Two wax moth species cause damage to honey bee combs: 1) the lesser wax moth, Achoria grisella (F.), and 2) the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). These species differ in appearance, biology, and life cycle (Ellis et al. 2013). Colonies infested with wax moths suffer damage to wax combs, prevention of adult bee emergence from cells, and increased tendencies of infested colonies to abscond (Ellis et al. 2013, Tsegaye et al. 2014). Therefore, various control methods for wax moths have been developed especially for stored combs. These methods include using paradichlorbenzene crystals (Burges 1978), and heat treatments (Charrière & Imdorf 1999). Recently, non-chemical traps to reduce damages from wax moths inside beehives have been developed (Abou-Shaara 2017). Also, sex pheromone traps (Sangramsinh et al. 2014) and light traps (Mabrouk & Mahbob 2015) can be used to trap wax moths outside the beehives. The known natural food for wax moths is beeswax. Beeswax from all Apis species is suitable for wax moth larval development, but the combs of Apis cerana (F.) and Apis dorsata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are the most preferable for female moth fecundity and larval growth (Swamy et al. 2009). Under laboratory conditions, wax moths can be reared using artificial diets prepared with different materials, e.g., yeast, glucose, and honey (Akbar et al. 2004), or other meridic materials such as wheat flour, corn flour, and milk powder (Singh et al. 2014). Wax moths can utilize different materials as food sources in laboratory settings. However, beeswax is believed to be the wax moth’s only food source in nature. Paper wasps (Polistes spp.; Hymenoptera: Vespidae) are able to build their nests at different, sometimes unexpected, locations, e.g., inside plastic bee feeders. A paper wasp nest is composed of composite fibers from plant stems, leaves and woods. Honey bees and paper wasps belong to the same taxonomic order (Hymenoptera), both are social insects, and have the ability to build nests. Moreover, some common genetic roots were found between honey bees and paper wasps (Toth et al. 2010). Spatial and evolutionary proximity between honey bee and paper wasp nests may allow the wax moth to utilize nests of social wasps other than those of honey bees. Indeed, Grabe (1942) reported on the utilization of wasp nests by G. mellonella. I
对蜂巢造成危害的蜡蛾有两种:1)小蜡蛾(Achoria grisella, F.)和2)大蜡蛾(Galleria mellonella, L.)(鳞翅目:蚜科)。这些物种在外观、生物学和生命周期上都有所不同(Ellis et al. 2013)。被蜡蛾侵染的蜂群受到蜡蜂巢的破坏，成蜂无法从蜂房中羽化，而且被侵染的蜂群逃跑的倾向增加(Ellis et al. 2013, Tsegaye et al. 2014)。因此，人们开发了各种防治蜡蛾的方法，特别是针对储存的梳子。这些方法包括使用对二氯苯晶体(Burges 1978)和热处理(charri & Imdorf 1999)。最近，已经开发了非化学陷阱来减少蜂箱内蜡蛾的损害(abu - shaara 2017)。此外，性信息素诱捕器(Sangramsinh et al. 2014)和光诱捕器(Mabrouk & Mahbob 2015)可用于诱捕蜂箱外的蜡蛾。众所周知，蜡蛾的天然食物是蜂蜡。所有蜜蜂种类的蜂蜡都适合于蜡蛾幼虫的发育，但中国蜜蜂(Apis cerana, F.)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis dorsata, F.)(膜翅目:蜂科)的蜂蜡最适合于雌蛾的繁殖力和幼虫的生长(Swamy et al. 2009)。在实验室条件下，可以用不同材料配制的人工饲料饲养蜡蛾，如酵母、葡萄糖和蜂蜜(Akbar等人，2004年)，也可以用其他经纬材料，如小麦粉、玉米粉和奶粉(Singh等人，2014年)。在实验室环境中，蜡蛾可以利用不同的材料作为食物来源。然而，蜂蜡被认为是蜡蛾在自然界中唯一的食物来源。纸黄蜂(Polistes科);膜翅目:蜂科)能够在不同的，有时是意想不到的地方筑巢，例如，在塑料蜜蜂喂食器里。纸蜂窝是由植物茎、叶和木材的复合纤维组成的。蜜蜂和纸黄蜂属于同一个分类学目(膜翅目)，都是群居昆虫，都有筑巢的能力。此外，在蜜蜂和纸黄蜂之间发现了一些共同的遗传根源(Toth et al. 2010)。蜜蜂和纸黄蜂的巢在空间和进化上的接近可能使蜡蛾利用群居黄蜂的巢而不是蜜蜂的巢。事实上，Grabe(1942)报道了大黄蜂对胡蜂巢的利用。我
