Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00137-x
Florence Mayrand, Sarah D. McCrackin, Jelena Ristic
Humans construct rich representations of other people’s mental states. Here we investigated how intentionality in eye gaze affected perception and responses to gaze. Observers viewed videos of human gazers looking left or right. Unbeknownst to the observers, the gazers could either choose where to look (self-chosen gaze) or were explicitly instructed where to look (computer-instructed gaze). In Experiment 1, observers reported the direction of the gazer’s upcoming look before the eye movement was initiated. Faster responses were found for self-chosen relative to computer-instructed gaze. In Experiments 2 and 3, observers responded by reporting the location of a peripheral target that appeared at the gazed-at or not gazed-at location. Faster responses were found for gazed-at relative to not gazed-at targets and at longer cue-target intervals for self-chosen relative to computer-instructed gaze. The examination of the eye movement kinematics indicated that self-chosen gaze shifts were marked by a larger magnitude of motion within the eye region prior to the eye movement occurring relative to computer-instructed ones. Thus, perceived intentionality in eye gaze facilitates responses in observers with the information about mental states communicated via subtle properties of eye motion. When observing individuals who either chose or were instructed where to direct their gaze, naïve observers were quicker to respond to self-chosen gazes.
{"title":"Intentional looks facilitate faster responding in observers","authors":"Florence Mayrand, Sarah D. McCrackin, Jelena Ristic","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00137-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00137-x","url":null,"abstract":"Humans construct rich representations of other people’s mental states. Here we investigated how intentionality in eye gaze affected perception and responses to gaze. Observers viewed videos of human gazers looking left or right. Unbeknownst to the observers, the gazers could either choose where to look (self-chosen gaze) or were explicitly instructed where to look (computer-instructed gaze). In Experiment 1, observers reported the direction of the gazer’s upcoming look before the eye movement was initiated. Faster responses were found for self-chosen relative to computer-instructed gaze. In Experiments 2 and 3, observers responded by reporting the location of a peripheral target that appeared at the gazed-at or not gazed-at location. Faster responses were found for gazed-at relative to not gazed-at targets and at longer cue-target intervals for self-chosen relative to computer-instructed gaze. The examination of the eye movement kinematics indicated that self-chosen gaze shifts were marked by a larger magnitude of motion within the eye region prior to the eye movement occurring relative to computer-instructed ones. Thus, perceived intentionality in eye gaze facilitates responses in observers with the information about mental states communicated via subtle properties of eye motion. When observing individuals who either chose or were instructed where to direct their gaze, naïve observers were quicker to respond to self-chosen gazes.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00137-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00139-9
Marijn van Wingerden, Lina Oberließen, Tobias Kalenscher
In decisions between equal and unequal resource distributions, women are often believed to be more prosocial than men. Previous research showed that fairness attitudes develop in childhood, but their—possibly gendered, developmental trajectory remains unclear. We hypothesised that gender-related fairness attitudes might depend not only on the gender of the Allocator, but also on that of the Recipient. To examine this, we tested 332 three to 8-year-old children in a paired resource allocation task, with both boys and girls acting as Allocators and Recipients. We indeed found gender-related effects: girls more than boys aimed to reduce advantageous inequity, and Allocators of both genders were more averse against male Recipients being better off. Notably, older girls exhibited an envy bias, i.e., they tolerated disadvantageous inequity more when the resource allocation was in favour of other girls than when it favoured boys. We also observed a gender-related spite gap in boys aged 7-8: unlike girls, boys treated other boys with spite, i.e., they valued unfair distributions in their own favour over equal outcomes, especially if rejecting advantageous inequity was costly. This pattern hints at contextualised gender-related fairness preferences that evolve with age that could depend on same- and cross-gender past interaction experiences. Gender-related differences in resource distribution depend on both the gender of the Allocator and of the Recipient. Girls tried to reduce advantageous inequality more than boys but tolerated disadvantageous inequity more if it favoured another girl whereas boys were more competitive with other boys.
