Pub Date : 2018-05-21DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.15
E. H. Foley, G. Needham, W. Reeves
In North America, human granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the bacteriumAnaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichiaceae),which is primarily transmitted by the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) (Dahlgren et al. 2011). The native range of I. scapularis has been expanding in recent years, with significant populations recently detected in Midwestern U.S. states such as Ohio (Wang et al. 2014). Ixodes scapularis is a vector of several pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae), Borrelia miyamotoi, A. phagocytophilum, Babesia microti (Babesiidae), and deer tick virus (DTV) (Flavivirus) (a close relative to Powassan virus) that causes encephalitis (Soneshine et al. 2002). As the range of I. scapularis expands through Ohio, there has been an effort to document the prevalence of B. burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease (Wang et al. 2014). Lyme disease is the most commonly diagnosed vector-borne disease in the eastern United States (Rossi et al. 2015) under active surveillance. In contrast, little effort has been directed at documenting the presence ofA.phagocytophilum in the same vector, even though human granulocytic anaplasmosis can be fatal and I. scapularis has been documented feeding on small Ohio mammalian reservoir hosts for over a decade (Wilder & Meikle 2004). The entomology program at the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine regularly conducts pathogen surveillance in ticks (e.g., Foley & Reeves 2014, Taylor et al. 2016). Our goal was to determine the presence and prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in I. scapularis from Ohio. All ticks were collected as part of the B. burgdorferi surveillance project across Ohio. The initial results of this survey were published by Wang et al. (2014) who only discussed the surveillance of B. burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, and new records of I. scapularis. This study focused on the prevalence of A. phagocytiphilum, which was not considered by Wang et al. 2014). In total, 425 adult
{"title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum Detected in Ticks from Ohio, U.S.A.1","authors":"E. H. Foley, G. Needham, W. Reeves","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"In North America, human granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the bacteriumAnaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichiaceae),which is primarily transmitted by the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) (Dahlgren et al. 2011). The native range of I. scapularis has been expanding in recent years, with significant populations recently detected in Midwestern U.S. states such as Ohio (Wang et al. 2014). Ixodes scapularis is a vector of several pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae), Borrelia miyamotoi, A. phagocytophilum, Babesia microti (Babesiidae), and deer tick virus (DTV) (Flavivirus) (a close relative to Powassan virus) that causes encephalitis (Soneshine et al. 2002). As the range of I. scapularis expands through Ohio, there has been an effort to document the prevalence of B. burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease (Wang et al. 2014). Lyme disease is the most commonly diagnosed vector-borne disease in the eastern United States (Rossi et al. 2015) under active surveillance. In contrast, little effort has been directed at documenting the presence ofA.phagocytophilum in the same vector, even though human granulocytic anaplasmosis can be fatal and I. scapularis has been documented feeding on small Ohio mammalian reservoir hosts for over a decade (Wilder & Meikle 2004). The entomology program at the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine regularly conducts pathogen surveillance in ticks (e.g., Foley & Reeves 2014, Taylor et al. 2016). Our goal was to determine the presence and prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in I. scapularis from Ohio. All ticks were collected as part of the B. burgdorferi surveillance project across Ohio. The initial results of this survey were published by Wang et al. (2014) who only discussed the surveillance of B. burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, and new records of I. scapularis. This study focused on the prevalence of A. phagocytiphilum, which was not considered by Wang et al. 2014). In total, 425 adult","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"34 1","pages":"15 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46442575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Electrical penetration graphing, or electropenetrography (EPG), is a method of indirectly visualizing stylet movement and feeding behavior of phytophagous hemipterans in plant tissue. Here we characterize the EPG waveforms of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) feeding on soybean, using AC-applied voltage and 107 input impedance with a Backus and Bennett AC-DC monitor. Three distinct feeding-associated waveforms (i.e., waveforms within probes) were recognized for both adults and fifth instars. Pathway (Nv1) represents stylet movements through the plant from initial puncture until the target tissue is located, accompanied by secretion of saliva. An ingestion waveform (Nv2) occurred on pods, petioles, and stems; it was shown histologically on stems to correlate with stylets positioned in xylem. In contrast, Nv3 occurred only on pods and likely represents cell rupture feeding (salivation plus ingestion). We found no indication of ingestion from phloem. EPG variables (waveform attributes, probing and waveform frequencies, and durations) were compared to examine the effect of soybean developmental stage (vegetative, early pods, and pods with developing seed) on feeding behavior of fifth instars. In addition, we compared pathway and ingestion on excised soybean petioles with that on vegetative potted plants and determined the effect of providing water to adults during the pre-trial starvation period. Soybean developmental stage significantly affected nymphal feeding behavior, but the use of cuttings altered few waveform attributes or ingestion behaviors. Provision of water during the starvation period significantly reduced overall likelihood of probing, as well as frequency and duration of Nv2 on green beans.