{"title":"Greater Wax Moth Larvae Can Complete Development on Paper Wasp Nest1","authors":"H. Abou-Shaara","doi":"10.3954/JAUE17-13.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE17-13.1","url":null,"abstract":"Two wax moth species cause damage to honey bee combs: 1) the lesser wax moth, Achoria grisella (F.), and 2) the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). These species differ in appearance, biology, and life cycle (Ellis et al. 2013). Colonies infested with wax moths suffer damage to wax combs, prevention of adult bee emergence from cells, and increased tendencies of infested colonies to abscond (Ellis et al. 2013, Tsegaye et al. 2014). Therefore, various control methods for wax moths have been developed especially for stored combs. These methods include using paradichlorbenzene crystals (Burges 1978), and heat treatments (Charrière & Imdorf 1999). Recently, non-chemical traps to reduce damages from wax moths inside beehives have been developed (Abou-Shaara 2017). Also, sex pheromone traps (Sangramsinh et al. 2014) and light traps (Mabrouk & Mahbob 2015) can be used to trap wax moths outside the beehives. The known natural food for wax moths is beeswax. Beeswax from all Apis species is suitable for wax moth larval development, but the combs of Apis cerana (F.) and Apis dorsata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are the most preferable for female moth fecundity and larval growth (Swamy et al. 2009). Under laboratory conditions, wax moths can be reared using artificial diets prepared with different materials, e.g., yeast, glucose, and honey (Akbar et al. 2004), or other meridic materials such as wheat flour, corn flour, and milk powder (Singh et al. 2014). Wax moths can utilize different materials as food sources in laboratory settings. However, beeswax is believed to be the wax moth’s only food source in nature. Paper wasps (Polistes spp.; Hymenoptera: Vespidae) are able to build their nests at different, sometimes unexpected, locations, e.g., inside plastic bee feeders. A paper wasp nest is composed of composite fibers from plant stems, leaves and woods. Honey bees and paper wasps belong to the same taxonomic order (Hymenoptera), both are social insects, and have the ability to build nests. Moreover, some common genetic roots were found between honey bees and paper wasps (Toth et al. 2010). Spatial and evolutionary proximity between honey bee and paper wasp nests may allow the wax moth to utilize nests of social wasps other than those of honey bees. Indeed, Grabe (1942) reported on the utilization of wasp nests by G. mellonella. I","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"57 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/JAUE17-13.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43804200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Srikumar, Smitha C. Sukumaran, B. S. Kumar, B. Radhakrishnan
Abstract In recent years, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) has emerged as an important pest of tea, Camellia sinensis L.O. (Kuntze) (Theaceae), in southern India. We are currently developing an ecologically and economically viable integrated pest management (IPM) program against H. theivora. In this study, we documented the biology, life table parameters, and functional response of Epidaus bicolor Distant and Sycanus collaris F. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Sycanus collaris produced greater numbers of eggs, required a longer incubation period, and had greater adult longevity than E. bicolor. The innate capacities of natural increase (rc) were 0.091 and 0.192 females/female/day, and the gross reproduction (mx) rates were 69.3 and 145.2 females/female, for E. bicolor and S. collaris, respectively. Both reduviid species exhibited Type II functional response. Mass rearing of S. collaris was more successful than E. bicolor, and no cannibalism was observed during rearing. We concluded that S. collaris is a promising natural enemy for H. theivora and could be incorporated into IPM programs in tea plantations.
