Pub Date : 2010-05-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509360272
M. Hurley, A. Munguia
Predictions of gas temperature in the fire plume and ceiling jet as well as the response of thermal detectors due to a growing heptane-spray fire were obtained from Fire Dynamics Simulator, version 4 and compared to data from a series of full-scale tests conducted beneath a ceiling suspended in a large facility. This facility consisted of a 36.6 × 36.6 m compartment with ceiling heights ranging from 3.0 to 12.2 m. Heat release rates followed a modified t-squared growth profile. Thermocouples attached to brass disks were used to simulate thermal detectors. Outside the plume centerline, predictions of both gas and disk temperature rise taken together were within a factor of 1.9 of corresponding test data. Although the multiplicative factor of 1.9 was developed by considering all scenarios collectively, a smaller multiplicative factor could have been suggested if some outlying data were excluded. Experimental test data from scenarios that do not correspond to specific configurations of interest could also be excluded, thereby resulting in a multiplicative factor less than the value of 1.9.
{"title":"Analysis of Prediction Capability of FDS for Response of Thermal Detectors","authors":"M. Hurley, A. Munguia","doi":"10.1177/1042391509360272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509360272","url":null,"abstract":"Predictions of gas temperature in the fire plume and ceiling jet as well as the response of thermal detectors due to a growing heptane-spray fire were obtained from Fire Dynamics Simulator, version 4 and compared to data from a series of full-scale tests conducted beneath a ceiling suspended in a large facility. This facility consisted of a 36.6 × 36.6 m compartment with ceiling heights ranging from 3.0 to 12.2 m. Heat release rates followed a modified t-squared growth profile. Thermocouples attached to brass disks were used to simulate thermal detectors. Outside the plume centerline, predictions of both gas and disk temperature rise taken together were within a factor of 1.9 of corresponding test data. Although the multiplicative factor of 1.9 was developed by considering all scenarios collectively, a smaller multiplicative factor could have been suggested if some outlying data were excluded. Experimental test data from scenarios that do not correspond to specific configurations of interest could also be excluded, thereby resulting in a multiplicative factor less than the value of 1.9.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"77-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509360272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509346242
Dechuang Zhou, Jian Wang, Yaping He
The influence of multiple parameters on smoke exhaust efficiency in an atrium is the subject of this article. Detailed information is obtained through a series of four numerical simulations, all but one case involving a mechanical exhaust system. Quantitative smoke exhaust efficiencies in various cases are evaluated and compared. The investigated parameters include the activation time of the smoke exhaust system, the mechanical fan capacity, the elevation of make-up air inlets and the horizontal location or distributed arrangement of the inlet distribution. It is revealed that all these parameters have impacts on smoke exhaust efficiency to different degrees and hence on the performance of the smoke exhaust system. Improper design and operation may lead to a significant reduction in efficiency. The mechanism that causes the reduction of efficiency is discussed. Velocity and temperature fields are analyzed to reveal the interactions between the fire plume and the inlet jet flows.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation Study of Smoke Exhaust Efficiency in an Atrium","authors":"Dechuang Zhou, Jian Wang, Yaping He","doi":"10.1177/1042391509346242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509346242","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of multiple parameters on smoke exhaust efficiency in an atrium is the subject of this article. Detailed information is obtained through a series of four numerical simulations, all but one case involving a mechanical exhaust system. Quantitative smoke exhaust efficiencies in various cases are evaluated and compared. The investigated parameters include the activation time of the smoke exhaust system, the mechanical fan capacity, the elevation of make-up air inlets and the horizontal location or distributed arrangement of the inlet distribution. It is revealed that all these parameters have impacts on smoke exhaust efficiency to different degrees and hence on the performance of the smoke exhaust system. Improper design and operation may lead to a significant reduction in efficiency. The mechanism that causes the reduction of efficiency is discussed. Velocity and temperature fields are analyzed to reveal the interactions between the fire plume and the inlet jet flows.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"117-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509346242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509360270
K. Li, M. Spearpoint, J. Ji, R. Huo, Ying Zhen Li, L. Hu
A mathematical model has been developed to investigate the effect of a sprinkler spray on adjacent horizontal smoke venting and in particular the water droplet drag component. The pressure difference across a roof vent and the volumetric flow of smoke vented are determined by considering the interaction between the drag force of the sprinkler spray and the buoyancy of the smoke layer in the spray region. Smoke venting may become progressively more inefficient as the sprinkler operating pressure increases due to the cooling and drag effect of the sprinkler spray. Full scale experiments were carried out to validate the model. Results show that the mathematical model can predict the observed trend of a decrease in vented volumetric flow with an increase in sprinkler operating pressure, which eventually leads to ineffective smoke venting. Experiments with different smoke venting areas show that vent area has little influence on smoke flow once sprinkler pressure causes a loss in smoke flow efficiency or vent function.
