P. Barra, D. Garcia, M. Etcheverry, G. Barros, A. Nesci
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate different doses of butylated hydroxytoleuene (BHT) against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae). The effects on feeding behavior, growth, food consumption and total protein content of insects treated with different doses (1.48, 3.18, 6.36 and 9.54 mg g–1) of BHT were evaluated. Antifeedant activity was observed only at 1.48 mg g–1 in the choice assay, with a feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 0.41; this concentration also deterred feeding by 41.6%. All treatments showed feeding suppression index (FSI) and feeding inhibition index (FII) as <0, suggesting that the insects were dissuaded from eating and moved away even at the lowest doses. Repellency was observed at 1.48 mg g–1. All insects were alive at the lowest dose, whereas mortality ranged from 40 to 86% between 3.10 and 9.50 mg g–1. Food intake was reduced at the lowest dose. Adults exposed to a diet containing BHT showed significantly lower efficiency of conversion (ECI) than the untreated insects, indicating that more food was metabolized for energy and less was converted to body mass. The treated insects lost more than half of their initial weights. The protein content of insects exposed to 1.48 mg g–1 of BHT was similar to that of untreated insects. This study contributes to understanding the feeding behavior of T. confusum and facilitates the management of this insect in stored products.
{"title":"Effects of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"P. Barra, D. Garcia, M. Etcheverry, G. Barros, A. Nesci","doi":"10.3954/JAUE19-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE19-20","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate different doses of butylated hydroxytoleuene (BHT) against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae). The effects on feeding behavior, growth, food consumption and total protein content of insects treated with different doses (1.48, 3.18, 6.36 and 9.54 mg g–1) of BHT were evaluated. Antifeedant activity was observed only at 1.48 mg g–1 in the choice assay, with a feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 0.41; this concentration also deterred feeding by 41.6%. All treatments showed feeding suppression index (FSI) and feeding inhibition index (FII) as <0, suggesting that the insects were dissuaded from eating and moved away even at the lowest doses. Repellency was observed at 1.48 mg g–1. All insects were alive at the lowest dose, whereas mortality ranged from 40 to 86% between 3.10 and 9.50 mg g–1. Food intake was reduced at the lowest dose. Adults exposed to a diet containing BHT showed significantly lower efficiency of conversion (ECI) than the untreated insects, indicating that more food was metabolized for energy and less was converted to body mass. The treated insects lost more than half of their initial weights. The protein content of insects exposed to 1.48 mg g–1 of BHT was similar to that of untreated insects. This study contributes to understanding the feeding behavior of T. confusum and facilitates the management of this insect in stored products.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"37 1","pages":"48 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Nematollahian, M. Bagheri, Z. Yousefi, A. Khezrian, A. Zahmatkesh
ABSTRACT Pébrine is the most important disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), and is caused by Nosema bombycis (Nägeli) (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae). We investigated the effect of N. bombycis infection on the total hemocyte count (THC) and the differential hemocyte count (DHC) in hemolymph of a disease-resistant line (Line 104) and a susceptible line (Line 153) reared under optimum conditions. Fifth-instar silkworms were inoculated with a microsporidia spore suspension. Hemolymph was collected on the second, fourth and sixth days after inoculation, and THC and DHC of infected and uninfected silkworms were enumerated. Significantly higher THC was observed in the infected silkworms than the uninfected silkworms, but there was no significant difference in THC between lines. A significant difference in THC among days since inoculation in both lines was observed, with the average THC being higher on the second day since inoculation. DHC were significantly different among lines and days since inoculation. Granulocytes and plasmatocytes were the most numerous in Line 104, whereas granulocytes, plasmatocytes and prohemocytes were the most numerous in Line 153. Nosema infection decreased the percentage of all hemocytes, but increased the percentage of adipohemocytes and plasmatocytes. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the effects of microporidian infection that affects the sericulture industry.
