Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00373-0
Yuxin Zhang, Xinyan Huang, Asif Usmani
{"title":"The challenge of optimizing building renovations for urban sustainability and fire safety","authors":"Yuxin Zhang, Xinyan Huang, Asif Usmani","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00373-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00373-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"3 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00324-9
Zehua Pang
After studying in and travelling through the metropolises of southern China, PhD student Zehua Pang observes the transformation of his hometown of Xuzhou, a medium-sized northern city that is redefining itself on its own terms.
{"title":"Beyond the metropolis myth","authors":"Zehua Pang","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00324-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00324-9","url":null,"abstract":"After studying in and travelling through the metropolises of southern China, PhD student Zehua Pang observes the transformation of his hometown of Xuzhou, a medium-sized northern city that is redefining itself on its own terms.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1251-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00369-w
Cities remain under pressure, given world events and global change. This issue of Nature Cities highlights ways in which they struggle to find balance, what balance might look like and how cities are wayfinding through this often-surreal terrain.
{"title":"Cities finding their way","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00369-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00369-w","url":null,"abstract":"Cities remain under pressure, given world events and global change. This issue of Nature Cities highlights ways in which they struggle to find balance, what balance might look like and how cities are wayfinding through this often-surreal terrain.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1111-1111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-025-00369-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00352-5
Lining Guo, Feng Liu, Wenshuang Zhu, Jingliang Cheng, Longjiang Zhang, Bing Zhang, Wenzhen Zhu, Shijun Qiu, Zuojun Geng, Guangbin Cui, Quan Zhang, Weihua Liao, Bo Gao, Xiaojun Xu, Tong Han, Zhenwei Yao, Wen Qin, Meng Liang, Kaizhong Xue, Qiang Xu, Jilian Fu, Jiayuan Xu, Nana Liu, Peng Zhang, Wei Li, Dapeng Shi, Jia-Hong Gao, Su Lui, Zhihan Yan, Feng Chen, Yunjun Yang, Jing Zhang, Dawei Wang, Wen Shen, Yanwei Miao, Junfang Xian, Le Yu, Kai Xu, Meiyun Wang, Zhaoxiang Ye, Xiaochu Zhang, Xi-Nian Zuo, Yongqiang Yu, Hui Zhang, Chunshui Yu, on behalf of the CHIMGEN Consortium
The mechanism by which the increasing environmental challenge of urbanicity impacts the brain, personality and mental disorders remains unclear. Here, grounded in life history theory, we tested the hypothesis that age at menarche (AAM) mediates the effects of early-life urbanicity on adult regional brain volumes and personality traits associated with mental disorders. In a sample of 2,950 young Chinese women, we discovered that higher levels of early-life urbanicity were associated with earlier AAM, which in turn correlated with reduced medial prefrontal volume and lower levels of agreeableness and reward dependence in adulthood. Urbanicity-related factors, particularly family socioeconomic status, also influenced these neurobehavioral traits through AAM. The urbanicity- and AAM-related brain and personality traits were changed in patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. These findings suggest that life history theory may serve as a mechanism through which early-life urbanicity influences the adult brain and personality traits associated with mental disorders in women. It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.
