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Two New Species of Brown Lacewings as Predators of Melanaphis sacchari in Central Mexico 墨西哥中部的两个棕色蝴蝶翅膀新种作为糖霜黑腹蛛的捕食者
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-04-09 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.64
Víctor Manuel Almaraz-Valle, J. R. Lomeli-Flores, E. Rodríguez‐Leyva, José Manuel Vázquez-Navarro, J. M. Vanegas-Rico
The sugarcane aphid (SCA), Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was first reported in 2014 in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench; Poaceae) fields in southern United States and northern Mexico (Rodríguez-delBosque & Terán 2015, Bowling et al. 2016), and caused 60–90% loss in grain production when populations were not managed timely (Bowling et al. 2016). Integrated SCA management programs include the use of an action threshold (50 to 125 aphids per plant), resistant varieties (Armstrong et al. 2015, 2018, Limaje et al. 2017, Paudyal et al. 2019), elimination of crop residues and alternative host plants, restriction of planting dates, and conservation of beneficial fauna (Singh et al. 2004, Jones et al. 2015, Bowling et al. 2016,Michaud et al. 2017). Parasitoids and predators of other cereal aphid species could play an important role in the natural control of SCA (Singh et al. 2004) when generalist parasitoids and predators migrate from other crops, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), into the sorghum fields. To date, 55 parasitoid and predator species of SCA are recorded worldwide (Singh et al. 2004, Colares et al. 2015, Bowling et al. 2016), with 37 of them occurring in the southern United States and Mexico (Singh et al. 2004, Cortez-Mondaca et al. 2016, Rodríguez-Vélez et al. 2016). Coleoptera species were the most frequently collected, followed by those in Diptera and Neuroptera (Singh et al. 2004, Bowling et al. 2016, Rodríguez-Vélez et al. 2016). Among the neuropterans, Chrysopidae has received the most attention. At least ten chrysopid species have been reported as SCA predators, and the biology and predatory capacity of some species against SCAhave been investigated (Rana et al. 2017,Panth et al. 2017). Several chrysopid species are commercially available for the control of SCA in several countries, and mass release of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens
2014年,在美国南部和墨西哥北部的高粱(sorghum bicolor Moench;Poaceae)田地中首次报道了甘蔗蚜(SCA),即黑腹蚜(半翅目:蚜科)(Rodríguez delBosque&Terán 2015,Bowling等人2016),如果种群管理不及时,会导致粮食产量损失60-90%(Bowling等人,2016)。SCA综合管理计划包括使用行动阈值(每株50至125只蚜虫)、抗性品种(Armstrong等人2015、2018、Limaje等人2017、Paudyal等人2019)、消除作物残留物和替代寄主植物、限制种植日期、,以及有益动物群的保护(Singh等人2004,Jones等人2015,Bowling等人2016,Michaud等人2017)。当广义寄生蜂和捕食者从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)等其他作物迁移到高粱地时,其他谷蚜物种的寄生蜂和天敌可能在SCA的自然控制中发挥重要作用(Singh等人,2004)。迄今为止,全球共记录了55种SCA的寄生蜂和捕食者(Singh等人,2004年,Colares等人,2015年,Bowling等人,2016年),其中37种发生在美国南部和墨西哥(Singh et al.,2004,Cortez Mondaca等人,2016,Rodríguez-Vélez等人,2016)。鞘翅目物种是最频繁收集的物种,其次是双翅目和神经翅目(Singh et al.2004,Bowling et al.2016,Rodríguez-Vélez et al.2016)。在神经肽中,金鳞科最受关注。据报道,至少有10种温石棉物种是SCA捕食者,并对一些物种对SCA的生物学和捕食能力进行了调查(Rana等人,2017,Panth等人,2017)。在几个国家,有几种金黄色葡萄品种可用于控制SCA,并大规模释放金黄色葡萄球菌
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引用次数: 5
Feeding Behavior of Nezara viridula First Instars: EPG Analysis and Effect of Food Availability on Subsequent Development Nezara viridula第一代的饲养行为:EPG分析和食物可利用性对后续发育的影响
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-21 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.47
K. Rivera, P. L. Mitchell