{"title":"Hemotological Changes in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) Infected by Nosema bombycis","authors":"S. Nematollahian, M. Bagheri, Z. Yousefi, A. Khezrian, A. Zahmatkesh","doi":"10.3954/JAUE21-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE21-10","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Pébrine is the most important disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), and is caused by Nosema bombycis (Nägeli) (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae). We investigated the effect of N. bombycis infection on the total hemocyte count (THC) and the differential hemocyte count (DHC) in hemolymph of a disease-resistant line (Line 104) and a susceptible line (Line 153) reared under optimum conditions. Fifth-instar silkworms were inoculated with a microsporidia spore suspension. Hemolymph was collected on the second, fourth and sixth days after inoculation, and THC and DHC of infected and uninfected silkworms were enumerated. Significantly higher THC was observed in the infected silkworms than the uninfected silkworms, but there was no significant difference in THC between lines. A significant difference in THC among days since inoculation in both lines was observed, with the average THC being higher on the second day since inoculation. DHC were significantly different among lines and days since inoculation. Granulocytes and plasmatocytes were the most numerous in Line 104, whereas granulocytes, plasmatocytes and prohemocytes were the most numerous in Line 153. Nosema infection decreased the percentage of all hemocytes, but increased the percentage of adipohemocytes and plasmatocytes. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the effects of microporidian infection that affects the sericulture industry.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"37 1","pages":"38 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45324860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie Johana Numa-Vergel, Yuly P. Sandoval-Cáceres, E. V. Vergara-Navarro
The honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), has been threatened worldwide by high colony loss rates (Dainat et al. 2012, Lee et al. 2015, Watson & Stallins 2016,Haddad et al. 2017). The losses have been attributed to different factors, such as diseases, pesticide application near apiaries, climate change, beehive management practices, several parasitic mite species [including Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae), Tropilaelaps spp. (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae), and Acarapis woodi Rennie (Trombidiformes: Tarsonemidae)] and insects (such as Aethina tumidaMurray; Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (Bernadou et al. 2009, Cresswell et al. 2012, Ghosh & Jung 2017, Flores et al. 2019). Despite these colony losses, honey production has increased in recent years due to an increase in colonies number (Piou et al. 2016, Traynor et al. 2016, Xu et al. 2016, Kulhanek et al. 2017, 2021, Castilhos et al. 2019). The small hive beetle, A. tumida, is a parasite of honey bee and other social bee species (Neuman & Elzen 2004). Elzen et al. (1999) reported that A. tumida is attracted to hives with honey and pollen, and its population increases in stressed hives or recently abandoned colonies with immature bees. Aethina tumida is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is usually considered a minor pest (Neumann&Ellis 2008). This insect has a cosmopolitan distribution (Figure 1) (Habeck 2002). It has been reported in Africa, Europe, North America, Oceania and South America (Mostafa & Williams 2000, Boncristiani et al. 2020). In this paper, we report for first time the detection of A. tumida in Colombia. The specimens were collected manually on 3 October 2020 (by L. F. Alvarez and D. E. Quintero of Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria) in old honeycomb frames without brood in a honey bee apiary maintained at Palmira Research Center, Valle del Cauca, Palmira, Colombia (1003 m; N3°31′16,597′′, W76°18′25,387′′). The specimens were identified using keys in Habeck (2002), Brown et al. (2013) and OIE (2018) under stereomicroscopes (Stereo Discovery.V12; Carl Zeiss
蜜蜂，Apis mellifera L.(膜翅目:蜜蜂科)，因高群体损失率在全球范围内受到威胁(Dainat et al. 2012, Lee et al. 2015, Watson & Stallins 2016,Haddad et al. 2017)。损失可归因于不同的因素，如疾病、养蜂场附近的农药施用、气候变化、蜂箱管理措施、几种寄生性螨[包括破坏瓦螨(中刺目:瓦螨科)、Tropilaelaps(中刺目:瓦螨科)和木螨(恙螨目:Tarsonemidae)]和昆虫(如athina tumidaMurray;鞘翅目:Nitidulidae) (Bernadou et al. 2009, Cresswell et al. 2012, Ghosh & Jung 2017, Flores et al. 2019)。尽管有这些蜂群损失，但近年来由于蜂群数量的增加，蜂蜜产量有所增加(Piou等人2016年，Traynor等人2016年，Xu等人2016年，Kulhanek等人2017,2021年，Castilhos等人2019年)。小蜂巢甲虫，a . tumida，是蜜蜂和其他群居蜜蜂物种的寄生虫(Neuman & Elzen 2004)。Elzen等人(1999)报告说，蜜蜂被蜂蜜和花粉吸引到蜂箱中，在压力大的蜂箱或最近被遗弃的有未成熟蜜蜂的蜂群中，蜜蜂的数量增加。蛔虫原产于撒哈拉以南非洲，在那里它通常被认为是一种小害虫(Neumann&Ellis 2008)。这种昆虫具有世界性分布(图1)(Habeck 2002)。在非洲、欧洲、北美、大洋洲和南美洲都有报道(Mostafa & Williams 2000, Boncristiani et al. 2020)。本文报道首次在哥伦比亚检测到tumida。标本由Corporación columbiana de Investigación Agropecuaria的L. F. Alvarez和D. E. Quintero于2020年10月3日人工采集，采集地点为哥伦比亚Palmira考卡谷Palmira研究中心(1003 m;N3°31 16597”,W76 18°25387”)。Habeck(2002)、Brown et al.(2013)和OIE(2018)在立体显微镜下使用钥匙对标本进行了鉴定(Stereo Discovery.V12;卡尔蔡司