{"title":"Pathways from early-life urbanicity to adult neurobehavioral traits via menarche timing","authors":"Lining Guo, Feng Liu, Wenshuang Zhu, Jingliang Cheng, Longjiang Zhang, Bing Zhang, Wenzhen Zhu, Shijun Qiu, Zuojun Geng, Guangbin Cui, Quan Zhang, Weihua Liao, Bo Gao, Xiaojun Xu, Tong Han, Zhenwei Yao, Wen Qin, Meng Liang, Kaizhong Xue, Qiang Xu, Jilian Fu, Jiayuan Xu, Nana Liu, Peng Zhang, Wei Li, Dapeng Shi, Jia-Hong Gao, Su Lui, Zhihan Yan, Feng Chen, Yunjun Yang, Jing Zhang, Dawei Wang, Wen Shen, Yanwei Miao, Junfang Xian, Le Yu, Kai Xu, Meiyun Wang, Zhaoxiang Ye, Xiaochu Zhang, Xi-Nian Zuo, Yongqiang Yu, Hui Zhang, Chunshui Yu, on behalf of the CHIMGEN Consortium","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00352-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00352-5","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism by which the increasing environmental challenge of urbanicity impacts the brain, personality and mental disorders remains unclear. Here, grounded in life history theory, we tested the hypothesis that age at menarche (AAM) mediates the effects of early-life urbanicity on adult regional brain volumes and personality traits associated with mental disorders. In a sample of 2,950 young Chinese women, we discovered that higher levels of early-life urbanicity were associated with earlier AAM, which in turn correlated with reduced medial prefrontal volume and lower levels of agreeableness and reward dependence in adulthood. Urbanicity-related factors, particularly family socioeconomic status, also influenced these neurobehavioral traits through AAM. The urbanicity- and AAM-related brain and personality traits were changed in patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. These findings suggest that life history theory may serve as a mechanism through which early-life urbanicity influences the adult brain and personality traits associated with mental disorders in women. It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1226-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00350-7
Andrew Renninger, Neave O’Clery, Elsa Arcaute
Cities generate wealth from interactions, but citizens often experience segregation in their daily urban movements. Here, using GPS location data, we identify patterns of this experienced segregation across US cities, differentiating between neighborhoods that are sources and sinks—exporters and importers—of diversity. By clustering areas with similar mobility signatures, capturing both the diversity of visitors and the exposure of neighborhoods to diversity, we uncover a generic mesoscopic structure: rings of isolation around cities and internal pockets of segregation. Using a decision tree, we identify the key predictors of isolation and segregation: race, wealth and geographic centrality. We show that these patterns are persistent across time and prevalent across all US cities, with a trend toward larger rings and stronger pockets after the pandemic. These findings offer insights into the dynamics that contribute to inequality between neighborhoods, so that targeted interventions promoting economic opportunity can be developed. Cities are engines of innovation and economic growth, but they also struggle with segregation, which works against both. This study finds rings of isolation around US cities and pockets of segregation within them, a pattern persistent over time and intensified since the pandemic.
{"title":"US cities are defined by rings and pockets with limited socioeconomic mixing","authors":"Andrew Renninger, Neave O’Clery, Elsa Arcaute","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00350-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00350-7","url":null,"abstract":"Cities generate wealth from interactions, but citizens often experience segregation in their daily urban movements. Here, using GPS location data, we identify patterns of this experienced segregation across US cities, differentiating between neighborhoods that are sources and sinks—exporters and importers—of diversity. By clustering areas with similar mobility signatures, capturing both the diversity of visitors and the exposure of neighborhoods to diversity, we uncover a generic mesoscopic structure: rings of isolation around cities and internal pockets of segregation. Using a decision tree, we identify the key predictors of isolation and segregation: race, wealth and geographic centrality. We show that these patterns are persistent across time and prevalent across all US cities, with a trend toward larger rings and stronger pockets after the pandemic. These findings offer insights into the dynamics that contribute to inequality between neighborhoods, so that targeted interventions promoting economic opportunity can be developed. Cities are engines of innovation and economic growth, but they also struggle with segregation, which works against both. This study finds rings of isolation around US cities and pockets of segregation within them, a pattern persistent over time and intensified since the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1172-1182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-025-00350-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00353-4
Tao Fang, Weiting Hu, Chunhua Yan, Chao Zhang, Bei Wang, Muhammad Hayat, Guo Yu Qiu
Heatwaves are an increasing threat to urban health and comfort, and evapotranspiration by urban lawns and trees offers a potential solution. However, their distinct effects and mechanisms remain unclear. Using ten years of observations, we investigate the evapotranspiration responses of urban lawns and trees to 54 heatwave events in a subtropical city. We hypothesize that urban trees and lawns exhibit distinct evapotranspiration response patterns during heatwaves due to different water-use strategies and stomatal regulations. Our results show that (1) lawns, with high canopy stomatal conductance, rapidly increase evapotranspiration (+ 37.65%), providing significant cooling (7.05 °C m−2 per day), but at the cost of rapid surface water depletion. (2) Although trees provide a lower cooling effect of 3.5 °C m−2 per day, they stabilize transpiration during heatwaves by closing their canopy stomata (−35.06%) and accessing deeper soil moisture. This strategy results in a slight decrease in transpiration rates (from 1.77 to 1.66 mm per day), ensuring more stable water use and cooling despite the extreme conditions. These findings highlight the different water-use strategies and cooling capacities of lawns and trees, offering critical insights for optimizing urban vegetation design in regions facing diverse climatic and water-availability challenges. Heatwaves pose a growing threat to cities, and vegetation is often touted as a mitigation option. This study finds that while lawns provide a burst of intense cooling, trees access deeper water and provide moderate but more prolonged relief.