{"title":"Life History and Functional Response of Two Species of Reduviids (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) in Tea1","authors":"K. Srikumar, Smitha C. Sukumaran, B. S. Kumar, B. Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.3954/JAUE16-17.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE16-17.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) has emerged as an important pest of tea, Camellia sinensis L.O. (Kuntze) (Theaceae), in southern India. We are currently developing an ecologically and economically viable integrated pest management (IPM) program against H. theivora. In this study, we documented the biology, life table parameters, and functional response of Epidaus bicolor Distant and Sycanus collaris F. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Sycanus collaris produced greater numbers of eggs, required a longer incubation period, and had greater adult longevity than E. bicolor. The innate capacities of natural increase (rc) were 0.091 and 0.192 females/female/day, and the gross reproduction (mx) rates were 69.3 and 145.2 females/female, for E. bicolor and S. collaris, respectively. Both reduviid species exhibited Type II functional response. Mass rearing of S. collaris was more successful than E. bicolor, and no cannibalism was observed during rearing. We concluded that S. collaris is a promising natural enemy for H. theivora and could be incorporated into IPM programs in tea plantations.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"44 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/JAUE16-17.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48227515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-05DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.10
J. Owoyemi, A. Adiji, J. T. Aladejana
Abstract The resistance of some indigenous types of tree species to attack by termites (Blattodea: Termitidae) was investigated in Ondo State, Nigeria. Indigenous trees of different bulk densities used for this study were Celtis zenkeri Engl. (Cannabaceae), Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae), Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae), Cola gigantia A. Chev. (Malvaceae), and Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae). The three locations used for the study were Okitipupa, Akure, and Akungba-Akoko, representing lowland rainforest, tropical rainforest, and savannah regions, respectively. The primary termite species recovered were Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman), Macrotermes sybhylinus (Rambur), and Odontotermes horni (Wasmann) for Okitipupa, Akure, and Akungba-Akoko, respectively. Field-exposure tests for each of the locations suggested that density affected the resistance of the wood samples to termite attack. Wood in the high density class had a better resistance to attack by termites compared with low density wood. The severity of attack was highest in Akure and least in the Okitipupa location. Irrespective of wood density and location in Ondo State, Nigerian lumber should be treated before installation to ensure protection.
摘要调查了尼日利亚翁多州一些本土树种对白蚁(bltodea: Termitidae)的抗性。本研究使用的不同体积密度的本土树木是Celtis zenkeri Engl。(大麻科);Albizia lebbeckBenth。(蚕豆科)，蕨尾草。与Diels (combretacae)， Cola gigantia . Chev。(malvacae)和Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev。(使君子科)。研究中使用的三个地点分别是Okitipupa, Akure和Akungba-Akoko，分别代表低地雨林，热带雨林和草原地区。在Okitipupa、Akure和Akungba-Akoko发现的主要白蚁种分别为Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman)、Macrotermes sybhylinus (Rambur)和Odontotermes horni (Wasmann)。每个地点的实地暴露试验表明，密度影响木材样品对白蚁攻击的抵抗力。高密度类木材比低密度类木材具有更好的抗白蚁攻击能力。阿库雷地区的袭击严重程度最高，奥基提帕地区的袭击严重程度最低。无论木材密度和位置如何，尼日利亚木材应在安装前进行处理，以确保保护。
{"title":"Resistance of Some Indigenous Tree Species to Termite Attack in Nigeria1","authors":"J. Owoyemi, A. Adiji, J. T. Aladejana","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The resistance of some indigenous types of tree species to attack by termites (Blattodea: Termitidae) was investigated in Ondo State, Nigeria. Indigenous trees of different bulk densities used for this study were Celtis zenkeri Engl. (Cannabaceae), Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae), Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae), Cola gigantia A. Chev. (Malvaceae), and Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae). The three locations used for the study were Okitipupa, Akure, and Akungba-Akoko, representing lowland rainforest, tropical rainforest, and savannah regions, respectively. The primary termite species recovered were Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman), Macrotermes sybhylinus (Rambur), and Odontotermes horni (Wasmann) for Okitipupa, Akure, and Akungba-Akoko, respectively. Field-exposure tests for each of the locations suggested that density affected the resistance of the wood samples to termite attack. Wood in the high density class had a better resistance to attack by termites compared with low density wood. The severity of attack was highest in Akure and least in the Okitipupa location. Irrespective of wood density and location in Ondo State, Nigerian lumber should be treated before installation to ensure protection.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"10 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48562449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-05DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.19
Philip Meade, A. L. Abate, Jason Pavo, Anna K. Yeung-Cheung, Christopher J. Pappas
Abstract Ticks are vectors that pose a threat to public health. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is commonly applied as a repellent to prevent attachment of ticks to humans and animals. Typical commercially available repellents contain between 5–100% DEET. Lower concentrations of DEET may be necessary to minimize potential health risks associated with DEET. To characterize the repellency of low concentrations of DEET, we performed an in vitro vertical bioassay, and developed a novel ex vivo vertical bioassay using porcine skin for use with the adult brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae). DEET applied at concentrations of 0.19% in vitro and 12.5% ex vivo immediately after application, and at 0.38% in vitro and 40% ex vivo at 4 h after application, repelled over 90% of ticks. In both in vitro and ex vivo assessments, and at both 0 and 4 h post application, the repellency against female ticks was similar to that against male ticks. This study demonstrates that concentrations of DEET lower than those in commercial repellents may provide sufficient repellency when potential tick exposure occurs shortly after application. Additionally, the development of a porcine ex vivo bioassay provides an alternative assessment tool for future repellency studies.