{"title":"First Record of Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Colombia","authors":"Stephanie Johana Numa-Vergel, Yuly P. Sandoval-Cáceres, E. V. Vergara-Navarro","doi":"10.3954/JAUE21-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE21-09","url":null,"abstract":"The honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), has been threatened worldwide by high colony loss rates (Dainat et al. 2012, Lee et al. 2015, Watson & Stallins 2016,Haddad et al. 2017). The losses have been attributed to different factors, such as diseases, pesticide application near apiaries, climate change, beehive management practices, several parasitic mite species [including Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae), Tropilaelaps spp. (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae), and Acarapis woodi Rennie (Trombidiformes: Tarsonemidae)] and insects (such as Aethina tumidaMurray; Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (Bernadou et al. 2009, Cresswell et al. 2012, Ghosh & Jung 2017, Flores et al. 2019). Despite these colony losses, honey production has increased in recent years due to an increase in colonies number (Piou et al. 2016, Traynor et al. 2016, Xu et al. 2016, Kulhanek et al. 2017, 2021, Castilhos et al. 2019). The small hive beetle, A. tumida, is a parasite of honey bee and other social bee species (Neuman & Elzen 2004). Elzen et al. (1999) reported that A. tumida is attracted to hives with honey and pollen, and its population increases in stressed hives or recently abandoned colonies with immature bees. Aethina tumida is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is usually considered a minor pest (Neumann&Ellis 2008). This insect has a cosmopolitan distribution (Figure 1) (Habeck 2002). It has been reported in Africa, Europe, North America, Oceania and South America (Mostafa & Williams 2000, Boncristiani et al. 2020). In this paper, we report for first time the detection of A. tumida in Colombia. The specimens were collected manually on 3 October 2020 (by L. F. Alvarez and D. E. Quintero of Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria) in old honeycomb frames without brood in a honey bee apiary maintained at Palmira Research Center, Valle del Cauca, Palmira, Colombia (1003 m; N3°31′16,597′′, W76°18′25,387′′). The specimens were identified using keys in Habeck (2002), Brown et al. (2013) and OIE (2018) under stereomicroscopes (Stereo Discovery.V12; Carl Zeiss","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"37 1","pages":"33 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47057856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. M. Decuyper, L. Claps, J. C. Araujo Vieira de Souza, Eleodoro E. Del Valle
Ceroplastes grandis Hempel (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is a polyphagous wax scale insect. Females form unsightly clusters in heavy infestations, especially on ornamental plants and urban trees (Granara de Willink & Claps 2003). Excessive removal of plant sap causes wilting of plants. Research on C. grandis has focused on taxonomy (Granara de Willink 1999, Peronti et al. 2008, Rosa et al. 2016), and some aspects of biology, damage and management (Vaccaro & Mousqués 1996, Granara de Willink & Claps 2003, Rosa et al. 2016, Correa Franco 2018). Duranta erecta var. lemon L. (Verbenaceae) is a shrub native from southern United States to Argentina (Sanders 1984), and widely used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens (Parodi & Dimitri 2004). Decuyper et al. (2020) reported the detection of C. grandis on D. erecta plants in Argentina, and the reduction in the plants’ ornamental value. Since insecticide application is most effective against the crawlers and second instars, which are not protected by wax cover (Smith et al. 1971, Camacho et al. 2017), knowledge of the settling behavior of crawlers on this shrub is important to developing effective management practices that reduce C. grandis populations and damage. The aim of this study was to determine how successfullyC. grandis crawlers could settle onD. erecta var. lemon plants. The settling behavior of this wax scale onD. erecta has not been addressed. First-instar C. grandis were collected from a highly infested D. erecta plant in a private garden in Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina (31°46′01.6′′S, 60°31′10.7′′W). Before collection, we confirmed that C. grandis was the only scale species presented on the source plant by identifying adult females based on the description of Vaccaro & Mousqués (1996). The insects were placed on moist filter papers in Petri dishes and transported to the laboratory. They were then exposed to 12°C in