{"title":"Observed evaporative cooling of urban trees and lawns during heatwaves","authors":"Tao Fang, Weiting Hu, Chunhua Yan, Chao Zhang, Bei Wang, Muhammad Hayat, Guo Yu Qiu","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00353-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00353-4","url":null,"abstract":"Heatwaves are an increasing threat to urban health and comfort, and evapotranspiration by urban lawns and trees offers a potential solution. However, their distinct effects and mechanisms remain unclear. Using ten years of observations, we investigate the evapotranspiration responses of urban lawns and trees to 54 heatwave events in a subtropical city. We hypothesize that urban trees and lawns exhibit distinct evapotranspiration response patterns during heatwaves due to different water-use strategies and stomatal regulations. Our results show that (1) lawns, with high canopy stomatal conductance, rapidly increase evapotranspiration (+ 37.65%), providing significant cooling (7.05 °C m−2 per day), but at the cost of rapid surface water depletion. (2) Although trees provide a lower cooling effect of 3.5 °C m−2 per day, they stabilize transpiration during heatwaves by closing their canopy stomata (−35.06%) and accessing deeper soil moisture. This strategy results in a slight decrease in transpiration rates (from 1.77 to 1.66 mm per day), ensuring more stable water use and cooling despite the extreme conditions. These findings highlight the different water-use strategies and cooling capacities of lawns and trees, offering critical insights for optimizing urban vegetation design in regions facing diverse climatic and water-availability challenges. Heatwaves pose a growing threat to cities, and vegetation is often touted as a mitigation option. This study finds that while lawns provide a burst of intense cooling, trees access deeper water and provide moderate but more prolonged relief.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1183-1193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00351-6
Zhenhua Chen, Alexis Litvine, Leigh Shaw-Taylor
Understanding the long-term relationship between rail infrastructure and urban growth provides an insight into how transport systems and cities have evolved together over time. Using historical census and railway network data for England and Wales (1831–2021), we analyze how population, infrastructure provision and accessibility have scaled with one another. We find that the scaling relationships of infrastructure supply (stations and track length) and quality (accessibility) with city population, which initially differed, gradually converged toward linear proportionality. This convergence suggests that, over time, rail provision and accessibility became more proportionally aligned with population size. Periods of railway expansion coincided with the growth of small- and mid-sized cities and rising regional connectivity, whereas subsequent contractions coincided with declining accessibility and a tendency toward greater concentration in larger centers. These results highlight a long-term process of scale-dependent co-evolution between transport networks and urban systems, offering historical evidence of the enduring association of infrastructure and urban structure. Railway infrastructure and urban population evolved together in England and Wales from 1831–2021, with scaling relationships gradually converging toward proportionality. Expansion periods supported smaller cities whereas contractions concentrated growth in larger centers.
{"title":"Railways and urban scaling in England and Wales over 190 years of development","authors":"Zhenhua Chen, Alexis Litvine, Leigh Shaw-Taylor","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00351-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00351-6","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the long-term relationship between rail infrastructure and urban growth provides an insight into how transport systems and cities have evolved together over time. Using historical census and railway network data for England and Wales (1831–2021), we analyze how population, infrastructure provision and accessibility have scaled with one another. We find that the scaling relationships of infrastructure supply (stations and track length) and quality (accessibility) with city population, which initially differed, gradually converged toward linear proportionality. This convergence suggests that, over time, rail provision and accessibility became more proportionally aligned with population size. Periods of railway expansion coincided with the growth of small- and mid-sized cities and rising regional connectivity, whereas subsequent contractions coincided with declining accessibility and a tendency toward greater concentration in larger centers. These results highlight a long-term process of scale-dependent co-evolution between transport networks and urban systems, offering historical evidence of the enduring association of infrastructure and urban structure. Railway infrastructure and urban population evolved together in England and Wales from 1831–2021, with scaling relationships gradually converging toward proportionality. Expansion periods supported smaller cities whereas contractions concentrated growth in larger centers.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1240-1250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00354-3
Maria Loroño-Leturiondo, Marta Olazabal, William Lewis, Ana Terra Amorim-Maia, Aiora Zabala
Standardized approaches to urban climate adaptation often overlook the diverse needs, priorities and power dynamics embedded in local contexts, thereby risking the reinforcement of existing vulnerabilities. Here we use Q methodology and artist-produced illustrations to explore how 79 local adaptation actors across 37 countries envision climate adaptation in their cities. We identify four distinct and occasionally conflicting imaginaries: Green City, Sustainable Lifestyles, Climate Preparedness, and Top Down and Technology Driven. These imaginaries reflect the variability in adaptation conceptions across individuals and contexts. While some align with dominant Western paradigms, others advocate for transformative system change. These findings underscore the limitations of one-size-fits-all solutions and emphasize the importance of centering local communities and embracing pluralistic epistemologies. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential of artistic collaboration to surface tacit knowledge and reimagine urban climate futures, and calls for inclusive engagement across scales and timelines. Urban climate adaptation is inherently context dependent, shaped by local experiences and realities. Through an art–science collaboration, this study explores how local climate adaptation actors around the world imagine their cities adapting to climate change.