电渗透成像(electropenetration graphy, EPG)是一种间接观察植物组织中食植物半足类动物柱头运动和摄食行为的方法。在Backus and Bennett交直流监测仪上，利用交流电压和107输入阻抗，对采食大豆的Nezara viridula (L.)(半翅目:蝽科)的EPG波形进行了表征。三种不同的与进食相关的波形(即探针内的波形)被识别为成年和第五星。途径(Nv1)代表茎柱从最初的穿刺到目标组织的运动，伴随着唾液的分泌。在豆荚、叶柄和茎上出现摄入波形(Nv2);从组织学上看，它与位于木质部的柱头有关。相比之下，Nv3只发生在豆荚上，可能代表细胞破裂进食(唾液分泌加摄食)。我们没有发现韧皮部有吞食的迹象。通过比较EPG变量(波形属性、探测频率和波形频率以及持续时间)，研究大豆发育阶段(营养、早期豆荚和种子发育豆荚)对5龄大豆摄食行为的影响。此外，我们还比较了大豆残叶柄与盆栽植物的取食途径和摄食量，并确定了在试前饥饿期给成虫提供水分的效果。大豆发育阶段对若虫摄食行为有显著影响，但插条的使用对若虫的波形属性和摄食行为影响不大。在饥饿期间提供水显著降低了探测的总体可能性，以及Nv2对青豆的频率和持续时间。
{"title":"Probing Behavior of Nezara viridula on Soybean: Characterization and Comparison of Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Waveforms on Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Structures","authors":"P. L. Mitchell, S. B. Cooke, L. F. Smaniotto","doi":"10.3954/JAUE18-09.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE18-09.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Electrical penetration graphing, or electropenetrography (EPG), is a method of indirectly visualizing stylet movement and feeding behavior of phytophagous hemipterans in plant tissue. Here we characterize the EPG waveforms of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) feeding on soybean, using AC-applied voltage and 107 input impedance with a Backus and Bennett AC-DC monitor. Three distinct feeding-associated waveforms (i.e., waveforms within probes) were recognized for both adults and fifth instars. Pathway (Nv1) represents stylet movements through the plant from initial puncture until the target tissue is located, accompanied by secretion of saliva. An ingestion waveform (Nv2) occurred on pods, petioles, and stems; it was shown histologically on stems to correlate with stylets positioned in xylem. In contrast, Nv3 occurred only on pods and likely represents cell rupture feeding (salivation plus ingestion). We found no indication of ingestion from phloem. EPG variables (waveform attributes, probing and waveform frequencies, and durations) were compared to examine the effect of soybean developmental stage (vegetative, early pods, and pods with developing seed) on feeding behavior of fifth instars. In addition, we compared pathway and ingestion on excised soybean petioles with that on vegetative potted plants and determined the effect of providing water to adults during the pre-trial starvation period. Soybean developmental stage significantly affected nymphal feeding behavior, but the use of cuttings altered few waveform attributes or ingestion behaviors. Provision of water during the starvation period significantly reduced overall likelihood of probing, as well as frequency and duration of Nv2 on green beans.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"34 1","pages":"19 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.1
P. J. White
Abstract Urbanization represents a dramatic type of habitat change. Not only does it remove natural habitat for ecological communities, it also increases artificial nighttime light levels that can have negative impacts on night-flying species, such as moths. Feeding, mating and oviposition behaviors of moths can be affected by artificial nighttime lights, and they become more exposed to predators such as bats. In this study, an aerial approach was used to measure the prevalence of artificial nighttime light across an urban landscape (East Lansing, Michigan, USA). These light levels were related to macromoth species richness and abundance at 32 urban trapping sites. Both moth species richness and abundance were positively related to vegetation cover across the landscape, but there was no consistent, discernible impact of artificial nighttime light on either variable. This may be due to the lower attractiveness of high-pressure sodium lights that are used across this particular urban landscape, or to a negative association between the prevalence of landscape light levels and the amount of landscape vegetation. There is also a possibility that macromoths in urban areas have adapted to be less sensitive to light. This study is one of the first to use an aerial approach to measuring urban nighttime lights and departs from the most commonly held theory that increased light prevalence is associated with a depauperate moth assemblage.