ABSTRACT Assertions that first-instar pentatomids “do not feed” are pervasive in the literature. Recent research using rifampicin-resistant marked bacteria demonstrated that first-instar southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), ingest from green bean. The technique of electropenetrography (EPG), coupled with histology, has allowed researchers to elucidate feeding behavior within plant tissue, and recordings of several species (including N. viridula) have shown that internal stylet probes of adults and late-instar nymphs may terminate in xylem as well as in seed endosperm, inner pod wall, or stem parenchyma. The seeming contradiction regarding “feeding” could be explained if first instars were simply hydrating from plant tissue to maintain water balance. In this study, first-instar N. viridula were supplied with either water or green bean, and subsequently given a traditional rearing diet (green bean and peanut) from second instar onward. We noted aggregations of first instars forming on water wicks and on beans along the carpellary bundles and at both tips. Availability of food (green bean) in first instar did not affect subsequent development. Using EPG, we recorded first-instar N. viridula probing on soybean leaves and found the primary waveform to be xylem ingestion. Probing and ingestion behavior did not differ between first instars previously exposed to high and moderate humidity conditions. We conclude that these insects ingest from xylem, but nutrients other than water are not required in the first instar for successful nymphal development.
摘要文献中普遍存在一龄五尾虫“不进食”的说法。最近使用耐利福平标记细菌的研究表明,一龄南部绿蝽Nezara viridula(L.)(半翅目:蝽科)从绿豆中摄入。电渗透色谱(EPG)技术与组织学相结合,使研究人员能够阐明植物组织内的进食行为,对几个物种(包括N.viridula)的记录表明,成虫和晚龄若虫的内部探针可能终止于木质部以及种子胚乳、内荚壁或茎薄壁组织。如果一龄幼虫只是从植物组织中补水以保持水分平衡,那么关于“喂养”的看似矛盾就可以解释了。在本研究中,给一龄N.viridula提供水或绿豆,然后从二龄开始给予传统饲养日粮(绿豆和花生)。我们注意到一龄幼虫沿着心皮束和两个尖端在灯芯和豆子上形成聚集。一龄期食物(绿豆)的可利用性不影响后续的发育。利用EPG,我们记录了一龄N.viridula在大豆叶片上的探测,并发现主要波形是木质部摄入。先前暴露在高湿度和中等湿度条件下的一龄幼虫的探测和摄入行为没有差异。我们得出的结论是,这些昆虫从木质部摄取,但在若虫成功发育的第一龄不需要水以外的营养物质。
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引用次数: 14
Disinfestation of Wheat Infested with Sitophilus oryzae Using Ozone Gas 臭氧气体对小麦稻谷象虫的防治作用
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-13 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.35
Barbara A. Amoah, R. Mahroof
ABSTRACT The use of non-conventional methods in the management of stored product insect pests is gaining popularity, particularly due to problems associated with chemical control. The effect of ozone on Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an internal feeder of stored wheat and other grains, was investigated using dose-response experiments. Eggs, immature stages within wheat kernels, and adults were exposed to an ozone concentration of 200 ppm for 6, 18, and 30 h. Insect life stages were placed at a depth of 5, 15, and 25 cm in wheat filled in PVC pipes. Effect of ozone on S. oryzae life stages was evaluated as the percent mortality of treated eggs, immature stages, and adults. Egg mortality was recorded as the percentage of eggs that failed to hatch 10 d after treatment (DAT), and mortality in immature stages was recorded as the percentage of immature insects that failed to develop into adults 28 DAT at 28°C. Mortality of adults was recorded as the percentage that died 0, 1, and 2 DAT. Egg mortality at the 5 cm depth in wheat exposed to ozone for 30 h was significantly higher than the mortality when exposed for 18 h. When the three depths were compared, at 18 h and 30 h exposure times, fewer adults emerged from immature insects placed at 5 cm compared with insects placed at 15 or 25 cm depths. Adult mortality in insects placed at the 5 cm depth for all exposure times was significantly higher than at 15 and 25 cm at 2 DAT. Findings from this study suggest that ozone may be an effective fumigant; however, mortality of S. oryzae life stages is dependent on the exposure time, depth of occurrence in the wheat mass, or post treatment time (DAT).