{"title":"A Novel Ex Vivo Bioassay Suggests DEET is an Effective Repellent of Rhipicephalus Sanguineus1","authors":"Philip Meade, A. L. Abate, Jason Pavo, Anna K. Yeung-Cheung, Christopher J. Pappas","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ticks are vectors that pose a threat to public health. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is commonly applied as a repellent to prevent attachment of ticks to humans and animals. Typical commercially available repellents contain between 5–100% DEET. Lower concentrations of DEET may be necessary to minimize potential health risks associated with DEET. To characterize the repellency of low concentrations of DEET, we performed an in vitro vertical bioassay, and developed a novel ex vivo vertical bioassay using porcine skin for use with the adult brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae). DEET applied at concentrations of 0.19% in vitro and 12.5% ex vivo immediately after application, and at 0.38% in vitro and 40% ex vivo at 4 h after application, repelled over 90% of ticks. In both in vitro and ex vivo assessments, and at both 0 and 4 h post application, the repellency against female ticks was similar to that against male ticks. This study demonstrates that concentrations of DEET lower than those in commercial repellents may provide sufficient repellency when potential tick exposure occurs shortly after application. Additionally, the development of a porcine ex vivo bioassay provides an alternative assessment tool for future repellency studies.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"19 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42324392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-14DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.1
H. Abou-Shaara
ABSTRACT Wax moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are serious pests on wax combs outside and inside of beehives. Management of wax moths is particularly difficult inside hive bodies housing weak colonies. In this study, five traps were designed and evaluated for their efficacy to attract mature larvae inside beehives. These traps were: (1) mesh envelope trap (MET), (2) cup trap (CT), (3) corrugated sheet (CS), (4) wooden sheet trap (WST), and (5) frame trap (FT). The traps were designed to take advantage of the behavior of mature larvae seeking protected locations for pupation. The numbers of larvae fluctuated during the study with a major peak at the end of June. MET attracted the greatest numbers of larvae, followed by CS, CT and FT, whereas WST did not attract any larvae. The internal traps, particularly MET, may reduce the damage from wax moth larvae by reducing existing moth populations inside the beehives, and therefore, prevent additional infestation.