大蜡蚧(半翅目:瓢虫科)是一种多食性蜡蚧昆虫。雌性在严重的虫害中形成难看的集群，特别是在观赏植物和城市树木上(Granara de Willink & Claps 2003)。过多地去除植物汁液会导致植物枯萎。对C. grandis的研究主要集中在分类上(Granara de Willink 1999, Peronti et al. 2008, Rosa et al. 2016)，以及生物学、损害和管理的某些方面(Vaccaro & mousqu 1996, Granara de Willink & Claps 2003, Rosa et al. 2016, Correa Franco 2018)。Duranta erecta var. lemon L.(马鞭草科)是一种灌木，原产于美国南部至阿根廷(Sanders 1984)，广泛用作公园和花园的观赏植物(Parodi & Dimitri 2004)。Decuyper et al.(2020)报道了在阿根廷的D. erecta植物上检测到大C. grandis，并降低了植物的观赏价值。由于杀虫剂对没有蜡盖保护的爬行虫和二龄虫最有效(Smith et al. 1971, Camacho et al. 2017)，因此了解爬行虫在这种灌木上的沉降行为对于制定有效的管理措施以减少大叶蝉的数量和损害非常重要。这项研究的目的是确定c。grandis crawler可以解决onD问题。直立植物，柠檬植物。研究了该蜡垢的沉降行为。直立塔没有得到解决。本研究采自阿根廷Entre Ríos市parane 某私家花园(南纬31°46′01.6”，西经60°31′10.7”)一株高发直立木。采集前，我们根据Vaccaro & mousqu(1996)的描述鉴定成虫雌性，确认大鳞螟是源植物上唯一存在的鳞片种。这些昆虫被放在潮湿的滤纸上，放在培养皿中，然后运到实验室。然后将它们暴露在12°C的
{"title":"Settling Success of Ceroplastes grandis (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Crawlers on Duranta erecta var. lemon (Verbenaceae)","authors":"C. M. Decuyper, L. Claps, J. C. Araujo Vieira de Souza, Eleodoro E. Del Valle","doi":"10.3954/JAUE21-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE21-03","url":null,"abstract":"Ceroplastes grandis Hempel (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is a polyphagous wax scale insect. Females form unsightly clusters in heavy infestations, especially on ornamental plants and urban trees (Granara de Willink & Claps 2003). Excessive removal of plant sap causes wilting of plants. Research on C. grandis has focused on taxonomy (Granara de Willink 1999, Peronti et al. 2008, Rosa et al. 2016), and some aspects of biology, damage and management (Vaccaro & Mousqués 1996, Granara de Willink & Claps 2003, Rosa et al. 2016, Correa Franco 2018). Duranta erecta var. lemon L. (Verbenaceae) is a shrub native from southern United States to Argentina (Sanders 1984), and widely used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens (Parodi & Dimitri 2004). Decuyper et al. (2020) reported the detection of C. grandis on D. erecta plants in Argentina, and the reduction in the plants’ ornamental value. Since insecticide application is most effective against the crawlers and second instars, which are not protected by wax cover (Smith et al. 1971, Camacho et al. 2017), knowledge of the settling behavior of crawlers on this shrub is important to developing effective management practices that reduce C. grandis populations and damage. The aim of this study was to determine how successfullyC. grandis crawlers could settle onD. erecta var. lemon plants. The settling behavior of this wax scale onD. erecta has not been addressed. First-instar C. grandis were collected from a highly infested D. erecta plant in a private garden in Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina (31°46′01.6′′S, 60°31′10.7′′W). Before collection, we confirmed that C. grandis was the only scale species presented on the source plant by identifying adult females based on the description of Vaccaro & Mousqués (1996). The insects were placed on moist filter papers in Petri dishes and transported to the laboratory. They were then exposed to 12°C in","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"37 1","pages":"29 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45121934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Mertz, Lynn M Johnson, Hoon-Sik Eom, Jong Man Kim, J. G. Scott
House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), are ubiquitous and transmit scores of pathogens which cause human diseases (Scott & Lettig 1962, Greenberg 1965, Keiding 1986). As a result, their populations must be controlled in hospitals, schools and facilities that handle and/or sell food (grocery stores, restaurants, markets, etc.). Pathogens transmitted by house flies include bacteria causing diseases such as salmonellosis, anthrax, ophthalmia, shigellosis, tuberculosis, cholera, and infantile diarrhea; protozoa that cause amebic dysentery; helminthic infections such as pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms; as well as viral and rickettsial infections. House flies can spread a deadly strain of Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani & Chalmers (Enterobacteriaceae) (Sasaki et al. 2000) and other life threatening antibiotic resistant bacteria (Rahuma et al. 2005, Macovei & Zurek 2006) which constitute an ever increasing threat in hospitals and other healthcare facilities (Sundin 1996, Graczyk et al. 2001, Maisnier-Patin & Andersson 2004, Boulesteix et al. 2005). Numerous studies have shown that control of house flies can limit transmission of human diseases (Watt & Lindsay 1948, Lindsay et al. 1953, Bian et al. 2018). There are needs for non-chemical control of house flies in some environments where the use of insecticides