使用非常规方法管理仓储产品害虫正日益普及,特别是由于与化学控制相关的问题。采用剂量效应试验研究了臭氧对储藏小麦和其他谷物的取食动物米象(Sitophilus oryzae)的影响。卵、麦粒内的未成熟阶段和成虫分别暴露在浓度为200ppm的臭氧中6、18和30小时。昆虫的生命阶段被放置在5、15和25厘米深的小麦中,填充在PVC管中。臭氧对米曲菌生命阶段的影响以处理过的卵、未成熟期和成虫的死亡率百分比来评价。卵死亡率记录为处理后10天未孵化的卵的百分比(DAT),未成熟阶段的死亡率记录为28天未成熟昆虫在28°C下未能发育成成虫的百分比。成人死亡率记录为死亡日期0,1和2的百分比。小麦卵在5 cm深度暴露于臭氧30 h的死亡率显著高于暴露于18 h的死亡率。当三个深度进行比较时,在18 h和30 h的暴露时间下,放置在5 cm的未成熟昆虫的成虫数量少于放置在15或25 cm深度的昆虫。在所有暴露时间中,放置在5厘米深度的成虫死亡率显著高于2个数据时放置在15和25厘米深度的成虫死亡率。这项研究的结果表明,臭氧可能是一种有效的熏蒸剂;然而,稻瘟病菌生命阶段的死亡率取决于暴露时间、发生深度或处理后时间(DAT)。
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引用次数: 5
Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Tables of Anthocoris minki pistaciae (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Reared on Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) at Three Constant Temperatures 三恒温条件下饲养开心果蚁(半翅目:蚁科)的年龄、期、两性生命表
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-30 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.24
Mahshid Sarnevesht, M. Gheibi, S. Hesami, H. Zohdi
ABSTRACT Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is the most important pest of pistachio trees in Iran and the world. Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is a predator of A. pistaciae. Biological characteristics of this predatory bug were determined at three constant temperatures (17, 26 and 30 ± 2°C), 55 ± 5% R.H., and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L:D). Data were analyzed by age-stage, two-sex life table to assess the variable developmental rates. Pre-adult developmental time of this predator at 17, 26 and 30°C were 24.5, 15.2 and 14.2 d, respectively. Adult longevities were 61.8, 51.9 and 43.7 d for males, and 60.3, 49.2 and 43 d for females at 17, 26 and 30°C, respectively. Fecundity at 17, 26 and 30°C were 50.3, 51.9 and 41.6 eggs/female, respectively. Intrinsic rates of increase (r) were 0.0707, 0.1042 and 0.1102 d–1 at 17, 26 and 30°C, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was 27.3 d (the shortest time) at 30°C and 42 d (the longest time) at 17°C. The net reproductive rate (R 0), the age-stage-specific fecundity (fxj), age-specific fecundity (mx) and age-specific maternity (lxmx) at 26°C were higher than those at 17 and 30°C. This research suggests that this predator can retain higher population densities at 26°C than at the other temperatures tested. Results of this study provide the biological basis for using A. minki pistaciae in a biological control program against A. pistaciae in pistachio orchards.
