To overcome the limitation of the phased array (PA), the frequency diverse array (FDA) was introduced that can provide precise scanning in distance and angle domains. Utilizing microwave photonics (MWP), a FDA signal generation method based on dual optical frequency combs (OFCs) is proposed in this paper. The scheme successfully generates a five-channel FDA signal with a center frequency of 8 GHz and a frequency offset of 1 MHz. With a power flatness below 2.5 dB and a spurious suppression ratio exceed 27.2 dB, the method demonstrates ability to generate high-quality FDA signal and realize beam forming and scanning. Additionally, the radiation pattern shows a distinct “S” shape, influenced by distance and angle.
为了克服相控阵（PA）的局限性，引入了频率多样化阵列（FDA），它可以在距离域和角度域提供精确扫描。利用微波光子学（MWP），本文提出了一种基于双光频率梳（OFC）的 FDA 信号生成方法。该方案成功生成了中心频率为 8 GHz、频率偏移为 1 MHz 的五通道 FDA 信号。该方法的功率平坦度低于 2.5 dB，杂散抑制比超过 27.2 dB，能够生成高质量的 FDA 信号，并实现波束成形和扫描。此外，受距离和角度的影响，辐射模式呈现出明显的 "S "形。
{"title":"Frequency diverse array signal generation based on dual optical frequency combs","authors":"Jiajun Tan, Xirui Zhong, Ruihao Wang, Weile Zhai, Yongsheng Gao","doi":"10.1117/12.3007313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3007313","url":null,"abstract":"To overcome the limitation of the phased array (PA), the frequency diverse array (FDA) was introduced that can provide precise scanning in distance and angle domains. Utilizing microwave photonics (MWP), a FDA signal generation method based on dual optical frequency combs (OFCs) is proposed in this paper. The scheme successfully generates a five-channel FDA signal with a center frequency of 8 GHz and a frequency offset of 1 MHz. With a power flatness below 2.5 dB and a spurious suppression ratio exceed 27.2 dB, the method demonstrates ability to generate high-quality FDA signal and realize beam forming and scanning. Additionally, the radiation pattern shows a distinct “S” shape, influenced by distance and angle.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"1 5","pages":"129661G - 129661G-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To overcome the limitations of conventional long-focus camera calibration, this paper proposes an improved algorithm for calibrating multi-perspective long-focus cameras based on the parallel perspective projection model. The algorithm employs an affine approximation projection model to describe the imaging process of long-focus cameras. By capturing images of the same static scene from different viewpoints and utilizing multi-view images and bundle adjustment, the algorithm jointly estimates camera parameters, including focal length, distortion coefficients, and rotation matrices, facilitating rapid, flexible, and accurate calibration of long-focus cameras. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with the Zhang Zhengyou calibration algorithm by calibrating a Canon EOS 60D18-200 camera with a 100mm focal length. The precision and stability of the proposed algorithm are verified through comparison, laying a foundation for subsequent tasks in computer vision, such as 3D reconstruction and image fusion.
为了克服传统长焦相机校准的局限性，本文提出了一种基于平行透视投影模型的多视角长焦相机校准改进算法。该算法采用仿射近似投影模型来描述长焦相机的成像过程。通过从不同视角捕捉同一静态场景的图像，并利用多视角图像和捆绑调整，该算法可联合估算焦距、畸变系数和旋转矩阵等相机参数，有助于快速、灵活、准确地校准长焦相机。最后，通过校准 100 毫米焦距的佳能 EOS 60D18-200 相机，将所提出的算法与张正友校准算法进行了比较。通过比较，验证了所提算法的精确性和稳定性，为后续的计算机视觉任务（如三维重建和图像融合）奠定了基础。
{"title":"Multi-perspective long-focus camera calibration algorithm based on parallel perspective projection model","authors":"Siyu Ni, Bin Xue, Jin-you Tao","doi":"10.1117/12.3007788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3007788","url":null,"abstract":"To overcome the limitations of conventional long-focus camera calibration, this paper proposes an improved algorithm for calibrating multi-perspective long-focus cameras based on the parallel perspective projection model. The algorithm employs an affine approximation projection model to describe the imaging process of long-focus cameras. By capturing images of the same static scene from different viewpoints and utilizing multi-view images and bundle adjustment, the algorithm jointly estimates camera parameters, including focal length, distortion coefficients, and rotation matrices, facilitating rapid, flexible, and accurate calibration of long-focus cameras. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with the Zhang Zhengyou calibration algorithm by calibrating a Canon EOS 60D18-200 camera with a 100mm focal length. The precision and stability of the proposed algorithm are verified through comparison, laying a foundation for subsequent tasks in computer vision, such as 3D reconstruction and image fusion.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"11 10","pages":"129631A - 129631A-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Da-bao Yang, Dong Xing, Bo Liu, Xiang-yang Zhao, Zhihong Feng
InP-based uni photodiode(UTC-PD) array consisting of four photodiodes, power combiner and a monolithically integrated bias circuit using a 1/4-wavelength microstrip is presented. To increase the upper limit of power output, four identical UTC-PDs were monolithically integrated along with T-junctions to combine the power from the four PDs. Each single photodiode exhibits at least -6dBm at 110GHz, and the array was designed to produce at least 1mW in the terahertz frequency band with photocurrent of around 25mA per PD and bias voltage of -3V. The circuit has been fabricated on a 12µm-thick InP substrate, and is flipped on a 50μm-thick AlN-based coplanar waveguide circuit for test.