{"title":"An Aerial Approach to Investigating the Relationship between Macromoths and Artificial Nighttime Lights Across an Urban Landscape1","authors":"P. J. White","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Urbanization represents a dramatic type of habitat change. Not only does it remove natural habitat for ecological communities, it also increases artificial nighttime light levels that can have negative impacts on night-flying species, such as moths. Feeding, mating and oviposition behaviors of moths can be affected by artificial nighttime lights, and they become more exposed to predators such as bats. In this study, an aerial approach was used to measure the prevalence of artificial nighttime light across an urban landscape (East Lansing, Michigan, USA). These light levels were related to macromoth species richness and abundance at 32 urban trapping sites. Both moth species richness and abundance were positively related to vegetation cover across the landscape, but there was no consistent, discernible impact of artificial nighttime light on either variable. This may be due to the lower attractiveness of high-pressure sodium lights that are used across this particular urban landscape, or to a negative association between the prevalence of landscape light levels and the amount of landscape vegetation. There is also a possibility that macromoths in urban areas have adapted to be less sensitive to light. This study is one of the first to use an aerial approach to measuring urban nighttime lights and departs from the most commonly held theory that increased light prevalence is associated with a depauperate moth assemblage.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-34.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Macharia, E. Kimani, Fredrick Koome, Thomas Kosiom, Hellen M. Heya, M. Otipa, M. Oronje
Abstract The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a serious invasive pest affecting horticultural crops, was first reported in Kenya in 2016 at Kwale, Mombasa, and Kilifi Counties of the coastal region. A study was conducted to establish its identification, distribution and host ranges at the coastal region. This is the first report of P. marginatus distribution and crops attacked in Kenya. The papaya mealybug was found to infest papaya (Carica papaya), cassava (Manihot esculenta), chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), and eggplant (Solanum melongena) in this study. An average yield loss of 91% on papaya crop was reported in the affected farms. Only 7.2% of the farms surveyed were found to have management strategies in place against the papaya mealybug. Additional surveys should be conducted to determine pest migration and potential endemic or unintentionally introduced natural enemies.
摘要 木瓜粉蚧、边缘副球菌和Granara de Willink（半翅目：拟球虫科）是一种影响园艺作物的严重入侵性害虫，于2016年在肯尼亚沿海地区的夸勒县、蒙巴萨县和基利菲县首次报告。进行了一项研究，以确定其在沿海地区的识别、分布和寄主范围。这是第一份关于P.marginatus在肯尼亚的分布和作物遭受袭击的报告。在本研究中，木瓜粉蚧感染了木瓜（Carica木瓜）、木薯（Manihot esculenta）、辣椒（Capsicum annuum）、番石榴（Psidium guajava）、芒果（Mangifera indica）和茄子（Solanum melongena）。据报道，受影响农场的木瓜作物平均产量损失91%。在接受调查的农场中，只有7.2%的农场制定了针对番木瓜粉蚧的管理策略。应进行额外的调查，以确定害虫的迁移和潜在的地方病或无意引入的天敌。
{"title":"First Report and Distribution of the Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, in Kenya1","authors":"I. Macharia, E. Kimani, Fredrick Koome, Thomas Kosiom, Hellen M. Heya, M. Otipa, M. Oronje","doi":"10.3954/JAUE17-02.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE17-02.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a serious invasive pest affecting horticultural crops, was first reported in Kenya in 2016 at Kwale, Mombasa, and Kilifi Counties of the coastal region. A study was conducted to establish its identification, distribution and host ranges at the coastal region. This is the first report of P. marginatus distribution and crops attacked in Kenya. The papaya mealybug was found to infest papaya (Carica papaya), cassava (Manihot esculenta), chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), and eggplant (Solanum melongena) in this study. An average yield loss of 91% on papaya crop was reported in the affected farms. Only 7.2% of the farms surveyed were found to have management strategies in place against the papaya mealybug. Additional surveys should be conducted to determine pest migration and potential endemic or unintentionally introduced natural enemies.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"142 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/JAUE17-02.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47060730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Hesler, Brian M. Van De Stroet, N. Schultz, Eric A. Beckendorf, K. Tilmon
Abstract The soybean aphid (SA), Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a major pest of soybean in the north-central United States and south-central Canada. It is controlled primarily with insecticides, but the development of aphid-resistant soybean cultivars may provide an alternative management tactic. The viability of this management tactic depends on a diverse set of resistance sources in order to counter various resistance-breaking biotypes of SA, and the identification of new sources of resistance necessitates additional testing of soybean germplasm. The current study used no-choice tests to identify SA resistance in seven early maturing (maturity group I) soybean plant introductions (PIs) that had been advanced from free-choice screening trials. The tests showed PI 437353 and PI 612759 C had an intermediate level of resistance against avirulent SA, whereas PI 437282, PI 437658, PI 437733, PI 548417, and PI 548530 exhibited no significant resistance. Additional research is needed to determine if the source of resistance in PI 437353 and PI 612759 C is due to novel resistant genes, which would help diversify resistance to SA in soybean. Screening and follow-up tests of additional soybean germplasm is warranted in order to ensure the development of durable, SA-resistant cultivars.