摘要:开心果蚜(Agonoscena piraciae Burckhardt&Lauterer,半翅目:蚜科)是伊朗和世界上最重要的开心果害虫。水貂花蝶Wagner(半翅目:花蝶科)是花蝶科的一种捕食者。在三个恒定温度(17、26和30±2°C)、55±5%R.H.和16:8 H(L:D)的光周期下测定了这种捕食性昆虫的生物学特性。数据按年龄阶段、两性生活表进行分析,以评估不同的发育率。这种捕食者在17、26和30°C的成年前发育时间分别为24.5、15.2和14.2天。在17°C、26°C和30°C下,雄性的成虫寿命分别为61.8天、51.9天和43.7天,雌性的成虫寿命则分别为60.3天、49.2天和43天。在17、26和30°C时的受精率分别为50.3、51.9和41.6个卵/雌。17°C、26°C和30°C时的固有增长率(r)分别为0.0707、0.1042和0.1102 d–1。平均生成时间(T)在30°C为27.3天(最短时间),在17°C为42天(最长时间)。26°C时的净生殖率(R0)、年龄阶段特异性生殖力(fxj)、年龄特异性生殖能力(mx)和年龄特异性生育率(lxmx)高于17和30°C时。这项研究表明,与其他测试温度相比,这种捕食者在26°C时可以保持更高的种群密度。本研究的结果为在开心果园中使用水貂开心果进行生物防治提供了生物学依据。
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引用次数: 1
Exposure of the Common Eastern Bumble Bee, Bombus impatiens (Cresson), to Sub-lethal Doses of Acetamiprid and Propiconazole in Wild Blueberry 野生蓝莓中普通东部大黄蜂(Bombus impatiens, Cresson)对亚致死剂量的醋氨脒和丙环康唑的暴露
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-22 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.1
Alexander J. Chandler, F. Drummond, J. Collins, J. Lund, Gabriel Alnajjar
ABSTRACT Studies on the outcomes of pesticide exposure on bumble bees have traditionally evaluated the pesticides individually. Poorly known is the effect of simultaneous exposure to multiple pesticides, which has high likelihood in agricultural landscapes. Four experiments were conducted to determine if simultaneous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the insecticide Assail® (30% acetamiprid) and the fungicide Orbit® or Tilt® (41.8% propiconazole) would cause detrimental effects on survival and colony productivity of the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Survival of workers exposed to propiconazole was marginally reduced (Experiment 1), whereas gyne production increased in colonies exposed to acetamiprid (Experiment 2). There was a trend for fewer larvae and workers in colonies exposed to acetamiprid and a mixture of acetamiprid and propiconazole (Experiment 3). Higher wax moth infestations and densities were observed in colonies exposed to the mixture of acetamiprid and propiconazole (Experiment 4). In conclusion, exposure to the two pesticides resulted in variable outcomes in B. impatiens. Synergy between acetamiprid and propiconazole was explained as an indirect effect of enhanced wax worm infestation. We found an increased level of wax worm infestation in colonies exposed to a mixture of Assail and Tilt compared to colonies not exposed to Assail or Tilt (control) or exposed only to Assail. While this study does not provide evidence that B. impatiens are at high risk when simultaneously exposed to field rates of these two pesticides, we suggest that wild blueberry growers practice integrated pest management as a means of reducing any amount of risk to these important bumble bees.