{"title":"InP-based uni-travelling-carrier photodiode array monolithically integrated circuit","authors":"Da-bao Yang, Dong Xing, Bo Liu, Xiang-yang Zhao, Zhihong Feng","doi":"10.1117/12.3006662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3006662","url":null,"abstract":"InP-based uni photodiode(UTC-PD) array consisting of four photodiodes, power combiner and a monolithically integrated bias circuit using a 1/4-wavelength microstrip is presented. To increase the upper limit of power output, four identical UTC-PDs were monolithically integrated along with T-junctions to combine the power from the four PDs. Each single photodiode exhibits at least -6dBm at 110GHz, and the array was designed to produce at least 1mW in the terahertz frequency band with photocurrent of around 25mA per PD and bias voltage of -3V. The circuit has been fabricated on a 12µm-thick InP substrate, and is flipped on a 50μm-thick AlN-based coplanar waveguide circuit for test.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"210 ","pages":"1296619 - 1296619-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaoxiang Xu, Chao-ming Li, Xinrong Chen, Shuncheng Sun, Jiayao Pan, Tao Wu, Lei Sun
Grating absorption is a phenomenon influenced by various factors such as material properties, grating structure, and characteristics of the incident light. Under intense laser irradiation, the absorbed energy of the laser is converted into thermal energy, resulting in an elevated temperature of both the grating and substrate. This temperature rise significantly compromises the optical performance of the grating, thereby imposing constraints on the advancement of high-power laser systems. The numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method to investigate the effects of different absorptivity of grating, spot sizes, substrate materials (Fused silica, BK7 and Sapphire), and convective coefficients of air on the temperature distribution at various locations on the substrate under high-power laser irradiation (30kW/cm2). Comparative analysis reveals that selecting sapphire as the substrate material under high-power laser irradiation results in better heat dissipation.
{"title":"Study on the impact of grating absorption on substrate temperature under intense laser irradiation","authors":"Gaoxiang Xu, Chao-ming Li, Xinrong Chen, Shuncheng Sun, Jiayao Pan, Tao Wu, Lei Sun","doi":"10.1117/12.3006024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3006024","url":null,"abstract":"Grating absorption is a phenomenon influenced by various factors such as material properties, grating structure, and characteristics of the incident light. Under intense laser irradiation, the absorbed energy of the laser is converted into thermal energy, resulting in an elevated temperature of both the grating and substrate. This temperature rise significantly compromises the optical performance of the grating, thereby imposing constraints on the advancement of high-power laser systems. The numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method to investigate the effects of different absorptivity of grating, spot sizes, substrate materials (Fused silica, BK7 and Sapphire), and convective coefficients of air on the temperature distribution at various locations on the substrate under high-power laser irradiation (30kW/cm2). Comparative analysis reveals that selecting sapphire as the substrate material under high-power laser irradiation results in better heat dissipation.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"181 ","pages":"1296107 - 1296107-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the field of space optics, the compact freeform optical imaging system with small F number can realize the miniaturization and lightweight of the load, which is beneficial to enhance the ability of target recognition. In this paper, according to the vector aberration theory and the principle of Gaussian brackets, the error evaluation function is constructed by the primary wave aberration coefficients and focal length constraint of the system, and the dynamic weight is used to limit difference in the order of magnitude between various aberrations, which is conducive to rapid convergence in the process of solving the initial structural parameters. In order to achieve the compactness of the system, the circular layout is adopted. The unobstructed initial structure of the off-axis reflective system with conic surfaces is obtained through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the off-axis three-mirror freeform optical system with a highly compact layout is obtained after optimization. In addition, considering the difficulty of freeform surfaces manufacturing, add the manufacturability constraint to the optimization process to control the degree of departure between the aperture edge of the freeform surfaces and the conic surfaces in real time. Compared with the optical system obtained without manufacturability constraints, the difficulty of manufacturing is effectively reduced.