{"title":"A Mathematical Model of the Drag Component of a Sprinkler Spray Adjacent to Horizontal Smoke Vents","authors":"K. Li, M. Spearpoint, J. Ji, R. Huo, Ying Zhen Li, L. Hu","doi":"10.1177/1042391509360270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509360270","url":null,"abstract":"A mathematical model has been developed to investigate the effect of a sprinkler spray on adjacent horizontal smoke venting and in particular the water droplet drag component. The pressure difference across a roof vent and the volumetric flow of smoke vented are determined by considering the interaction between the drag force of the sprinkler spray and the buoyancy of the smoke layer in the spray region. Smoke venting may become progressively more inefficient as the sprinkler operating pressure increases due to the cooling and drag effect of the sprinkler spray. Full scale experiments were carried out to validate the model. Results show that the mathematical model can predict the observed trend of a decrease in vented volumetric flow with an increase in sprinkler operating pressure, which eventually leads to ineffective smoke venting. Experiments with different smoke venting areas show that vent area has little influence on smoke flow once sprinkler pressure causes a loss in smoke flow efficiency or vent function.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"27-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509360270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509360306
Yaping He, S. J. Grubits
This article presents a risk, or probability-based method for determining the residual fire resistance that is required when sprinklers are installed supplementary to building regulatory requirements. The concept of equivalence of a building design to a code-complying design on the basis of risk is introduced. The probability of failure is formulated, taking into account the probability density distributions for fire resistance of building structures and for fire severity. The sprinkler system is treated as a dual-exclusive-status system which has a bi-valued probability distribution. The probability density distribution for fire severity is moderated by the discrete reliability for sprinklers. A parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the sensitivity of the residual fire resistance to sprinkler reliability and fire severity distribution.
{"title":"A Risk-based Equivalence Approach to Fire Resistance Design for Buildings","authors":"Yaping He, S. J. Grubits","doi":"10.1177/1042391509360306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509360306","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a risk, or probability-based method for determining the residual fire resistance that is required when sprinklers are installed supplementary to building regulatory requirements. The concept of equivalence of a building design to a code-complying design on the basis of risk is introduced. The probability of failure is formulated, taking into account the probability density distributions for fire resistance of building structures and for fire severity. The sprinkler system is treated as a dual-exclusive-status system which has a bi-valued probability distribution. The probability density distribution for fire severity is moderated by the discrete reliability for sprinklers. A parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the sensitivity of the residual fire resistance to sprinkler reliability and fire severity distribution.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"5-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509360306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509360266
G. Hadjisophocleous, Zhengrong Chen
This article presents a fire load survey of schools in Ottawa, Canada. The survey was conducted from February 2009 to May 2009. Four elementary schools and three high schools with a total floor area of 6313.0 m2 were surveyed. In the elementary schools, three types of rooms were surveyed: classrooms, computer rooms, and libraries. In the high schools, five types of rooms: classrooms, computer rooms, science rooms, art rooms, and libraries were surveyed. The floor area, window area, and percentage of floor area covered by furnishings are also provided. The results show that the mean fire load density for classrooms in the elementary schools is 397.5 MJ/m2, which is about twice that in the surveyed high schools. The mean value of total fire load density for all the surveyed rooms in elementary schools is 426.3 MJ/m2 and that for high schools is 313.7 MJ/m2.