can be problematic, such as restaurants, schools, grocery stores, hospitals, etc. Light traps represent an effective alternative to insecticides in these facilities. Insect light traps typically rely on a UV light source as an attractant, and a common trap design for house flies consists of a wall-mounted light source with a glue board situated behind the lights. House flies are attracted most strongly to wavelengths between 310 and 370 nm (Thimijan& Pickens 1973), and their attraction to the light source depends on the intensity of the light source (Thimijan & Pickens 1973), the design of the trap (Thimijan & Pickens 1973, Pickens & Thimijan 1986, Syms &Goodman 1987, Rutz et al. 1988, Roberts et al. 1992, Hogsette 2008) and the on/off cycle (Hogsette 2019). UV light based traps have
{"title":"Light-Emitting Diode Light Traps as an Improved Method for Control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)","authors":"R. Mertz, Lynn M Johnson, Hoon-Sik Eom, Jong Man Kim, J. G. Scott","doi":"10.3954/JAUE21-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE21-06","url":null,"abstract":"House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), are ubiquitous and transmit scores of pathogens which cause human diseases (Scott & Lettig 1962, Greenberg 1965, Keiding 1986). As a result, their populations must be controlled in hospitals, schools and facilities that handle and/or sell food (grocery stores, restaurants, markets, etc.). Pathogens transmitted by house flies include bacteria causing diseases such as salmonellosis, anthrax, ophthalmia, shigellosis, tuberculosis, cholera, and infantile diarrhea; protozoa that cause amebic dysentery; helminthic infections such as pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms; as well as viral and rickettsial infections. House flies can spread a deadly strain of Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani & Chalmers (Enterobacteriaceae) (Sasaki et al. 2000) and other life threatening antibiotic resistant bacteria (Rahuma et al. 2005, Macovei & Zurek 2006) which constitute an ever increasing threat in hospitals and other healthcare facilities (Sundin 1996, Graczyk et al. 2001, Maisnier-Patin & Andersson 2004, Boulesteix et al. 2005). Numerous studies have shown that control of house flies can limit transmission of human diseases (Watt & Lindsay 1948, Lindsay et al. 1953, Bian et al. 2018). There are needs for non-chemical control of house flies in some environments where the use of insecticides can be problematic, such as restaurants, schools, grocery stores, hospitals, etc. Light traps represent an effective alternative to insecticides in these facilities. Insect light traps typically rely on a UV light source as an attractant, and a common trap design for house flies consists of a wall-mounted light source with a glue board situated behind the lights. House flies are attracted most strongly to wavelengths between 310 and 370 nm (Thimijan& Pickens 1973), and their attraction to the light source depends on the intensity of the light source (Thimijan & Pickens 1973), the design of the trap (Thimijan & Pickens 1973, Pickens & Thimijan 1986, Syms &Goodman 1987, Rutz et al. 1988, Roberts et al. 1992, Hogsette 2008) and the on/off cycle (Hogsette 2019). UV light based traps have","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"37 1","pages":"22 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41584842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), has long been a pest of warm-season grass species used for turf and hay. This species is benefiting from a recent resurgence as a pest of golf course putting greens. No efficacy information is currently available to aid in selecting insecticides for the management of rhodesgrass mealybug. This three-year study evaluated the efficacy of seven active ingredients (acephate, alpha-cypermethrin, cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) applied at several concentrations to golf course putting greens in Georgia and South Carolina, United States. The goal of this study was to identify the most effective insecticides for rhodesgrass mealybug management. Acephate, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam achieved greater and more consistent reduction in rhodesgrass mealybug abundance than other insecticides in multiple experiments. Based on our results, long-term suppression of mealybug populations could only be achieved through repeated applications of these insecticides targeting crawlers or an integrated pest management program that complement chemical control. There are needs to further improve management efficacy against rhodesgrass mealybugs by identifying additional effective insecticides of different modes of action to complement acephate, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and methods by which the efficacy of these insecticides could be further improved.