{"title":"Design of compact off-axis three-mirror freeform optical system with small F number","authors":"mo ning, Xianglong Mao, Jiadong Yu, Ying Yuan, Jiating Yang, Zhaohan Cai, Yongjun Xie","doi":"10.1117/12.3007600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3007600","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of space optics, the compact freeform optical imaging system with small F number can realize the miniaturization and lightweight of the load, which is beneficial to enhance the ability of target recognition. In this paper, according to the vector aberration theory and the principle of Gaussian brackets, the error evaluation function is constructed by the primary wave aberration coefficients and focal length constraint of the system, and the dynamic weight is used to limit difference in the order of magnitude between various aberrations, which is conducive to rapid convergence in the process of solving the initial structural parameters. In order to achieve the compactness of the system, the circular layout is adopted. The unobstructed initial structure of the off-axis reflective system with conic surfaces is obtained through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the off-axis three-mirror freeform optical system with a highly compact layout is obtained after optimization. In addition, considering the difficulty of freeform surfaces manufacturing, add the manufacturability constraint to the optimization process to control the degree of departure between the aperture edge of the freeform surfaces and the conic surfaces in real time. Compared with the optical system obtained without manufacturability constraints, the difficulty of manufacturing is effectively reduced.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"26 6","pages":"129640E - 129640E-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenyuan Liao, XingMian Chen, Yuebo Liu, ShuWang Li, Shaohua Yang, C. Lai, Guoguang Lu
Tapered semiconductor lasers are widely used in space communication due to their high output power and high beam quality. The tapered semiconductor laser structure mainly consists of ridge region, absorption region and tapered region. The tapered semiconductor laser is analyzed by characterization methods such as EMMI, EDS and FIB-SEM in this paper. It is found that the waveguide damage in the ridge region is caused by the enhancement of the local optical power density in the ridge waveguide, and there are failure points inside the waveguide and the sidewall of the device, resulting in photon leakage. The closer to the optical cavity surface, the more holes between the solder and the electrodes, and the presence of oxygen elements near the optical cavity surface, indicating that the interface holes existing in the optical cavity surface would lead to the migration of oxygen elements. The research results reveal that the enhancement of local power density in the ridge waveguide is caused by the optical feedback process. The main failure mechanisms of the device contain the solder holes and the enhancement of local power density, which provide an important reference for the process optimization of high-power tapered semiconductor lasers.
{"title":"Research on failure mechanism of high-power tapered semiconductor laser","authors":"Wenyuan Liao, XingMian Chen, Yuebo Liu, ShuWang Li, Shaohua Yang, C. Lai, Guoguang Lu","doi":"10.1117/12.3001233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3001233","url":null,"abstract":"Tapered semiconductor lasers are widely used in space communication due to their high output power and high beam quality. The tapered semiconductor laser structure mainly consists of ridge region, absorption region and tapered region. The tapered semiconductor laser is analyzed by characterization methods such as EMMI, EDS and FIB-SEM in this paper. It is found that the waveguide damage in the ridge region is caused by the enhancement of the local optical power density in the ridge waveguide, and there are failure points inside the waveguide and the sidewall of the device, resulting in photon leakage. The closer to the optical cavity surface, the more holes between the solder and the electrodes, and the presence of oxygen elements near the optical cavity surface, indicating that the interface holes existing in the optical cavity surface would lead to the migration of oxygen elements. The research results reveal that the enhancement of local power density in the ridge waveguide is caused by the optical feedback process. The main failure mechanisms of the device contain the solder holes and the enhancement of local power density, which provide an important reference for the process optimization of high-power tapered semiconductor lasers.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"148 2","pages":"129590B - 129590B-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiuhui Chu, Chun Zhang, Q. Shu, Chao Guo, Haoyu Zhang, Rumao Tao, Hong-huan Lin
The influence of mode instability (MI) on polarization extinction ratio (PER) has been investigated in a 2 kW level polarization-maintained (PM) fiber laser system with backward-pumped configuration, and the phenomena is different from the existing observation in forward-pumped PM fiber amplifiers. During the experiment, with the onset of MI, none decrease of PER has been observed, revealing that the MI effect has little impact on PER in backward PM fiber amplifiers. The discrepancy induced by the pump configuration has been theoretically analyzed, and the origin is attributed to the longitudinally-distribution difference of high order mode induced by the MI effect.