{"title":"Egalitarian preferences in young children depend on the genders of the interacting partners","authors":"Marijn van Wingerden, Lina Oberließen, Tobias Kalenscher","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00139-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00139-9","url":null,"abstract":"In decisions between equal and unequal resource distributions, women are often believed to be more prosocial than men. Previous research showed that fairness attitudes develop in childhood, but their—possibly gendered, developmental trajectory remains unclear. We hypothesised that gender-related fairness attitudes might depend not only on the gender of the Allocator, but also on that of the Recipient. To examine this, we tested 332 three to 8-year-old children in a paired resource allocation task, with both boys and girls acting as Allocators and Recipients. We indeed found gender-related effects: girls more than boys aimed to reduce advantageous inequity, and Allocators of both genders were more averse against male Recipients being better off. Notably, older girls exhibited an envy bias, i.e., they tolerated disadvantageous inequity more when the resource allocation was in favour of other girls than when it favoured boys. We also observed a gender-related spite gap in boys aged 7-8: unlike girls, boys treated other boys with spite, i.e., they valued unfair distributions in their own favour over equal outcomes, especially if rejecting advantageous inequity was costly. This pattern hints at contextualised gender-related fairness preferences that evolve with age that could depend on same- and cross-gender past interaction experiences. Gender-related differences in resource distribution depend on both the gender of the Allocator and of the Recipient. Girls tried to reduce advantageous inequality more than boys but tolerated disadvantageous inequity more if it favoured another girl whereas boys were more competitive with other boys.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00139-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00134-0
Zhilin Su, Mona M. Garvert, Lei Zhang, Sanjay G. Manohar, Todd A. Vogel, Louisa Thomas, Joshua H. Balsters, Masud Husain, Matthew A. J. Apps, Patricia L. Lockwood
People differ in their levels of impulsivity and patience, and these preferences are heavily influenced by others. Previous research suggests that susceptibility to social influence may vary with age, but the mechanisms and whether people are more influenced by patience or impulsivity remain unknown. Here, using a delegated inter-temporal choice task and Bayesian computational models, we tested susceptibility to social influence in young (aged 18–36, N = 76) and older (aged 60–80, N = 78) adults. Participants completed a temporal discounting task and then learnt the preferences of two other people (one more impulsive and one more patient) before making their choices again. We used the signed Kullback-Leibler divergence to quantify the magnitude and direction of social influence. We found that, compared to young adults, older adults were relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence. Factor analyses showed that older adults with higher self-reported levels of affective empathy and emotional motivation were particularly susceptible to impulsive influence. Importantly, older and young adults showed similar learning accuracy about others’ preferences, and their baseline impulsivity did not differ. Together, these findings suggest highly affectively empathetic and emotionally motivated older adults may be at higher risk for impulsive decisions, due to their susceptibility to social influence. Older adults were more influenced by impulsive economic decisions made by others in comparison to young adults. More empathetic and emotionally motivated older adults were the most influenced by others’ impulsive economic choices.