{"title":"Efficacy of Selected Insecticides in Reducing Rhodesgrass Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Density on Golf Course Putting Greens","authors":"S. V. Joseph, R. Wolverton, J. Chong","doi":"10.3954/JAUE21-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE21-07","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), has long been a pest of warm-season grass species used for turf and hay. This species is benefiting from a recent resurgence as a pest of golf course putting greens. No efficacy information is currently available to aid in selecting insecticides for the management of rhodesgrass mealybug. This three-year study evaluated the efficacy of seven active ingredients (acephate, alpha-cypermethrin, cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) applied at several concentrations to golf course putting greens in Georgia and South Carolina, United States. The goal of this study was to identify the most effective insecticides for rhodesgrass mealybug management. Acephate, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam achieved greater and more consistent reduction in rhodesgrass mealybug abundance than other insecticides in multiple experiments. Based on our results, long-term suppression of mealybug populations could only be achieved through repeated applications of these insecticides targeting crawlers or an integrated pest management program that complement chemical control. There are needs to further improve management efficacy against rhodesgrass mealybugs by identifying additional effective insecticides of different modes of action to complement acephate, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and methods by which the efficacy of these insecticides could be further improved.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"37 1","pages":"10 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45285314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-37.1.6
J. Hogsette
It is common knowledge that flies, particularly house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), upon entering a building may eventually be found in a window, presumably trying to get outside. In addition to the entry of the occasional fly, flies in northern climes, e.g., blow flies (Calliphoridae), cluster flies (Pollenia rudis (F.); Polleniidae), and face flies (Musca autumnalis De Geer; Muscidae), will overwinter in large numbers in the attics of houses. When the weather begins to warm up,many of these flies find their way into the living areas of the house. They are attracted to the windows on the warmer, sunny side of the house (Pickens & Miller 1980, Burks et al. 1997, Cranshaw 2018). This can become a tremendous nuisance problem because a portion of the flies enter the living areas daily until all of the overwintering flies have left the attic. Having watched the behavior of flies in windows for many hours, it becomes obvious that flies fly up and down a glass pane with the anterior part of their head more or less touching the pane to some degree. This up and down flight continues until the fly, possibly fatigued, drops to the sill. Flies remain on the sill momentarily or for longer periods before resuming their up-and-down flight. Thus, it seems logical that windows would be good sites for placement of fly intervention devices, and many such devices are currently on the market. Most of these devices employ adhesive strips to capture flies, whereas others are pesticide-treated peelable stickers. In 2002 a different type of window trap, the Cluster Buster (Powder Trap Co., Collingwood, Ontario, Canada), appeared on the market. The trap fits flush against a windowpane and has a reservoir containing finely ground eggshells. At the top of the reservoir is a slit that is close and parallel to the windowpane once the trap has been mounted. This allows insects descending the windowpane to fall inside the trap. The finely powdered, chemically neutral eggshells act like quicksand and quickly engulf the struggling insect. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and numbers of insects captured by the Cluster Buster trap.
{"title":"Evaluation of Cluster Buster Fly Traps in a Large Commercial Establishment","authors":"J. Hogsette","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-37.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-37.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"It is common knowledge that flies, particularly house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), upon entering a building may eventually be found in a window, presumably trying to get outside. In addition to the entry of the occasional fly, flies in northern climes, e.g., blow flies (Calliphoridae), cluster flies (Pollenia rudis (F.); Polleniidae), and face flies (Musca autumnalis De Geer; Muscidae), will overwinter in large numbers in the attics of houses. When the weather begins to warm up,many of these flies find their way into the living areas of the house. They are attracted to the windows on the warmer, sunny side of the house (Pickens & Miller 1980, Burks et al. 1997, Cranshaw 2018). This can become a tremendous nuisance problem because a portion of the flies enter the living areas daily until all of the overwintering flies have left the attic. Having watched the behavior of flies in windows for many hours, it becomes obvious that flies fly up and down a glass pane with the anterior part of their head more or less touching the pane to some degree. This up and down flight continues until the fly, possibly fatigued, drops to the sill. Flies remain on the sill momentarily or for longer periods before resuming their up-and-down flight. Thus, it seems logical that windows would be good sites for placement of fly intervention devices, and many such devices are currently on the market. Most of these devices employ adhesive strips to capture flies, whereas others are pesticide-treated peelable stickers. In 2002 a different type of window trap, the Cluster Buster (Powder Trap Co., Collingwood, Ontario, Canada), appeared on the market. The trap fits flush against a windowpane and has a reservoir containing finely ground eggshells. At the top of the reservoir is a slit that is close and parallel to the windowpane once the trap has been mounted. This allows insects descending the windowpane to fall inside the trap. The finely powdered, chemically neutral eggshells act like quicksand and quickly engulf the struggling insect. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and numbers of insects captured by the Cluster Buster trap.","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47887124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-23DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.120
K. Soumya, A. Krishnamoorthy
Approximately 3000 plant species are used in traditional medicine practices in India, such as Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Siddha and Yunani (Pandey et al. 2013). Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae), an indigenous plant in India, is being evaluated for its therapeutic efficacy (Ravishankar & Shukla 2007).Cissus quadrangularis is characterized by a thick quadrangular fleshy stem, and leaves with smooth margins. It is commonly grown in warm tropical climates in India, Sri Lanka, Java and West Africa (Udupa et al. 1970). The plant is often called “Hadjod” in Hindi and “Asthisamdhani” in Sanskrit due to its potential to speed the healing of fractured bones (Sivarajan & Balachandran 1994). In Kenya and Sri Lanka, the plant is used to treat piles, gout, venereal diseases, leukorrhea and dysentery (HolfordWalker 1981, Khan et al. 1991, Yoganarsimhan 2000). The stem is used to treat scurvy, irregular menstruation, otorrhoea and epistaxis, and the root is used to treat bone fracture in India (Nadkarni 1954, Prasad & Udupa 1963, Kumbhojkar et al. 1991, Sandhip & Sheetal 2014, Brahmkshatriya et al. 2015). During a regular survey of pests of economically important crops in 2016, a new lepidopteran pest was encountered on C. quadrangularis grown as medicinal plants in the backyard of a house near Rabindranath Tagore Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Caterpillars were bought back to the laboratory, reared on C. quadrangularis, and the resulting moths were identified by Dr. Janakiraman Poorani at Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India, asHippotion celerio (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Hippotion celerio is found in Africa, India and Sri Lanka, and, as an invasive species in southern Europe and Australia. This detection represents the first report of H. celerio in Bangalore. Chatterjee & Ram (1969) reportedH. celerio from Poona, India, and described coloration of last instar
{"title":"Development of Hippotion celerio (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae) in Bangalore, India","authors":"K. Soumya, A. Krishnamoorthy","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.120","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 3000 plant species are used in traditional medicine practices in India, such as Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Siddha and Yunani (Pandey et al. 2013). Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae), an indigenous plant in India, is being evaluated for its therapeutic efficacy (Ravishankar & Shukla 2007).Cissus quadrangularis is characterized by a thick quadrangular fleshy stem, and leaves with smooth margins. It is commonly grown in warm tropical climates in India, Sri Lanka, Java and West Africa (Udupa et al. 1970). The plant is often called “Hadjod” in Hindi and “Asthisamdhani” in Sanskrit due to its potential to speed the healing of fractured bones (Sivarajan & Balachandran 1994). In Kenya and Sri Lanka, the plant is used to treat piles, gout, venereal diseases, leukorrhea and dysentery (HolfordWalker 1981, Khan et al. 1991, Yoganarsimhan 2000). The stem is used to treat scurvy, irregular menstruation, otorrhoea and epistaxis, and the root is used to treat bone fracture in India (Nadkarni 1954, Prasad & Udupa 1963, Kumbhojkar et al. 1991, Sandhip & Sheetal 2014, Brahmkshatriya et al. 2015). During a regular survey of pests of economically important crops in 2016, a new lepidopteran pest was encountered on C. quadrangularis grown as medicinal plants in the backyard of a house near Rabindranath Tagore Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Caterpillars were bought back to the laboratory, reared on C. quadrangularis, and the resulting moths were identified by Dr. Janakiraman Poorani at Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India, asHippotion celerio (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Hippotion celerio is found in Africa, India and Sri Lanka, and, as an invasive species in southern Europe and Australia. This detection represents the first report of H. celerio in Bangalore. Chatterjee & Ram (1969) reportedH. celerio from Poona, India, and described coloration of last instar","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"36 1","pages":"120 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47557667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-23DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.115
Y. Niu, G. Head, Paula A. Price, F. Huang