我们在后向泵浦结构的 2 kW 级偏振维持（PM）光纤激光器系统中研究了模式不稳定性（MI）对偏振消光比（PER）的影响。在实验过程中，随着 MI 的出现，PER 并没有下降，这表明 MI 效应对后向 PM 光纤放大器的 PER 影响不大。对泵浦配置引起的差异进行了理论分析，其原因在于 MI 效应引起的高阶模式纵向分布差异。
{"title":"Impact of mode instability on polarization extinction ratio in backward pumped fiber amplifiers","authors":"Qiuhui Chu, Chun Zhang, Q. Shu, Chao Guo, Haoyu Zhang, Rumao Tao, Hong-huan Lin","doi":"10.1117/12.3008002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3008002","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of mode instability (MI) on polarization extinction ratio (PER) has been investigated in a 2 kW level polarization-maintained (PM) fiber laser system with backward-pumped configuration, and the phenomena is different from the existing observation in forward-pumped PM fiber amplifiers. During the experiment, with the onset of MI, none decrease of PER has been observed, revealing that the MI effect has little impact on PER in backward PM fiber amplifiers. The discrepancy induced by the pump configuration has been theoretically analyzed, and the origin is attributed to the longitudinally-distribution difference of high order mode induced by the MI effect.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"95 2","pages":"1295918 - 1295918-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microchannel plate (MCP) is an important charged particle electronic multiplier. Usually, electrons as the charged particles entered the input-end and strike the inner wall of the microchannel, producing an electron multiplication. Once the input particles changed into high-energy ions, colliding and sputtering effects would occur in the secondary electron multiplication generation processing of directly bombard on the microchannel plate. A poor ion bombardment-resistance property became the main bottleneck for the detection of high-energy ions of microchannel plate. In this paper, the (SrO, ZrO2) doped lead-silicate glass was as the cladding glass of microchannel plate and explored in the ion bombardment-resistant properties. Argon/cesium ion gun and laser confocal microscope were applied to investigate the ion etching and etching surface morphology of the lead-silicate glass microchannel plate, respectively. It impacted that (SrO, ZrO2) doped lead-silicate glass certainly benefited the ion-bombardment resistance of the MCP.
{"title":"Effect of SrO, ZrO2 on ion bombardment-resistant for the lead-silicate glass-based microchannel plate","authors":"Hua Cai, Shangtong Li, Hui Liu, Jing Ma, Liying Wei, Wenjing Qin, Tiezhu Bo, Shiyong Xie, Jiao Lian, Jinsheng Jia, S. Li","doi":"10.1117/12.3008037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3008037","url":null,"abstract":"Microchannel plate (MCP) is an important charged particle electronic multiplier. Usually, electrons as the charged particles entered the input-end and strike the inner wall of the microchannel, producing an electron multiplication. Once the input particles changed into high-energy ions, colliding and sputtering effects would occur in the secondary electron multiplication generation processing of directly bombard on the microchannel plate. A poor ion bombardment-resistance property became the main bottleneck for the detection of high-energy ions of microchannel plate. In this paper, the (SrO, ZrO2) doped lead-silicate glass was as the cladding glass of microchannel plate and explored in the ion bombardment-resistant properties. Argon/cesium ion gun and laser confocal microscope were applied to investigate the ion etching and etching surface morphology of the lead-silicate glass microchannel plate, respectively. It impacted that (SrO, ZrO2) doped lead-silicate glass certainly benefited the ion-bombardment resistance of the MCP.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"99 4","pages":"129591L - 129591L-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the compact atomic gyroscopes, the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is usually utilized as the laser source. However, the power of VCSEL is not sufficient to polarize the nuclear spin efficiently. To solve this problem, we put forward a multi-laser module design for optical pumping in compact atomic gyroscopes. In this module, several lasers are integrated in one module and utilized together for pumping. We fabricated and tested a laser module with two VCSELs for demonstration. First of all, the beam collimation system is simulated, and it is concluded that the two lasers can be integrated on the same micro-heater and collimated by the same lens. This is proved experimentally by beam profile measurement. Furthermore, the polarization distribution is simulated and investigated, and the results indicate that the polarization and its homogeneity can be increased significantly when pumping with two lasers. Finally, the nuclear polarization is measured experimentally, and it is demonstrated that the nuclear polarization when pumping with two 1 mW lasers is increased from 3.71% to 5.52%, and the proportion of the increase is more than 48% compared to that when pumping with a single 1 mW laser. These results prove the feasibility of the design, and this multi-laser pumped regime provides new inspirations for the development of compact atomic gyroscopes.