{"title":"Older adults are relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence than young adults","authors":"Zhilin Su, Mona M. Garvert, Lei Zhang, Sanjay G. Manohar, Todd A. Vogel, Louisa Thomas, Joshua H. Balsters, Masud Husain, Matthew A. J. Apps, Patricia L. Lockwood","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00134-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00134-0","url":null,"abstract":"People differ in their levels of impulsivity and patience, and these preferences are heavily influenced by others. Previous research suggests that susceptibility to social influence may vary with age, but the mechanisms and whether people are more influenced by patience or impulsivity remain unknown. Here, using a delegated inter-temporal choice task and Bayesian computational models, we tested susceptibility to social influence in young (aged 18–36, N = 76) and older (aged 60–80, N = 78) adults. Participants completed a temporal discounting task and then learnt the preferences of two other people (one more impulsive and one more patient) before making their choices again. We used the signed Kullback-Leibler divergence to quantify the magnitude and direction of social influence. We found that, compared to young adults, older adults were relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence. Factor analyses showed that older adults with higher self-reported levels of affective empathy and emotional motivation were particularly susceptible to impulsive influence. Importantly, older and young adults showed similar learning accuracy about others’ preferences, and their baseline impulsivity did not differ. Together, these findings suggest highly affectively empathetic and emotionally motivated older adults may be at higher risk for impulsive decisions, due to their susceptibility to social influence. Older adults were more influenced by impulsive economic decisions made by others in comparison to young adults. More empathetic and emotionally motivated older adults were the most influenced by others’ impulsive economic choices.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00134-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00140-2
Peter R. Murphy, Katarina Krkovic, Gina Monov, Natalia Kudlek, Tania Lincoln, Tobias H. Donner
Many decisions entail the updating of beliefs about the state of the environment by accumulating noisy sensory evidence. This form of probabilistic reasoning may go awry in psychosis. Computational theory shows that optimal belief updating in environments subject to hidden changes in their state requires a dynamic modulation of the evidence accumulation process. Recent empirical findings implicate transient responses of pupil-linked central arousal systems to individual evidence samples in this modulation. Here, we analyzed behavior and pupil responses during evidence accumulation in a changing environment in a community sample of human participants. We also assessed their subclinical psychotic experiences (psychosis proneness). Participants most prone to psychosis showed overall less flexible belief updating profiles, with diminished behavioral impact of evidence samples occurring late during decision formation. These same individuals also exhibited overall smaller pupil responses and less reliable pupil encoding of computational variables governing the dynamic belief updating. Our findings provide insights into the cognitive and physiological bases of psychosis proneness and open paths to unraveling the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. When making decisions, a non-clinical sample of individuals who were more prone to symptoms of psychosis were less likely to update their beliefs based on late-arriving information. This was associated with weaker decision-related pupil responses.
{"title":"Individual differences in belief updating and phasic arousal are related to psychosis proneness","authors":"Peter R. Murphy, Katarina Krkovic, Gina Monov, Natalia Kudlek, Tania Lincoln, Tobias H. Donner","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00140-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00140-2","url":null,"abstract":"Many decisions entail the updating of beliefs about the state of the environment by accumulating noisy sensory evidence. This form of probabilistic reasoning may go awry in psychosis. Computational theory shows that optimal belief updating in environments subject to hidden changes in their state requires a dynamic modulation of the evidence accumulation process. Recent empirical findings implicate transient responses of pupil-linked central arousal systems to individual evidence samples in this modulation. Here, we analyzed behavior and pupil responses during evidence accumulation in a changing environment in a community sample of human participants. We also assessed their subclinical psychotic experiences (psychosis proneness). Participants most prone to psychosis showed overall less flexible belief updating profiles, with diminished behavioral impact of evidence samples occurring late during decision formation. These same individuals also exhibited overall smaller pupil responses and less reliable pupil encoding of computational variables governing the dynamic belief updating. Our findings provide insights into the cognitive and physiological bases of psychosis proneness and open paths to unraveling the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. When making decisions, a non-clinical sample of individuals who were more prone to symptoms of psychosis were less likely to update their beliefs based on late-arriving information. This was associated with weaker decision-related pupil responses.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00140-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00133-1
Dimana V. Atanassova, Christoph Mathys, Andreea O. Diaconescu, Victor I. Madariaga, Joukje M. Oosterman, Inti A. Brazil
Individuals with elevated psychopathic traits exhibit decision-making deficits linked to a failure to learn from negative outcomes. We investigated how reduced pain sensitivity affects reinforcement-based decision-making in individuals with varying levels of psychopathic traits, as measured by the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-Short Form. Using computational modelling, we estimated the latent cognitive processes in a community non-offender sample (n = 111) that completed a task with choices leading to painful and non-painful outcomes. Higher psychopathic traits were associated with reduced pain sensitivity and disturbances in reinforcement learning from painful outcomes. In a Structural Equation Model, a superordinate psychopathy factor was associated with a faster return to original stimulus-outcome associations as pain tolerance increased. This provides evidence directly linking reduced pain sensitivity and learning from painful outcomes with elevated psychopathic traits. Our results offer insights into the computational mechanisms of maladaptive decision-making in psychopathy and antisocial behavior. Higher levels of psychopathic traits were associated with reduced pain sensitivity as well as a greater tendency to ignore new evidence and maintain prior expectations in pain learning situations.