{"title":"Laboratory Evaluation of Soybean Plant Introductions for Resistance to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)1","authors":"L. Hesler, Brian M. Van De Stroet, N. Schultz, Eric A. Beckendorf, K. Tilmon","doi":"10.3954/JAUE17-17.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE17-17.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The soybean aphid (SA), Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a major pest of soybean in the north-central United States and south-central Canada. It is controlled primarily with insecticides, but the development of aphid-resistant soybean cultivars may provide an alternative management tactic. The viability of this management tactic depends on a diverse set of resistance sources in order to counter various resistance-breaking biotypes of SA, and the identification of new sources of resistance necessitates additional testing of soybean germplasm. The current study used no-choice tests to identify SA resistance in seven early maturing (maturity group I) soybean plant introductions (PIs) that had been advanced from free-choice screening trials. The tests showed PI 437353 and PI 612759 C had an intermediate level of resistance against avirulent SA, whereas PI 437282, PI 437658, PI 437733, PI 548417, and PI 548530 exhibited no significant resistance. Additional research is needed to determine if the source of resistance in PI 437353 and PI 612759 C is due to novel resistant genes, which would help diversify resistance to SA in soybean. Screening and follow-up tests of additional soybean germplasm is warranted in order to ensure the development of durable, SA-resistant cultivars.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"133 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/JAUE17-17.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45574625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-29DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.111
Gabriel Alnajjar, F. Drummond, E. Groden
Abstract Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura; Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a recently established invasive insect pest of berries and stone fruits. We tested the susceptibility of adult D. suzukii to infection by four species of entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., strains GHA and HF-23; Isaria fumosorosea Wize, strains FE-9901 and Apopka 97; Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae (Metschn.), strain F-52; and Metarhizium robertsii, strain DW-346; in laboratory bioassays. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed germination of conidia on D. suzukii integument. Exposure to conidia of all fungal isolates significantly increased mortality rates in comparison to untreated flies. In a subsequent bioassay of the two most virulent isolates, increasing pathogen dose from 0–16,000 conidia mm−2 of B. bassiana strain GHA increased fly mortality and proportion of sporulating cadavers. While fly inoculations with M. anisopliae at 0–4000 conidia mm−2 did not yield any measurable mortality response, a positive correlation was observed between dose and frequency of sporulating cadavers. In addition, we found that oocyte maturation rates were curtailed through one week of adulthood development after sub-lethal exposure to B. bassiana conidia. Despite promising laboratory results, a field cage experiment demonstrated that application of B. bassiana did not protect fruit from infestation. Taken together, these results show that entomopathogenic fungi are virulent against D. suzukii in the laboratory, but application in the field did not show promise.