{"title":"Design of a multi-laser module for optical pumping in compact atomic gyroscopes","authors":"Yuchen Jia, Yan Liu, Chaoji Chen, Ruixun Chen","doi":"10.1117/12.2692791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2692791","url":null,"abstract":"In the compact atomic gyroscopes, the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is usually utilized as the laser source. However, the power of VCSEL is not sufficient to polarize the nuclear spin efficiently. To solve this problem, we put forward a multi-laser module design for optical pumping in compact atomic gyroscopes. In this module, several lasers are integrated in one module and utilized together for pumping. We fabricated and tested a laser module with two VCSELs for demonstration. First of all, the beam collimation system is simulated, and it is concluded that the two lasers can be integrated on the same micro-heater and collimated by the same lens. This is proved experimentally by beam profile measurement. Furthermore, the polarization distribution is simulated and investigated, and the results indicate that the polarization and its homogeneity can be increased significantly when pumping with two lasers. Finally, the nuclear polarization is measured experimentally, and it is demonstrated that the nuclear polarization when pumping with two 1 mW lasers is increased from 3.71% to 5.52%, and the proportion of the increase is more than 48% compared to that when pumping with a single 1 mW laser. These results prove the feasibility of the design, and this multi-laser pumped regime provides new inspirations for the development of compact atomic gyroscopes.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"74 ","pages":"1295905 - 1295905-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the complexity of optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) develop, the need for an accurate and efficient compatible simulation environment that supports both photonics and electronics becomes increasingly critical. This paper addresses the demand by proposing an approach that leverages Verilog-A language to build equivalent circuit models and compact models for photonic devices. Passive components, including couplers and waveguides, are modeled using compact models. Active components, such as CW lasers, are realized through the adoption of equivalent circuit models. Additionally, a depletion-type phase shifter is separated in two parts: the electrical part for parasitic parameters and the p-n junction are presented with RC components, while the optical characteristics, influenced by electrical modulation, are achieved through the use of compact models. The proposed compatible system design scheme, which consists of Verilog-A models, can be analyzed in the frequency-domain using EDA software. The simulation results demonstrate a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 0.003% when compared to those obtained from commercial interoperable design software. Therefore, this study effectively addresses the challenge of incompatible design and simulation for OEIC, and providing strong evidence that OEIC design can be achieved in a unified EDA platform.
{"title":"Optoelectronic integrated circuits co-simulation in Verilog-A","authors":"Hao Fang, Lingxiao Wu, Xiao Xu, L. Du, Jia Zhao","doi":"10.1117/12.3006027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3006027","url":null,"abstract":"As the complexity of optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) develop, the need for an accurate and efficient compatible simulation environment that supports both photonics and electronics becomes increasingly critical. This paper addresses the demand by proposing an approach that leverages Verilog-A language to build equivalent circuit models and compact models for photonic devices. Passive components, including couplers and waveguides, are modeled using compact models. Active components, such as CW lasers, are realized through the adoption of equivalent circuit models. Additionally, a depletion-type phase shifter is separated in two parts: the electrical part for parasitic parameters and the p-n junction are presented with RC components, while the optical characteristics, influenced by electrical modulation, are achieved through the use of compact models. The proposed compatible system design scheme, which consists of Verilog-A models, can be analyzed in the frequency-domain using EDA software. The simulation results demonstrate a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 0.003% when compared to those obtained from commercial interoperable design software. Therefore, this study effectively addresses the challenge of incompatible design and simulation for OEIC, and providing strong evidence that OEIC design can be achieved in a unified EDA platform.","PeriodicalId":502341,"journal":{"name":"Applied Optics and Photonics China","volume":"128 ","pages":"129660T - 129660T-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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