{"title":"Diminished pain sensitivity mediates the relationship between psychopathic traits and reduced learning from pain","authors":"Dimana V. Atanassova, Christoph Mathys, Andreea O. Diaconescu, Victor I. Madariaga, Joukje M. Oosterman, Inti A. Brazil","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00133-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00133-1","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals with elevated psychopathic traits exhibit decision-making deficits linked to a failure to learn from negative outcomes. We investigated how reduced pain sensitivity affects reinforcement-based decision-making in individuals with varying levels of psychopathic traits, as measured by the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-Short Form. Using computational modelling, we estimated the latent cognitive processes in a community non-offender sample (n = 111) that completed a task with choices leading to painful and non-painful outcomes. Higher psychopathic traits were associated with reduced pain sensitivity and disturbances in reinforcement learning from painful outcomes. In a Structural Equation Model, a superordinate psychopathy factor was associated with a faster return to original stimulus-outcome associations as pain tolerance increased. This provides evidence directly linking reduced pain sensitivity and learning from painful outcomes with elevated psychopathic traits. Our results offer insights into the computational mechanisms of maladaptive decision-making in psychopathy and antisocial behavior. Higher levels of psychopathic traits were associated with reduced pain sensitivity as well as a greater tendency to ignore new evidence and maintain prior expectations in pain learning situations.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00133-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00136-y
Troby Ka-Yan Lui
New research shows that the brain employs similar anatomical regions but specific neural oscillatory patterns during speech and music perception.
新的研究表明，在感知语音和音乐时，大脑会使用相似的解剖区域和特定的神经振荡模式。
{"title":"Cognitive neuroscience: the brain’s symphony in hearing speech and music","authors":"Troby Ka-Yan Lui","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00136-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00136-y","url":null,"abstract":"New research shows that the brain employs similar anatomical regions but specific neural oscillatory patterns during speech and music perception.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00136-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00132-2
João F. Guassi Moreira, Carolyn Parkinson
The idea that individuals ascribe value to social phenomena, broadly construed, is well-established. Despite the ubiquity of this concept, defining social value in the context of interpersonal relationships remains elusive. This is notable because while prominent theories of human social behavior acknowledge the role of value-based processes, they mostly emphasize the value of individual actions an agent may choose to take in a given environment. Comparatively little is known about how humans value their interpersonal relationships. To address this, we devised a method for engineering a behavioral signature of social value in several independent samples (total N = 1111). Incorporating the concept of opportunity cost from economics and data-driven quantitative methods, we derived this signature by sourcing and weighting a range of social behaviors based on how likely individuals are to prioritize them in the face of limited resources. We examined how strongly the signature was expressed in self-reported social behaviors with specific relationship partners (a parent, close friend, and acquaintance). Social value scores track with other aspects of these relationships (e.g., relationship quality, aversion to losing relationship partners), are predictive of decision preferences on a range of tasks, and display good psychometric properties. These results provide greater mechanistic specificity in delineating human value-based behavior in social contexts and help parse the motivational relevance of the different facets that comprise interpersonal relationships. The social value of interpersonal relationships was quantified by participants reporting the likelihood of engaging in various free time activities with different social partners and then applying a model-based signature of individual activity value to these ratings. The ensuing scores correlated with self-reported relationship quality and social loss aversion.