传统上,关于农药暴露对大黄蜂的影响的研究都是单独评估农药。人们对同时接触多种农药的影响知之甚少,这在农业景观中很可能发生。通过4项试验,研究了同时暴露于亚致死剂量的杀虫剂Assail®(30%啶虫脒)和杀菌剂Orbit®或Tilt®(41.8%丙环康唑)是否会对普通东部大黄蜂Bombus impatiens (Cresson)(膜翅目:蜂科)的生存和种群产量产生不利影响。实验1表明,丙环唑对工蚁的成活率有轻微影响,而对啶虫脒对工蚁的成虫量有一定影响,实验2表明,对啶虫脒和丙环唑混合处理的工蚁幼虫和工蚁数量均有减少的趋势,实验3表明,对啶虫脒和丙环唑混合处理的工蚁数量和密度较高,实验4表明:暴露于这两种杀虫剂会导致凤仙花的不同结果。对乙酰咪唑和丙环唑的协同作用是增强蜡虫侵染的间接效应。我们发现,与未暴露于Assail或Tilt(对照)或仅暴露于Assail的蜂群相比,暴露于Assail和Tilt混合的蜂群中蜡虫的侵染水平增加。虽然这项研究没有提供证据表明,当同时暴露于这两种杀虫剂的田间剂量时,凤蝶会处于高风险状态,但我们建议野生蓝莓种植者采取综合虫害管理措施,以减少对这些重要的大黄蜂的任何风险。
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引用次数: 10
First Report of Rice Water Weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, in Grain Sorghum in the United States 美国高粱中稻水象甲的首次报告
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-10-16 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-35.1.36
R. Whitehouse, B. Thrash, G. Lorenz, N. Bateman
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引用次数: 0
Attraction of the Corn Wireworm, Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae), to Carbon Dioxide 玉米线虫对二氧化碳的吸引力
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-10 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-35.1.30
J. Cooper, R. Cherry, S. Daroub
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引用次数: 3
Altitude, temperature, and parasitoid pressure may prevent competition between two Mexican bruchid beetles attacking wild Phaseolus vulgaris 海拔、温度和寄生蜂的压力可能会阻止两种攻击野生菜豆的墨西哥马齿苋甲虫之间的竞争
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-35.1.21
D. Schneider, A. Córdoba‐Aguilar
ABSTRACT Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) and Acanthoscelides obvelatus (Bridwell) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) are two sympatric beetle species that infest bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; Fabaceae). Using field-sampled wild P. vulgaris pods and data of population density, body size, and parasitoid pressure for both species across elevation and temperature gradients in the Mexican Altiplano, we explored whether interspecific competition occurs between the two bruchids. We expected that population density, body size, and parasitoid pressure of A. obtectus and A. obvelatus to be inversely related to one another. We found that population densities of the two species differed among the elevations, but their body sizes were independent of expected density patterns. Moreover, the parasitoid emergence rate was correlated to A. obvelatus abundance but not A. obtectus abundance. Our data suggest that niches of A. obtectus and A. obvelatus overlap only to such extent that interspecific competition seems unlikely due to a) alternative hosts are available for A. obtectus, and b) P. vulgaris seeds and alternative legumes are a fairly common resource in the studied area.
摘要:圆叶棘豆(Acanthoscilides obtectus,Say)和圆叶棘齿(Acanthosscilides obvelatus,Bridwell)(鞘翅目:鸦胆子科)是两种寄生在豆类种子上的同域甲虫(Phaseolus vulgaris L.;Fabaceae)。利用野外采样的野生P.vulgaris豆荚以及墨西哥Altiplano海拔和温度梯度下这两个物种的种群密度、体型和寄生蜂压力数据,我们探索了这两个布鲁奇之间是否存在种间竞争。我们预计A.obtectus和A.obvelatus的种群密度、体型和寄生蜂压力彼此呈负相关。我们发现,这两个物种的种群密度在不同海拔地区有所不同,但它们的体型与预期的密度模式无关。此外,寄生蜂的出现率与A.obvelatus的丰度相关,而与A.obtectus的丰度无关。我们的数据表明,A.obtectus和A.obvelatus的生态位重叠程度仅为种间竞争似乎不太可能的程度,因为A)A.obtec图斯有替代宿主,b)P.vulgaris种子和替代豆类是研究区域中相当常见的资源。
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引用次数: 1
First Report of Smicronyx pinguis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Schweinitz's Sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii) in South Carolina 标题南卡罗莱纳施韦尼茨向日葵(Helianthus schweinitzii)上的pinguis Smicronyx(鞘翅目:Curculionidae)首次报道
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-35.1.15
