系质量,在一个罕见的样本中,个人从事非凡的现实世界公正的利他主义(利他肾捐赠者;N = 59)和他们最亲密的朋友或家人(N = 59),对照(N = 71)和他们最亲密的人(N = 71)。我们设计了一个第三方社会折扣的直接测试,实验证实了现实世界利他主义者的公正性,发现他们比对照组更有可能在亲近和疏远的人之间平均分配资源,而不是偏袒亲近的人。然而,我们发现公正利他主义与社会关系质量之间没有统计学上的显著关联。相反,我们发现利他主义者的密友也比控制组表现出更多的公正性。这表明利他主义者之间的价值同质性(共同的道德价值观)可能代表了在公正利他主义背景下亲密关系的保护因素。
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引用次数: 0
A neurocognitive mechanism for increased cooperation during group formation 在群体形成过程中增加合作的神经认知机制。
Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00177-3
Wojciech Zajkowski, Ryan P. Badman, Masahiko Haruno, Rei Akaishi
How do group size changes influence cooperation within groups? To examine this question, we performed a dynamic, network-based prisoner’s dilemma experiment with fMRI. Across 83 human participants, we observed increased cooperation as group size increased. However, our computational modeling analysis of behavior and fMRI revealed that groups size itself did not increase cooperation. Rather, interaction between (1) participants’ stable prosocial tendencies, and (2) dynamic reciprocal strategy weighed by memory confidence, underlies the group size-modulated increase in cooperation because the balance between them shifts towards the prosocial tendency with higher memory demands in larger groups. We found that memory confidence was encoded in fusiform gyrus and precuneus, whereas its integration with prosocial tendencies was reflected in the left DLPFC and dACC. Therefore, interaction between recall uncertainty during reciprocal interaction (i.e., forgetting) and one’s individual prosocial preference is a core pillar of emergent cooperation in more naturalistic and dynamic group formation. When group size in a dynamic group-based prisoner''s dilemma grows, cooperative choices increase. Increased memory demands in larger groups explain this prosocial tendency.
群体规模的变化如何影响群体内部的合作?为了检验这个问题,我们用功能磁共振成像进行了一个动态的、基于网络的囚徒困境实验。在83名人类参与者中,我们观察到随着团队规模的增加,合作也在增加。然而,我们对行为和功能磁共振成像的计算模型分析显示,群体规模本身并没有增加合作。更确切地说,(1)参与者稳定的亲社会倾向和(2)由记忆信心衡量的动态互惠策略之间的相互作用,是群体规模调节的合作增加的基础,因为在更大的群体中,它们之间的平衡向具有更高记忆需求的亲社会倾向转移。研究发现,记忆自信主要编码于梭状回和楔前叶,而其与亲社会倾向的整合则反映在左侧DLPFC和dACC。因此,相互作用中的回忆不确定性(即遗忘)与个体的亲社会偏好之间的相互作用是在更自然和动态的群体形成中出现合作的核心支柱。
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引用次数: 0
Affective integration in experience, judgment, and decision-making 经验、判断和决策的情感整合。
Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00178-2
Erkin Asutay, Daniel Västfjäll
The role of affect in value-based judgment and decision-making has attracted increasing interest in recent decades. Most previous approaches neglect the temporal dependence of mental states leading to mapping a relatively well-defined, but largely static, feeling state to a behavioral tendency. In contrast, we posit that expected and experienced consequences of actions are integrated over time into a unified overall affective experience reflecting current resources under current demands. This affective integration is shaped by context and continually modulates judgments and decisions. Changes in affective states modulate evaluation of new information (affect-as-information), signal changes in the environment (affect-as-a-spotlight) and influence behavioral tendencies in relation to goals (affect-as-motivation). We advocate for an approach that integrates affective dynamics into decision-making paradigms. This dynamical account identifies the key variables explaining how changes in affect influence information processing may provide us with new insights into the role of affect in value-based judgment and decision-making. Decision making integrates affective dynamics, with affect providing information, signalling changes in the environment and conveying the current relevance of goals
近几十年来,情感在基于价值的判断和决策中的作用引起了越来越多的兴趣。大多数先前的方法忽略了心理状态的时间依赖性,导致将相对明确的,但很大程度上是静态的,感觉状态映射到行为倾向。相反,我们假设预期和经历的行为后果随着时间的推移被整合成一个统一的整体情感体验,反映当前需求下的当前资源。这种情感整合受到环境的影响,并不断调节判断和决定。情感状态的变化调节对新信息的评价(将影响作为信息),信号环境的变化(将影响作为焦点),并影响与目标相关的行为倾向(将影响作为动机)。我们提倡一种将情感动态整合到决策范式中的方法。这种动态的描述确定了解释情感变化如何影响信息处理的关键变量,这可能为我们提供关于情感在基于价值的判断和决策中的作用的新见解。
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引用次数: 0
Prior memory responses modulate behavior and brain state engagement 先前记忆反应调节行为和大脑状态参与。
Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00165-7
Justin R. Wheelock, Nicole M. Long
Memory encoding and retrieval constitute neurally dissociable brain states and prior behavioral work suggests that these states may linger in time. Thus memory states may influence both the current experience and subsequent events; however, this account has not been directly tested. To test the hypothesis that memory judgments induce brain states that persist for several hundred milliseconds, we recorded scalp electroencephalography while participants completed a recognition task. We used an independently validated multivariate mnemonic state classifier to assess memory state engagement. We replicate previous behavioral findings, yet we find that memory states are modulated by response congruency. We find strong retrieval state engagement on incongruent trials, when the response switches between two consecutive trials. These findings indicate that cortical brain states are influenced by prior judgments and suggest that a non-mnemonic, internal attention state may be recruited in the face of changing demands in a dynamic environment. Using EEG recordings, this study shows that memory retrieval is influenced by prior judgments, suggesting that attentional effects may affect neural retrieval states.
记忆编码和检索构成神经上可分离的大脑状态,先前的行为研究表明这些状态可能在时间上持续存在。因此,记忆状态可能会影响当前的经验和随后的事件;然而,这个账户还没有被直接测试过。为了验证记忆判断诱导大脑状态持续几百毫秒的假设,我们记录了参与者完成识别任务时的头皮脑电图。我们使用独立验证的多变量助记状态分类器来评估记忆状态参与。我们重复了先前的行为发现,但我们发现记忆状态是由反应一致性调节的。我们发现,当反应在两个连续的试验之间切换时,在不一致的试验中检索状态参与较强。这些发现表明,大脑皮层状态受到先前判断的影响,并表明在面对动态环境中不断变化的需求时,可能会招募一种非助记的内部注意状态。
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引用次数: 0
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Communications Psychology
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