{"title":"Laboratory and Field Susceptibility of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Entomopathogenic Fungal Mycoses1","authors":"Gabriel Alnajjar, F. Drummond, E. Groden","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.111","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura; Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a recently established invasive insect pest of berries and stone fruits. We tested the susceptibility of adult D. suzukii to infection by four species of entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., strains GHA and HF-23; Isaria fumosorosea Wize, strains FE-9901 and Apopka 97; Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae (Metschn.), strain F-52; and Metarhizium robertsii, strain DW-346; in laboratory bioassays. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed germination of conidia on D. suzukii integument. Exposure to conidia of all fungal isolates significantly increased mortality rates in comparison to untreated flies. In a subsequent bioassay of the two most virulent isolates, increasing pathogen dose from 0–16,000 conidia mm−2 of B. bassiana strain GHA increased fly mortality and proportion of sporulating cadavers. While fly inoculations with M. anisopliae at 0–4000 conidia mm−2 did not yield any measurable mortality response, a positive correlation was observed between dose and frequency of sporulating cadavers. In addition, we found that oocyte maturation rates were curtailed through one week of adulthood development after sub-lethal exposure to B. bassiana conidia. Despite promising laboratory results, a field cage experiment demonstrated that application of B. bassiana did not protect fruit from infestation. Taken together, these results show that entomopathogenic fungi are virulent against D. suzukii in the laboratory, but application in the field did not show promise.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"111 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46267858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuly P. Sandoval-Cáceres, E. V. Vergara-Navarro, B. Landry, J. M. Perilla-Lopez, Nancy Barreto-Triana
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation occupies approximately 474,559 ha in Colombia (Cenicaña 2011). The Hoya del Río Suárez region (Boyacá and Santander Departments in north-central Colombia) produced 100,799 tons of sugar, which accounted for 40% of the total volume of sugarcane grown for the production of panela (MADR-CCI 2012). Other major production areas are the Departments of Cundinamarca (24%), Antioquia (20%), Huila (6%), and Nariño (11%) (MADR-CCI 2012). Panela is a molded rectangular block of sugar produced by heating and concentrating sugarcane juice. Colombia is the second largest producer of panela in the world after India (Rodríguez 2000). Production of sugarcane is affected by different insect pests, and borers in the genusDiatraea (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) are considered the most damaging and commonly encountered (Bustillo-Pardey 2013). Larvae of Crambinae feed upon roots and leaves of sugarcane. They bore into grasses, sedges, and rushes (Stehr 1987, Landry 1995). Larvae of Myelobia smerintha (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) are known to bore inside stem internodes of bamboo (Guadua aculeateRupr. Ex E. Fourn.) and taquara (Bambusa tuldoides Munro) (both Poaceae), two species closely related to sugarcane (Neto & Ramos-Elorduy 2006, Landry et al. 2015). In this paper, we report the detection of M. smerintha using sugarcane as a developmental host. This is not the first record of M. smerintha in Colombia (Bleszynski 1967), but it is the first record of sugarcane as a host plant for this giant Crambinae species. In November 2015 and February 2016, a total of 10 unidentified borer larvae were collected manually from sugarcane plants in the municipality of Villeta, Cundinamarca Department. The sugarcane plants were grown near a corridor of guadua, Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae). The larvae were taken to the