{"title":"Unlocking urban climate adaptation imaginaries","authors":"Maria Loroño-Leturiondo, Marta Olazabal, William Lewis, Ana Terra Amorim-Maia, Aiora Zabala","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00354-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00354-3","url":null,"abstract":"Standardized approaches to urban climate adaptation often overlook the diverse needs, priorities and power dynamics embedded in local contexts, thereby risking the reinforcement of existing vulnerabilities. Here we use Q methodology and artist-produced illustrations to explore how 79 local adaptation actors across 37 countries envision climate adaptation in their cities. We identify four distinct and occasionally conflicting imaginaries: Green City, Sustainable Lifestyles, Climate Preparedness, and Top Down and Technology Driven. These imaginaries reflect the variability in adaptation conceptions across individuals and contexts. While some align with dominant Western paradigms, others advocate for transformative system change. These findings underscore the limitations of one-size-fits-all solutions and emphasize the importance of centering local communities and embracing pluralistic epistemologies. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential of artistic collaboration to surface tacit knowledge and reimagine urban climate futures, and calls for inclusive engagement across scales and timelines. Urban climate adaptation is inherently context dependent, shaped by local experiences and realities. Through an art–science collaboration, this study explores how local climate adaptation actors around the world imagine their cities adapting to climate change.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1217-1225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-025-00354-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00338-3
Rafael Prieto-Curiel, Pavel Luengas-Sierra, Christian Borja-Vega
Many cities are expanding into areas with scarce rainfall and limited water retention capacity, and are also becoming elongated and sprawled, making it harder to deliver services. Here we quantify the impact of urban form on access to water. We craft comparable urban forms for over 100 cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America. For each city, we analyze the distance to the center, one of the most critical features of cities. We introduce two metrics: remoteness, which quantifies the distance of any location to the city center, and sparseness, a population-weighted average of all locations. We find that less remote areas have higher average income, are closer to critical infrastructure and have higher access to sewage and piped water. Sparser cities have higher water tariffs, lower proximity to critical infrastructure and lower access to sewage and piped water. Finally, we model urban expansion under three scenarios: compact, persistent and horizontal growth. When cities expand through compact growth rather than horizontal expansion, 220 million more people could gain access to piped water, and 190 million to sewage services. Urban sprawl reduces water access and increases costs by distancing populations from infrastructure. An analysis of over 100 cities shows that, by 2050, compact growth could provide piped water to 220 million more people than horizontal expansion.
{"title":"Urban sprawl is associated with reduced access and increased costs of water and sanitation","authors":"Rafael Prieto-Curiel, Pavel Luengas-Sierra, Christian Borja-Vega","doi":"10.1038/s44284-025-00338-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44284-025-00338-3","url":null,"abstract":"Many cities are expanding into areas with scarce rainfall and limited water retention capacity, and are also becoming elongated and sprawled, making it harder to deliver services. Here we quantify the impact of urban form on access to water. We craft comparable urban forms for over 100 cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America. For each city, we analyze the distance to the center, one of the most critical features of cities. We introduce two metrics: remoteness, which quantifies the distance of any location to the city center, and sparseness, a population-weighted average of all locations. We find that less remote areas have higher average income, are closer to critical infrastructure and have higher access to sewage and piped water. Sparser cities have higher water tariffs, lower proximity to critical infrastructure and lower access to sewage and piped water. Finally, we model urban expansion under three scenarios: compact, persistent and horizontal growth. When cities expand through compact growth rather than horizontal expansion, 220 million more people could gain access to piped water, and 190 million to sewage services. Urban sprawl reduces water access and increases costs by distancing populations from infrastructure. An analysis of over 100 cities shows that, by 2050, compact growth could provide piped water to 220 million more people than horizontal expansion.","PeriodicalId":501700,"journal":{"name":"Nature Cities","volume":"2 12","pages":"1148-1159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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