{"title":"A Survey of Fire Loads in Elementary Schools and High Schools","authors":"G. Hadjisophocleous, Zhengrong Chen","doi":"10.1177/1042391509360266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509360266","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a fire load survey of schools in Ottawa, Canada. The survey was conducted from February 2009 to May 2009. Four elementary schools and three high schools with a total floor area of 6313.0 m2 were surveyed. In the elementary schools, three types of rooms were surveyed: classrooms, computer rooms, and libraries. In the high schools, five types of rooms: classrooms, computer rooms, science rooms, art rooms, and libraries were surveyed. The floor area, window area, and percentage of floor area covered by furnishings are also provided. The results show that the mean fire load density for classrooms in the elementary schools is 397.5 MJ/m2, which is about twice that in the surveyed high schools. The mean value of total fire load density for all the surveyed rooms in elementary schools is 426.3 MJ/m2 and that for high schools is 313.7 MJ/m2.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"55-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509360266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65326123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509346231
J. Ris, B. Ditch, Hong Yu
This article presents a model for the response time of a sprinkler designed to reduce the skipping phenomenon experienced during large-scale fires. The model guides the design of a cylindrical shield intended to reduce drop impingement from nearby operating sprinklers. Several designs are experimentally tested and shown to reduce likely skipping when compared to the same sprinkler without a shield. The model is validated using a laboratory Plunge Tunnel apparatus to measure the effect of the shield on the thermal sensitivity of the sprinkler and its ability to intercept water drops. This work successfully demonstrates that shielding can decrease the response time of a sprinkler in drop-laden gas flow without causing a substantial increase in response time when exposed to a dry-gas flow. This is the first of two articles on the skip-resistant sprinkler concept. The following article evaluates the performance of the shield in actual fires.
{"title":"The Skip-resistant Sprinkler Concept — Theoretical Evaluation","authors":"J. Ris, B. Ditch, Hong Yu","doi":"10.1177/1042391509346231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509346231","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a model for the response time of a sprinkler designed to reduce the skipping phenomenon experienced during large-scale fires. The model guides the design of a cylindrical shield intended to reduce drop impingement from nearby operating sprinklers. Several designs are experimentally tested and shown to reduce likely skipping when compared to the same sprinkler without a shield. The model is validated using a laboratory Plunge Tunnel apparatus to measure the effect of the shield on the thermal sensitivity of the sprinkler and its ability to intercept water drops. This work successfully demonstrates that shielding can decrease the response time of a sprinkler in drop-laden gas flow without causing a substantial increase in response time when exposed to a dry-gas flow. This is the first of two articles on the skip-resistant sprinkler concept. The following article evaluates the performance of the shield in actual fires.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"275-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509346231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509105596
K. LaMalva, J. Barnett, D. Dusenberry
This article describes an analysis of the structural collapse that occurred in World Trade Center (WTC) building 5 due to fire exposure on 11 September 2001. It is hypothesized that the steel column-tree assembly failed during the heating phase of the fire. A failure analysis is performed to determine the response of the portion of the building frame that collapsed during the fire ignited by falling debris from the WTC towers. Results from a finite element, thermal-stress model confirm the column-tree failure hypothesis. Based on this model, the authors conclude that the catastrophic, progressive structural collapse occurred ∼2 hours into the fire exposure.
{"title":"Failure Analysis of the World Trade Center 5 Building","authors":"K. LaMalva, J. Barnett, D. Dusenberry","doi":"10.1177/1042391509105596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509105596","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes an analysis of the structural collapse that occurred in World Trade Center (WTC) building 5 due to fire exposure on 11 September 2001. It is hypothesized that the steel column-tree assembly failed during the heating phase of the fire. A failure analysis is performed to determine the response of the portion of the building frame that collapsed during the fire ignited by falling debris from the WTC towers. Results from a finite element, thermal-stress model confirm the column-tree failure hypothesis. Based on this model, the authors conclude that the catastrophic, progressive structural collapse occurred ∼2 hours into the fire exposure.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"261-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509105596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391509346238
B. Ditch, J. Ris, Hong Yu
A sprinkler with a shield designed to mitigate drop impingement from nearby operating sprinklers is shown experimentally to reduce skipping as compared to the same sprinkler without a shield. As described in a companion article, a model for the response time of a shielded sprinkler has been developed and validated with a Plunge Tunnel apparatus. In this article, results from intermediate-scale spray fire tests employing Froude modeling principles with a 1 : 3 scale ratio are used to evaluate sprinkler performance both with and without the shield. By comparing the operation times of adjacent shielded and unshielded sprinklers, the intermediate-scale tests can identify test arrangements where the shielded sprinkler operates while the unshielded sprinkler does not operate. The identified arrangements are then used in a full-scale environment where a series of pan fire tests serve as a proof-of-concept that proper shielding of a sprinkler can reduce skipping in terms of both the sprinkler operation pattern and total number of sprinkler operations. This study successfully demonstrates that proper shielding of a sprinkler can significantly reduce skipping.