哥伦比亚的甘蔗种植面积约为474559公顷（Cenicaña，2011年）。Hoya del Río Suárez地区（哥伦比亚中北部的Boyacá和Santander省）生产了100799吨糖，占用于生产panela的甘蔗总产量的40%（MADR-CCI，2012年）。其他主要生产区是Cundinamarca省（24%）、Antioquia省（20%）、Huila省（6%）和Nariño省（11%）（MADR-CCI 2012）。Panela是一种通过加热和浓缩甘蔗汁制成的长方形糖块。哥伦比亚是仅次于印度的世界第二大镶板生产国（Rodríguez，2000年）。甘蔗生产受到不同害虫的影响，而梨科的蛀虫被认为是最具破坏性和最常见的害虫（Bustillo Pardey，2013）。Crambinae的幼虫以甘蔗的根和叶为食。它们钻入草、莎草和灯心草中（Stehr 1987，Landry 1995）。已知丝纹Myelobia smerintha（Hübner）（鳞翅目：梨科：Crambinae）的幼虫在竹子（Guadua aculateRup.Ex E.Fourn.）和竹（Bambusa tuldides Munro）的茎节间内繁殖，这两个物种与甘蔗关系密切（Neto&Ramos Elorduy 2006，Landry等人2015）。在本文中，我们报道了以甘蔗为发育宿主检测到的smerintha。这并不是哥伦比亚首次记录到M.smerintha（Bleszynski 1967），但这是首次记录到甘蔗作为这种巨型Crambinae物种的寄主植物。2015年11月和2016年2月，Cundinamarca省Villeta市的甘蔗厂共人工采集了10只身份不明的蛀虫幼虫。甘蔗生长在番石榴的走廊附近，番石榴是狭叶番石榴科植物。幼虫被带到
{"title":"First Record of Myelobia smerintha (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) in Sugarcane in Colombia1","authors":"Yuly P. Sandoval-Cáceres, E. V. Vergara-Navarro, B. Landry, J. M. Perilla-Lopez, Nancy Barreto-Triana","doi":"10.3954/JAUE17-12.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE17-12.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation occupies approximately 474,559 ha in Colombia (Cenicaña 2011). The Hoya del Río Suárez region (Boyacá and Santander Departments in north-central Colombia) produced 100,799 tons of sugar, which accounted for 40% of the total volume of sugarcane grown for the production of panela (MADR-CCI 2012). Other major production areas are the Departments of Cundinamarca (24%), Antioquia (20%), Huila (6%), and Nariño (11%) (MADR-CCI 2012). Panela is a molded rectangular block of sugar produced by heating and concentrating sugarcane juice. Colombia is the second largest producer of panela in the world after India (Rodríguez 2000). Production of sugarcane is affected by different insect pests, and borers in the genusDiatraea (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) are considered the most damaging and commonly encountered (Bustillo-Pardey 2013). Larvae of Crambinae feed upon roots and leaves of sugarcane. They bore into grasses, sedges, and rushes (Stehr 1987, Landry 1995). Larvae of Myelobia smerintha (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) are known to bore inside stem internodes of bamboo (Guadua aculeateRupr. Ex E. Fourn.) and taquara (Bambusa tuldoides Munro) (both Poaceae), two species closely related to sugarcane (Neto & Ramos-Elorduy 2006, Landry et al. 2015). In this paper, we report the detection of M. smerintha using sugarcane as a developmental host. This is not the first record of M. smerintha in Colombia (Bleszynski 1967), but it is the first record of sugarcane as a host plant for this giant Crambinae species. In November 2015 and February 2016, a total of 10 unidentified borer larvae were collected manually from sugarcane plants in the municipality of Villeta, Cundinamarca Department. The sugarcane plants were grown near a corridor of guadua, Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae). The larvae were taken to the","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"105 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/JAUE17-12.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47752721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.77
Erika M. Tucker, Sandra M. Rehan
ABSTRACT Wild bees are essential to the functioning of both agricultural and natural ecosystems, yet these pollinator communities are declining worldwide. Agricultural intensification by means of habitat and floral resource loss is thought to be one of the leading causes of wild bee population deterioration. This study examined multiple agricultural land use systems in New Hampshire to determine how wild bee biodiversity and community interactions are affected by different land use practices. A total of 2292 wild bees were collected during these surveys, representing 112 species. A high species overlap was found at all land use systems, although all sites had some species exclusivity. Land use significantly affected species abundance and richness. The moderately managed sites supported both the greatest pollinator abundance and species richness, while the low management sites had the smallest abundance and the same level of richness as the high management sites. The findings of this study support the importance of floral landscape diversity in bee conservation efforts and suggest that not all agricultural practices negatively affect the pollinator community.