{"title":"Evaluation of Non-Chemical Traps for Management of Wax Moth Populations within Honey Bee Colonies1","authors":"H. Abou-Shaara","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wax moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are serious pests on wax combs outside and inside of beehives. Management of wax moths is particularly difficult inside hive bodies housing weak colonies. In this study, five traps were designed and evaluated for their efficacy to attract mature larvae inside beehives. These traps were: (1) mesh envelope trap (MET), (2) cup trap (CT), (3) corrugated sheet (CS), (4) wooden sheet trap (WST), and (5) frame trap (FT). The traps were designed to take advantage of the behavior of mature larvae seeking protected locations for pupation. The numbers of larvae fluctuated during the study with a major peak at the end of June. MET attracted the greatest numbers of larvae, followed by CS, CT and FT, whereas WST did not attract any larvae. The internal traps, particularly MET, may reduce the damage from wax moth larvae by reducing existing moth populations inside the beehives, and therefore, prevent additional infestation.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48486022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.32
Chelsea L. Tietjen, T. Hunt, D. Snow, D. Cassada, B. Siegfried
Abstract The increased use of thiamethoxam seed treatments for controlling pests such as the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), suggests the need for methods to measure and monitor the development of resistance to thiamethoxam. The objectives of this study were to develop a bioassay method that can be used to monitor bean leaf beetle susceptibility to thiamethoxam, and to quantify the relative concentrations of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in early growth stage soybean tissue treated with thiamethoxam as a seed treatment. Overwintered and F1 bean leaf beetles were collected from alfalfa and soybean fields and used in excised soybean leaf laboratory bioassays to measure susceptibility to thiamethoxam. Petioles of excised leaves were immersed in 0, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ng a.i./ml thiamethoxam solutions, beetles were placed on the leaves, and beetle mortality and defoliation levels were recorded. The bioassay method proved adequate to calculate an LC50 and LC90, and an EC50 based on defoliation level. The quantification of insecticide residues in soybean leaves from different vegetative stages indicates that the thiamethoxam concentration declines rapidly as the plant grows, and concentrations are at lethal levels for bean leaf beetles through V2. These results provide a method for monitoring bean leaf beetle susceptibility to thiamethoxam that is more representative of the pathway of exposure encountered by beetles in the field, particularly with respect to seed treatments, and provides an estimate of baseline susceptibility for future thiamethoxam resistance monitoring efforts.
摘要/ Abstract摘要:噻虫嗪种子处理在防治豆叶甲虫、三角角虫(Cerotoma trifurcata, Forster)等害虫方面的应用日益增加，表明有必要建立对噻虫嗪抗性发展的测量和监测方法。本研究的目的是建立一种生物测定方法，可用于监测大豆叶甲虫对噻虫嗪的敏感性，并定量噻虫嗪作为种子处理的大豆早期组织中噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的相对浓度。从紫花苜蓿和大豆田中收集越冬和F1型豆叶甲虫，并将其用于大豆切除叶片的实验室生物测定，以测定对噻虫嗪的敏感性。分别用0、10、50、100、500和1000 ng a.i./ml噻虫嗪溶液浸泡离体叶片叶柄，将甲虫置于叶片上，记录甲虫死亡率和落叶量。生物测定法可以计算LC50和LC90，以及基于落叶水平的EC50。对不同营养阶段大豆叶片中噻虫嗪残留量的定量分析表明，随着植株的生长，噻虫嗪的浓度迅速下降，到V2期，噻虫嗪的浓度对豆叶甲虫均处于致死水平。这些结果为监测豆叶甲虫对噻虫嗪的敏感性提供了一种方法，该方法更能代表甲虫在田间遇到的暴露途径，特别是在种子处理方面，并为今后的噻虫嗪抗性监测工作提供了基线敏感性估计。
{"title":"Method Development for Monitoring Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Susceptibility to Thiamethoxam Seed Treatments on Soybeans1","authors":"Chelsea L. Tietjen, T. Hunt, D. Snow, D. Cassada, B. Siegfried","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The increased use of thiamethoxam seed treatments for controlling pests such as the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), suggests the need for methods to measure and monitor the development of resistance to thiamethoxam. The objectives of this study were to develop a bioassay method that can be used to monitor bean leaf beetle susceptibility to thiamethoxam, and to quantify the relative concentrations of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in early growth stage soybean tissue treated with thiamethoxam as a seed treatment. Overwintered and F1 bean leaf beetles were collected from alfalfa and soybean fields and used in excised soybean leaf laboratory bioassays to measure susceptibility to thiamethoxam. Petioles of excised leaves were immersed in 0, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ng a.i./ml thiamethoxam solutions, beetles were placed on the leaves, and beetle mortality and defoliation levels were recorded. The bioassay method proved adequate to calculate an LC50 and LC90, and an EC50 based on defoliation level. The quantification of insecticide residues in soybean leaves from different vegetative stages indicates that the thiamethoxam concentration declines rapidly as the plant grows, and concentrations are at lethal levels for bean leaf beetles through V2. These results provide a method for monitoring bean leaf beetle susceptibility to thiamethoxam that is more representative of the pathway of exposure encountered by beetles in the field, particularly with respect to seed treatments, and provides an estimate of baseline susceptibility for future thiamethoxam resistance monitoring efforts.