{"title":"A behavioral signature for quantifying the social value of interpersonal relationships with specific others","authors":"João F. Guassi Moreira, Carolyn Parkinson","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00132-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00132-2","url":null,"abstract":"The idea that individuals ascribe value to social phenomena, broadly construed, is well-established. Despite the ubiquity of this concept, defining social value in the context of interpersonal relationships remains elusive. This is notable because while prominent theories of human social behavior acknowledge the role of value-based processes, they mostly emphasize the value of individual actions an agent may choose to take in a given environment. Comparatively little is known about how humans value their interpersonal relationships. To address this, we devised a method for engineering a behavioral signature of social value in several independent samples (total N = 1111). Incorporating the concept of opportunity cost from economics and data-driven quantitative methods, we derived this signature by sourcing and weighting a range of social behaviors based on how likely individuals are to prioritize them in the face of limited resources. We examined how strongly the signature was expressed in self-reported social behaviors with specific relationship partners (a parent, close friend, and acquaintance). Social value scores track with other aspects of these relationships (e.g., relationship quality, aversion to losing relationship partners), are predictive of decision preferences on a range of tasks, and display good psychometric properties. These results provide greater mechanistic specificity in delineating human value-based behavior in social contexts and help parse the motivational relevance of the different facets that comprise interpersonal relationships. The social value of interpersonal relationships was quantified by participants reporting the likelihood of engaging in various free time activities with different social partners and then applying a model-based signature of individual activity value to these ratings. The ensuing scores correlated with self-reported relationship quality and social loss aversion.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00132-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00129-x
Vitalii Zhukov, Alexander M. Petersen, Daniel Dukes, David Sander, Panagiotis Tsiamyrtzis, Ioannis Pavlidis
Affectivism is a research trend dedicated to the study of emotions and their role in cognition and human behavior. Affectivism both complements and competes with cognitivism, which typically neglects affect in explaining behavior. By the nature of their subject, both affectivism and cognitivism constitute fertile grounds for studying the confluence of conceptual knowledge from diverse disciplines, which is often credited with major breakthroughs and is known as convergence science. Analyzing over half a million relevant publications from PubMed, selected according to psychologist chosen MeSH terms, we find that affectivism yields higher impact than cognitivism, as measured through normalized citations. Importantly, this higher impact is strongly associated with higher multidisciplinarity in the citations of affectivism publications but lower multidisciplinarity in the papers themselves. Hence, the case of affectivism suggests that research content of low topical diversity but broad value can generate strong and wide-ranging scholarly impact, feeding downstream convergence. Affective research generates more diverse citations that cover a higher variety of research fields when compared to cognitive research. This occurs despite a more narrow focus of topics included in the original affective articles themselves
{"title":"Science convergence in affective research is associated with impactful multidisciplinary appeal rather than multidisciplinary content","authors":"Vitalii Zhukov, Alexander M. Petersen, Daniel Dukes, David Sander, Panagiotis Tsiamyrtzis, Ioannis Pavlidis","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00129-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00129-x","url":null,"abstract":"Affectivism is a research trend dedicated to the study of emotions and their role in cognition and human behavior. Affectivism both complements and competes with cognitivism, which typically neglects affect in explaining behavior. By the nature of their subject, both affectivism and cognitivism constitute fertile grounds for studying the confluence of conceptual knowledge from diverse disciplines, which is often credited with major breakthroughs and is known as convergence science. Analyzing over half a million relevant publications from PubMed, selected according to psychologist chosen MeSH terms, we find that affectivism yields higher impact than cognitivism, as measured through normalized citations. Importantly, this higher impact is strongly associated with higher multidisciplinarity in the citations of affectivism publications but lower multidisciplinarity in the papers themselves. Hence, the case of affectivism suggests that research content of low topical diversity but broad value can generate strong and wide-ranging scholarly impact, feeding downstream convergence. Affective research generates more diverse citations that cover a higher variety of research fields when compared to cognitive research. This occurs despite a more narrow focus of topics included in the original affective articles themselves","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00129-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2