{"title":"Wild Bee Community Assemblages Across Agricultural Landscapes1","authors":"Erika M. Tucker, Sandra M. Rehan","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.77","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wild bees are essential to the functioning of both agricultural and natural ecosystems, yet these pollinator communities are declining worldwide. Agricultural intensification by means of habitat and floral resource loss is thought to be one of the leading causes of wild bee population deterioration. This study examined multiple agricultural land use systems in New Hampshire to determine how wild bee biodiversity and community interactions are affected by different land use practices. A total of 2292 wild bees were collected during these surveys, representing 112 species. A high species overlap was found at all land use systems, although all sites had some species exclusivity. Land use significantly affected species abundance and richness. The moderately managed sites supported both the greatest pollinator abundance and species richness, while the low management sites had the smallest abundance and the same level of richness as the high management sites. The findings of this study support the importance of floral landscape diversity in bee conservation efforts and suggest that not all agricultural practices negatively affect the pollinator community.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"104 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.77","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43070439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.71
Liyun Ren, Z. Xian
The rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalisGuenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a migratory insect pest that inflicts significant damage to rice, Oriza sativa L. (Poaceae), in Asia. Reports of damage caused by C. medinalis have increased in several Asian countries in recent decades (Wang et al. 2009). Although cultural, biological and chemical control strategies, including the use of transgenic rice varieties, have been developed (Nathan et al. 2006, Xu et al. 2011, Gurr et al. 2012, Cho et al. 2013,Huang et al. 2014, Punithavalli et al. 2013),many farmers still use insecticides (such as abamectin, amino-avermectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole) as the main management tools against C. medinalis. Excessive use of insecticides can lead to the development of resistance (Zheng et al. 2011, Zhang et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2016), reduction of natural enemy populations (Ren et al. 2015), and pest resurgence. Natural enemies play an important role in regulating insect pest populations in the field. More than 100 parasitoid species in Ichneumonidae, Braconidae and Chalcidoidea were reported as natural enemies of C. medinalis in Asia (Lou et al. 2013). Nineteen parasitoid species were identified in Nanning, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China (Ren et al. 2015). In Tieăn Giang, Vietnam, C. medinalis larval parasitism rates ranged from 33–90% in rice fields not treated with insecticide applications (Gurr et al. 2012). In Guangdong Province, China, parasitism reached 65.7% in the early-season rice, with Stenomesius maculatus Liao (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) responsible for 62.5% of total parasitism (Li 1992). Huang et al. (2013) reported that S. maculatus achieved 39.2% parasitism in Guangxi,China.Parasitism byApanteles cyprisNixon (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) was 63.4% in Guizhou Province, China (Ma et al. 2013). Ren et al. (2015) reported that 74% fewer parasitoids were collected from pesticide-treated fields than from untreated fields in Guangxi, China, suggesting that applications of nitenpyram, buprofezin, pymetrozine and avermectin (customary to rice production in China) severely disrupted the activity and abundance of parasitoids. A better understanding of natural parasitism is important to conserve biological control agents.We carried out surveys betweenApril andNovember 2011 at the
稻折叶虫Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée（鳞翅目：梨科）是一种迁徙性害虫，对亚洲的水稻Oriza sativa L.（禾本科）造成重大损害。近几十年来，一些亚洲国家对稻纵卷叶螟造成的损害的报道有所增加（Wang等人，2009）。尽管已经制定了包括使用转基因水稻品种在内的栽培、生物和化学控制策略（Nathan等人，2006年，Xu等人，2011年，Gurr等人，2012年，Cho等人，2013年，Huang等人，2014年，Punithavalli等人，2013），许多农民仍然使用杀虫剂（如阿维菌素、氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸酯和氯虫腈）作为防治稻纵卷叶螟的主要管理工具。过量使用杀虫剂会导致抗性的发展（Zheng et al.2011，Zhang et al.2014，Wang et al.2016）、天敌种群的减少（Ren et al.2015）和害虫死灰复燃。天敌在调节田间害虫种群方面发挥着重要作用。据报道，在亚洲，有超过100种一肺科、臂蜂科和花蜂总科的寄生蜂是稻纵卷叶螟的天敌（Lou等人，2013）。在中国广西自治区南宁市发现了19种寄生蜂（Ren等人，2015）。在越南Tieăn Giang，未经杀虫剂处理的稻田中，稻纵卷叶螟幼虫寄生率在33-90%之间（Gurr等人，2012）。在中国广东省，早季稻的寄生率达到65.7%，其中斑叶螟（膜翅目：膜翅目）占总寄生率的62.5%（李1992）。Huang等人（2013）报道，斑腹蛛在中国广西的寄生率为39.2%。在中国贵州省，塞浦路斯Apanteles cypinixon（膜翅目：茧蜂科）的寄生率达63.4%（Ma等人，2013）。Ren等人（2015）报告称，在中国广西，从农药处理过的田地中采集的寄生蜂比从未处理过的农田中采集的少74%，这表明施用烯啶虫胺、噻嗪酮、吡喃丙嗪和阿维菌素（中国水稻生产的习惯）严重干扰了寄生蜂的活动和丰度。更好地了解自然寄生对保护生物防治剂很重要。2011年4月至11月，我们在