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"32 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.32","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Unexpected outbreaks of the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in wheat in the spring of 2012 across the Northern Plains of the U.S. prompted extensive applications of insecticides to suppress their populations. Aster leafhoppers are infrequent pests of wheat in the Northern Plains early in the spring, and data on insecticide efficacy for aster leafhoppers in wheat were unavailable at the time of the outbreak. Thus, our goal was to test several insecticides commonly used against key pests in wheat for their efficacy against aster leafhoppers. We examined the effects of chlorpyrifos and lambda- and gamma-cyhalothrin in greenhouse and field. These insecticides are not currently registered for suppression of aster leafhoppers in wheat, but they are used frequently to control potato leafhoppers in alfalfa. We found that all insecticides reduced numbers of aster leafhoppers four days after application (DAA) in the field, but not seven and 14 DAA, likely due to an influx of resident aster leafhoppers present in high numbers in the field surrounding the experimental plots. We also noted lack of effect of insecticides on total yield or the grain weight. We conclude that all insecticides effectively suppressed this pest immediately following applications, but the small-plot experiment obscured efficacy beyond the initial knockdown of the populations. These conclusions were supported by greenhouse experiments, which revealed that the insecticides killed 90% of the leafhoppers up to 14 days after application. This study will provide valuable efficacy data for new research-based chemical management recommendations for the aster leafhopper in wheat.
{"title":"Effects of Chlorpyrifos and Lambda- and Gamma-Cyhalothrin on Suppression of Aster Leafhoppers, Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Spring Wheat1","authors":"Adrianna Szczepaniec, N. Spomer","doi":"10.3954/JAUE15-15.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE15-15.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Unexpected outbreaks of the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in wheat in the spring of 2012 across the Northern Plains of the U.S. prompted extensive applications of insecticides to suppress their populations. Aster leafhoppers are infrequent pests of wheat in the Northern Plains early in the spring, and data on insecticide efficacy for aster leafhoppers in wheat were unavailable at the time of the outbreak. Thus, our goal was to test several insecticides commonly used against key pests in wheat for their efficacy against aster leafhoppers. We examined the effects of chlorpyrifos and lambda- and gamma-cyhalothrin in greenhouse and field. These insecticides are not currently registered for suppression of aster leafhoppers in wheat, but they are used frequently to control potato leafhoppers in alfalfa. We found that all insecticides reduced numbers of aster leafhoppers four days after application (DAA) in the field, but not seven and 14 DAA, likely due to an influx of resident aster leafhoppers present in high numbers in the field surrounding the experimental plots. We also noted lack of effect of insecticides on total yield or the grain weight. We conclude that all insecticides effectively suppressed this pest immediately following applications, but the small-plot experiment obscured efficacy beyond the initial knockdown of the populations. These conclusions were supported by greenhouse experiments, which revealed that the insecticides killed 90% of the leafhoppers up to 14 days after application. This study will provide valuable efficacy data for new research-based chemical management recommendations for the aster leafhopper in wheat.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"32 1","pages":"25 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/JAUE15-15.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.25
J. Mckern, Allen L. Szalanski
Abstract The lesser peach tree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (LPTB), belongs to the economically important Lepidopteran family Sesiidae. No studies on genetic variation or population structure on the genus Snyanthedon have been previously published. We examined DNA sequence variation in a 603 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI), tRNA-leu and cytochrome oxidase II gene (COII) from three LPTB populations in Arkansas. From 114 LPTB collected from three populations, a total of 53 nucleotide positions were polymorphic, and 12 distinct haplotypes were observed. The most frequent haplotype occurred in 88% of the sampled LPTB's and in all three populations. Sequence divergence among haplotypes ranged from 0.2% to 8.8%. According to the standard molecular clock proposed for lepidopteran mtDNA, the haplotypes have been diverging for up to 2.5 million years. The greatest amount of haplotype diversity was observed in the Fayetteville population where borer management is not maintained. High levels of gene flow were observed among the Clarksville, Springdale and Fayetteville populations suggesting the LPTB has a broad dispersal range. Examination of the genealogical relationships and phylogenetic analysis of the 12 haplotypes supports the existence of three genetically distinct but morphologically indistinguishable subspecies.