Jordan Garrett, Carly Chak, Tom Bullock, Barry Giesbrecht
Physical exercise is a potential intervention for enhancing cognitive function across the lifespan. However, while studies employing long-term exercise interventions consistently show positive effects on cognition, studies using single acute bouts have produced mixed results. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of acute exercise on cognitive task performance in healthy young adults. A Bayesian hierarchical model quantified probabilistic evidence for a modulatory relationship by synthesizing 651 effect sizes from 113 studies from PsychInfo and Google Scholar representing 4,390 participants. Publication bias was mitigated using the trim-and-fill method. Acute exercise was found to have a small beneficial effect on cognition (g = 0.13 ± 0.04; BF = 3.67) and decrease reaction time. A meta-analysis restricted to executive function tasks revealed improvements in working memory and inhibition. Meta-analytic estimates were consistent across multiple priors and likelihood functions. Physical activities were categorized based on exercise type (e.g., cycling) because many activities have aerobic and anaerobic components, but this approach may limit comparison to studies that categorize activities based on metabolic demands. The current study provides an updated synthesis of the existing literature and insights into the robustness of acute exercise-induced effects on cognition. Funding provided by the United States Army Research Office. A single instance of exercise improves cognitive task performance especially in regard to reaction time. Cycling and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were found to be particularly beneficial.
{"title":"A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults","authors":"Jordan Garrett, Carly Chak, Tom Bullock, Barry Giesbrecht","doi":"10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2","url":null,"abstract":"Physical exercise is a potential intervention for enhancing cognitive function across the lifespan. However, while studies employing long-term exercise interventions consistently show positive effects on cognition, studies using single acute bouts have produced mixed results. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of acute exercise on cognitive task performance in healthy young adults. A Bayesian hierarchical model quantified probabilistic evidence for a modulatory relationship by synthesizing 651 effect sizes from 113 studies from PsychInfo and Google Scholar representing 4,390 participants. Publication bias was mitigated using the trim-and-fill method. Acute exercise was found to have a small beneficial effect on cognition (g = 0.13 ± 0.04; BF = 3.67) and decrease reaction time. A meta-analysis restricted to executive function tasks revealed improvements in working memory and inhibition. Meta-analytic estimates were consistent across multiple priors and likelihood functions. Physical activities were categorized based on exercise type (e.g., cycling) because many activities have aerobic and anaerobic components, but this approach may limit comparison to studies that categorize activities based on metabolic demands. The current study provides an updated synthesis of the existing literature and insights into the robustness of acute exercise-induced effects on cognition. Funding provided by the United States Army Research Office. A single instance of exercise improves cognitive task performance especially in regard to reaction time. Cycling and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were found to be particularly beneficial.","PeriodicalId":501698,"journal":{"name":"Communications Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00124-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00123-3
Pranav Sankhe, Masahiko Haruno
Our movements, especially sequential ones, are usually goal-directed, i.e., coupled with task-level goals. Consequently, cognitive strategies for decision-making and motor performance are likely to influence each other. However, evidence linking decision-making strategies and motor performance remains elusive. Here, we designed a modified version of the two-step task, named the two-step sequential movement task, where participants had to conduct rapid sequential finger movements to obtain rewards (n = 40). In the shock session, participants received an electrical shock if they made an erroneous or slow movement, while in the no-shock session, they only received zero reward. We found that participants who prioritised model-free decision-making committed more motor errors in the presence of the shock stimulus (shock sessions) than those who prioritised model-based decision-making. Using a mediation analysis, we also revealed a strong link between the balance of the model-based and the model-free learning strategies and sequential movement performances. These results suggested that model-free decision-making produces more motor errors than model-based decision-making in rapid sequential movements under the threat of stressful stimuli. Reinforcement learning strategies and motor performance are linked. Participants show poorer motor performance when they adopt or shift towards a model-free strategy under threat of electric shocks than when they use a model-based strategy.
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