{"title":"The Skip-resistant Sprinkler Concept — An Experimental Evaluation","authors":"B. Ditch, J. Ris, Hong Yu","doi":"10.1177/1042391509346238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509346238","url":null,"abstract":"A sprinkler with a shield designed to mitigate drop impingement from nearby operating sprinklers is shown experimentally to reduce skipping as compared to the same sprinkler without a shield. As described in a companion article, a model for the response time of a shielded sprinkler has been developed and validated with a Plunge Tunnel apparatus. In this article, results from intermediate-scale spray fire tests employing Froude modeling principles with a 1 : 3 scale ratio are used to evaluate sprinkler performance both with and without the shield. By comparing the operation times of adjacent shielded and unshielded sprinklers, the intermediate-scale tests can identify test arrangements where the shielded sprinkler operates while the unshielded sprinkler does not operate. The identified arrangements are then used in a full-scale environment where a series of pan fire tests serve as a proof-of-concept that proper shielding of a sprinkler can reduce skipping in terms of both the sprinkler operation pattern and total number of sprinkler operations. This study successfully demonstrates that proper shielding of a sprinkler can significantly reduce skipping.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"291-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509346238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.1177/1042391509105597
R. Fike, V. Kodur
The use of concrete filling offers a practical alternative for achieving the required fire resistance in steel hollow structural section columns. However, the current prescriptive-based approach which evaluates fire resistance based on standard fire exposure does not account for realistic fire scenarios in the design of concrete-filled hollow structural section (CFHSS) columns. This article presents a methodology for evaluating the fire resistance of CFHSS columns under design fire scenarios without the need for costly computational models. The proposed approach is a derivative of the equal area concept, and evaluates the equivalent fire resistance of the column by comparing the time temperature curve of the standard fire exposure with that of the design fire exposure. The method has been validated against the results generated from finite element analysis (coupled heat transfer and strength analysis) on numerous CFHSS columns under a large number of design fires. The applicability of the approach in desi...
{"title":"An Approach for Evaluating the Fire Resistance of CFHSS Columns under Design Fire Scenarios","authors":"R. Fike, V. Kodur","doi":"10.1177/1042391509105597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391509105597","url":null,"abstract":"The use of concrete filling offers a practical alternative for achieving the required fire resistance in steel hollow structural section columns. However, the current prescriptive-based approach which evaluates fire resistance based on standard fire exposure does not account for realistic fire scenarios in the design of concrete-filled hollow structural section (CFHSS) columns. This article presents a methodology for evaluating the fire resistance of CFHSS columns under design fire scenarios without the need for costly computational models. The proposed approach is a derivative of the equal area concept, and evaluates the equivalent fire resistance of the column by comparing the time temperature curve of the standard fire exposure with that of the design fire exposure. The method has been validated against the results generated from finite element analysis (coupled heat transfer and strength analysis) on numerous CFHSS columns under a large number of design fires. The applicability of the approach in desi...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"229-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391509105597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65325348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1042391508101981
M. K. Cheong, M. Spearpoint, C. Fleischmann
As with any complex fuel assembly configuration, modeling a goods-vehicle fire using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) to estimate the heat release rate in a tunnel is a challenging task. The present study involves the use of heat release rate curves taken from the Runehamar tunnel fire experiment T1 to ‘calibrate’ the heat release rate curve predicted using FDS 4.0.7. The article presents a simplified geometric representation of burning wood and plastic pallets and then illustrates that an FDS simulation of this representation is able to reproduce a reasonable estimate of the fire growth characteristics in the tunnel. The effects of the assumptions made in simplifying the fuel array are considered in order to calibrate these simulations. Finally, the article shows how the fire growth might change if conditions in the tunnel were varied.
{"title":"Calibrating an FDS Simulation of Goods-vehicle Fire Growth in a Tunnel Using the Runehamar Experiment","authors":"M. K. Cheong, M. Spearpoint, C. Fleischmann","doi":"10.1177/1042391508101981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391508101981","url":null,"abstract":"As with any complex fuel assembly configuration, modeling a goods-vehicle fire using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) to estimate the heat release rate in a tunnel is a challenging task. The present study involves the use of heat release rate curves taken from the Runehamar tunnel fire experiment T1 to ‘calibrate’ the heat release rate curve predicted using FDS 4.0.7. The article presents a simplified geometric representation of burning wood and plastic pallets and then illustrates that an FDS simulation of this representation is able to reproduce a reasonable estimate of the fire growth characteristics in the tunnel. The effects of the assumptions made in simplifying the fuel array are considered in order to calibrate these simulations. Finally, the article shows how the fire growth might change if conditions in the tunnel were varied.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"177-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391508101981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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