{"title":"Genetic Variation of the Lesser Peach Tree Borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Arkansas","authors":"J. Mckern, Allen L. Szalanski","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The lesser peach tree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (LPTB), belongs to the economically important Lepidopteran family Sesiidae. No studies on genetic variation or population structure on the genus Snyanthedon have been previously published. We examined DNA sequence variation in a 603 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI), tRNA-leu and cytochrome oxidase II gene (COII) from three LPTB populations in Arkansas. From 114 LPTB collected from three populations, a total of 53 nucleotide positions were polymorphic, and 12 distinct haplotypes were observed. The most frequent haplotype occurred in 88% of the sampled LPTB's and in all three populations. Sequence divergence among haplotypes ranged from 0.2% to 8.8%. According to the standard molecular clock proposed for lepidopteran mtDNA, the haplotypes have been diverging for up to 2.5 million years. The greatest amount of haplotype diversity was observed in the Fayetteville population where borer management is not maintained. High levels of gene flow were observed among the Clarksville, Springdale and Fayetteville populations suggesting the LPTB has a broad dispersal range. Examination of the genealogical relationships and phylogenetic analysis of the 12 haplotypes supports the existence of three genetically distinct but morphologically indistinguishable subspecies.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"31 1","pages":"25 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74430942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.13
Cihang Lu, S. Unal
The family Cecidomyiidae is one of the largest in the order Diptera. Gall midges are small, inconspicuous flies, but they may be very important both in forest ecosystems and in agroecosystems. The presently known fauna of gall midges in Turkey includes 71 species belonging to 38 genera. Forest gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) fauna of Turkey was examined to determine that the composition consists of 33 species in 24 genera from 34 host tree species representing 15 tree genera. Of these, 31 species are phytophagous, 1 species is zoophagous, and 1 species is phytosaprophagous.
{"title":"Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) In Forest Trees of Turkey 1","authors":"Cihang Lu, S. Unal","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The family Cecidomyiidae is one of the largest in the order Diptera. Gall midges are small, inconspicuous flies, but they may be very important both in forest ecosystems and in agroecosystems. The presently known fauna of gall midges in Turkey includes 71 species belonging to 38 genera. Forest gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) fauna of Turkey was examined to determine that the composition consists of 33 species in 24 genera from 34 host tree species representing 15 tree genera. Of these, 31 species are phytophagous, 1 species is zoophagous, and 1 species is phytosaprophagous.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"25 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-24.4.195
S. E. Salamouny
Abstract Although stilbene fluorecent brighteners have been demonstrated to increase the susceptibilities of many lepidopterous insects to insect viruses, little information exists on the effects of a brightener on the susceptibility of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In the present study, we tested the effects of the fluorescent brightener 28 (UNPA-GX) on increasing of the insects' susceptibility to a granuloviruses. The bioassay tests showed that brightener did not increase the susceptibility of codling moth neonate larvae and false codling moth larvae to the granulovirus (CpGV). The same result was obtained when the false codling moth GV was tested in presence of brightener against its homologous host. In addition, brightener failed to change the susceptibility of the codling moth to ClGV. In histological sections from the codling moth's midgut, the peritrophic membrane (PM) was fo...
{"title":"Observations on the Peritrophic Membrane of Tortricid and Noctuid Insects and its Role in Susceptibility and Enhancement","authors":"S. E. Salamouny","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-24.4.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-24.4.195","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although stilbene fluorecent brighteners have been demonstrated to increase the susceptibilities of many lepidopterous insects to insect viruses, little information exists on the effects of a brightener on the susceptibility of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In the present study, we tested the effects of the fluorescent brightener 28 (UNPA-GX) on increasing of the insects' susceptibility to a granuloviruses. The bioassay tests showed that brightener did not increase the susceptibility of codling moth neonate larvae and false codling moth larvae to the granulovirus (CpGV). The same result was obtained when the false codling moth GV was tested in presence of brightener against its homologous host. In addition, brightener failed to change the susceptibility of the codling moth to ClGV. In histological sections from the codling moth's midgut, the peritrophic membrane (PM) was fo...","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"24 1","pages":"195-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-24.4.195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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