K. C. Grubbs, Zachary Masters
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引用次数: 0
Hypericum kalmianum (St. Johnswort) Confirmed as a New Host of the Crapemyrtle Bark Scale in Virginia, U.S.A. 在美国维吉尼亚州,金丝桃(Hypericum kalmium, St. Johnswort)被确认为紫薇树皮鳞片的新寄主
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-35.1.12
P. Schultz, Allen L. Szalanski
Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), Acanthococcus (=Eriococcus) lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is an important insect pest of crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia spp. (Lythraceae), one of the most popular flowering shrubs in the United States. Since first detected in Texas in 2004, this pest has spread to 12 states (Gu et al. 2014), causing economic losses to growers of nursery crops and aesthetic injury that require management inputs to nursery and landscape trees. First observation and collection of A. lagerstroemiae in Virginia occurred in 2014 at a residence in Chesapeake, VA. The number of confirmed infestations had increased to 220 sites in six localities in coastal Virginia by 2018 (PBS, unpublished data). Initially thought to be monophagous, A. lagerstroemiae not only attacks crapemyrtle but also other plant species in a number of different families. In China, Japan and Korea, this pest was reported on 13 other plants of ecological and economic importance (Wang et al. 2016). Despite being present in the United States for more than 14 years,A. lagerstroemiae had only been observed feeding on crapemyrtle (Gu et al. 2016) until reported from American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.; Lamiaceae) in 2015 in Texas and Tennessee (Wang et al. 2016, F. Hale, personal communication). Identifying potential alternate hosts and confirming the species identification of suspect scale insects is critically important for developing an integrated pest management program for this newly invasive pest. Here, we report a new host for A. lagerstroemiae in the United States. Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae was first observed by PBS in a demonstration garden plot at the Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center (HRAREC), a unit of Virginia Tech and the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station located in Virginia Beach, VA (36°53′32′′N, 76°10′48′′W) in 2017 on dwarf crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia ‘GAMAD IV’ (PP# 17219), Ruby DazzleTM) purchased from a commercial nursery in Smithfield, VA (36°56′58′′N, 76°35′48′′W) in 2009. The crapemyrtles died over the winter of 2017–2018. Mortality was at-
crapemytle bark scale (CMBS), Acanthococcus (=Eriococcus) lagerstroemiae (Kuwana)(半翅目:eriococcae科),是美国最常见的开花灌木之一紫薇(Lagerstroemia spp.)的重要害虫。自2004年在德克萨斯州首次发现以来,这种害虫已蔓延到12个州(Gu et al. 2014),给苗圃作物种植者造成经济损失,并造成美观损害,这需要对苗圃和景观树进行管理投入。2014年,弗吉尼亚州切萨皮克的一处住宅首次观察和收集到了拉格斯特米伊蚊。到2018年,弗吉尼亚州沿海6个地区的确诊感染地点已增加到220个(PBS,未公布的数据)。最初被认为是单食的,lagerstroemiae不仅攻击紫薇,还攻击许多不同科的其他植物物种。在中国、日本和韩国,据报道,这种害虫在13种其他具有生态和经济重要性的植物上(Wang et al. 2016)。尽管在美国生活了14年多,A。在美国美莓(Callicarpa americana L.;(Wang et al. 2016, F. Hale, personal communication)。确定潜在的替代寄主和确定可疑蚧虫的物种鉴定对于制定害虫综合治理方案至关重要。在这里,我们报道了一种新的寄主在美国的拉格斯特米亚蚊。2017年,在弗吉尼亚海滩(北纬36°53′32”,西经76°10′48”)的弗吉尼亚理工大学汉普顿路农业研究与推广中心(HRAREC)和弗吉尼亚农业试验站的示范花园地块上,PBS首次观察到Lagerstroemia ' GAMAD IV ' (PP# 17219), Ruby DazzleTM)于2009年从弗吉尼亚州史密斯菲尔德(北纬36°56′58”,西经76°35′48”)的商业苗圃购买。紫薇在2017-2018年冬天死亡。死亡率为-
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引用次数: 7
期刊
The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology
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