{"title":"Survey of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Parasitoids in Guangxi, China1","authors":"Liyun Ren, Z. Xian","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"The rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalisGuenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a migratory insect pest that inflicts significant damage to rice, Oriza sativa L. (Poaceae), in Asia. Reports of damage caused by C. medinalis have increased in several Asian countries in recent decades (Wang et al. 2009). Although cultural, biological and chemical control strategies, including the use of transgenic rice varieties, have been developed (Nathan et al. 2006, Xu et al. 2011, Gurr et al. 2012, Cho et al. 2013,Huang et al. 2014, Punithavalli et al. 2013),many farmers still use insecticides (such as abamectin, amino-avermectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole) as the main management tools against C. medinalis. Excessive use of insecticides can lead to the development of resistance (Zheng et al. 2011, Zhang et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2016), reduction of natural enemy populations (Ren et al. 2015), and pest resurgence. Natural enemies play an important role in regulating insect pest populations in the field. More than 100 parasitoid species in Ichneumonidae, Braconidae and Chalcidoidea were reported as natural enemies of C. medinalis in Asia (Lou et al. 2013). Nineteen parasitoid species were identified in Nanning, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China (Ren et al. 2015). In Tieăn Giang, Vietnam, C. medinalis larval parasitism rates ranged from 33–90% in rice fields not treated with insecticide applications (Gurr et al. 2012). In Guangdong Province, China, parasitism reached 65.7% in the early-season rice, with Stenomesius maculatus Liao (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) responsible for 62.5% of total parasitism (Li 1992). Huang et al. (2013) reported that S. maculatus achieved 39.2% parasitism in Guangxi,China.Parasitism byApanteles cyprisNixon (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) was 63.4% in Guizhou Province, China (Ma et al. 2013). Ren et al. (2015) reported that 74% fewer parasitoids were collected from pesticide-treated fields than from untreated fields in Guangxi, China, suggesting that applications of nitenpyram, buprofezin, pymetrozine and avermectin (customary to rice production in China) severely disrupted the activity and abundance of parasitoids. A better understanding of natural parasitism is important to conserve biological control agents.We carried out surveys betweenApril andNovember 2011 at the","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"71 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.71","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44318682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-29DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.61
E. Ballman, F. Drummond
Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive vinegar fly that attacks a large variety of soft fruits including wild blueberries in Maine. Wild blueberry fields in Maine are commonly surrounded by woodland edges that contain wild fruit. These edges are important refugia as they provide the fly with needed shade and moisture during the hottest parts of the day. The wild fruit in these wooded edges are also potential alternative hosts for D. suzukii. We surveyed wild fruit along blueberry fields to determine the types of fruit present and measured D. suzukii infestation levels in surveyed fruit. We also measured the number of adult D. suzukii along field edges and the level of infestation in the wild blueberry crop. Drosophila suzukii was found in nine out of seventeen surveyed wild fruit species along field edges. Our results suggest a correlation between wild fruit infestation levels and adult fly densities in the crop fields. Blueberry fields with higher levels of wild fruit infestation also showed higher levels of adult D. suzukii trap captures in the commercial blueberry fields. These wild fruit hosts may allow D. suzukii to increase its population abundance prior to moving into commercial blueberry fields.
{"title":"Infestation of Wild Fruit by Drosophila suzukii Surrounding Maine Wild Blueberry Fields1","authors":"E. Ballman, F. Drummond","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive vinegar fly that attacks a large variety of soft fruits including wild blueberries in Maine. Wild blueberry fields in Maine are commonly surrounded by woodland edges that contain wild fruit. These edges are important refugia as they provide the fly with needed shade and moisture during the hottest parts of the day. The wild fruit in these wooded edges are also potential alternative hosts for D. suzukii. We surveyed wild fruit along blueberry fields to determine the types of fruit present and measured D. suzukii infestation levels in surveyed fruit. We also measured the number of adult D. suzukii along field edges and the level of infestation in the wild blueberry crop. Drosophila suzukii was found in nine out of seventeen surveyed wild fruit species along field edges. Our results suggest a correlation between wild fruit infestation levels and adult fly densities in the crop fields. Blueberry fields with higher levels of wild fruit infestation also showed higher levels of adult D. suzukii trap captures in the commercial blueberry fields. These wild fruit hosts may allow D. suzukii to increase its population abundance prior to moving into commercial blueberry fields.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"33 1","pages":"61 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44795667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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