The sugarcane borer (SCB), Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a target species of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in South America and the mid-southern United States (Huang et al. 2007, Grimi et al. 2018). MON 89034 is a common Bt corn event targeting aboveground lepidopteran pests including SCB (DiFonzo 2020). MON 89034 contains genes for two proteins from Bt: Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. Recently, resistance to Cry1F corn hybrids and crossresistance to the Cry1A.105 protein in MON 89034 have been reported in field populations of SCB in Argentina (Grimi et al. 2018). Thus, it is important to understand the potential for field-evolved resistance to Cry2Ab2 in SCB. Using a F2 screen, we isolated a Cry2Ab2-resistant SCB strain (Cry2A-RR) from a field population collected in Louisiana (Huang et al. 2015). The current study examines the performance of some common transgenic Bt corn traits containing one or multiple Bt genes against the Cry2A-RR. Two SCB strains, Cry2A-RR and a Bt susceptible strain (Bt-SS), were used in this study. The Cry2A-RR strain was developed from a F2 screen with a single two-parental family collected from a non-Bt corn field in Louisiana in 2011. It has been documented to be highly resistant to Cry2Ab2 protein and Cry2Ab2 whole corn plants (Huang et al. 2015). Bt-SS was originally obtained from non-Bt corn fields in Franklin Parish, Louisiana, in 2009. Thereafter, additional field-collected individuals were added into the Bt-SS strain to maintain its genetic diversity. BtSS was confirmed to be susceptible to purified Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, and Cry1A.105 proteins in diet, and to plant tissue expressing any of these Bt proteins (Ghimire et al. 2011, Wangila et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2015). To ensure a similar genetic background, the original Cry2A-RR described above was backcrossed with Bt-SS and the F2 populations of the backcrossed was reselected on Cry2A-Plant leaf tissue for three more generations as described in the F2 screen
甘蔗螟虫(SCB)， Diatraea saccharalis (F.)(鳞翅目:Crambidae)，是南美洲和美国中南部苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)玉米的目标种(Huang et al. 2007, Grimi et al. 2018)。MON 89034是一种常见的Bt玉米事件，针对地面鳞翅目害虫，包括SCB (DiFonzo 2020)。mon89034含有两种Bt蛋白的基因:Cry1A。105和Cry2Ab2。最近，对Cry1F的抗性玉米杂交种和Cry1A的交叉抗性。据报道，在阿根廷的SCB田间种群中发现了MON 89034中的105蛋白(Grimi et al. 2018)。因此，了解SCB对Cry2Ab2的田间抗性的潜力是很重要的。通过F2筛选，我们从路易斯安那州采集的野外种群中分离出一株抗cry2ab2的SCB菌株(Cry2A-RR) (Huang et al. 2015)。目前的研究考察了一些含有一个或多个Bt基因的常见转基因Bt玉米性状对Cry2A-RR的表现。本研究选用2株SCB, Cry2A-RR和1株Bt敏感株Bt- ss。Cry2A-RR菌株是2011年从路易斯安那州一块非bt玉米田收集的一个双亲家庭的F2筛选中培育出来的。据文献记载，它对Cry2Ab2蛋白和Cry2Ab2全株玉米具有高度抗性(Huang et al. 2015)。Bt-SS最初于2009年从路易斯安那州富兰克林教区的非bt玉米地里获得。随后，将田间收集的个体添加到Bt-SS品系中，以保持其遗传多样性。BtSS被证实对纯化的Cry2Ab2、Cry1F、Cry1Ac、Cry1Ab和Cry1A敏感。以及表达这些Bt蛋白的植物组织(Ghimire et al. 2011, Wangila et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2015)。为了确保相似的遗传背景，将上述原始Cry2A-RR与Bt-SS回交，并将回交的F2群体在Cry2A-Plant叶片组织上重新选择3代，如F2屏幕所示
{"title":"Survival and Plant Injury of Cry2Ab2-susceptible and Resistant Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt Corn Containing Single or Pyramided Transgenes","authors":"Y. Niu, G. Head, Paula A. Price, F. Huang","doi":"10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-36.1.115","url":null,"abstract":"The sugarcane borer (SCB), Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a target species of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in South America and the mid-southern United States (Huang et al. 2007, Grimi et al. 2018). MON 89034 is a common Bt corn event targeting aboveground lepidopteran pests including SCB (DiFonzo 2020). MON 89034 contains genes for two proteins from Bt: Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. Recently, resistance to Cry1F corn hybrids and crossresistance to the Cry1A.105 protein in MON 89034 have been reported in field populations of SCB in Argentina (Grimi et al. 2018). Thus, it is important to understand the potential for field-evolved resistance to Cry2Ab2 in SCB. Using a F2 screen, we isolated a Cry2Ab2-resistant SCB strain (Cry2A-RR) from a field population collected in Louisiana (Huang et al. 2015). The current study examines the performance of some common transgenic Bt corn traits containing one or multiple Bt genes against the Cry2A-RR. Two SCB strains, Cry2A-RR and a Bt susceptible strain (Bt-SS), were used in this study. The Cry2A-RR strain was developed from a F2 screen with a single two-parental family collected from a non-Bt corn field in Louisiana in 2011. It has been documented to be highly resistant to Cry2Ab2 protein and Cry2Ab2 whole corn plants (Huang et al. 2015). Bt-SS was originally obtained from non-Bt corn fields in Franklin Parish, Louisiana, in 2009. Thereafter, additional field-collected individuals were added into the Bt-SS strain to maintain its genetic diversity. BtSS was confirmed to be susceptible to purified Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, and Cry1A.105 proteins in diet, and to plant tissue expressing any of these Bt proteins (Ghimire et al. 2011, Wangila et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2015). To ensure a similar genetic background, the original Cry2A-RR described above was backcrossed with Bt-SS and the F2 populations of the backcrossed was reselected on Cry2A-Plant leaf tissue for three more generations as described in the F2 screen","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"36 1","pages":"115 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47929938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"General introduction","authors":"W. H. Robinson","doi":"10.1201/9781003059936-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003059936-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50257,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75946564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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